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' potash, but if intendive agriculture The Business of Farming--IV. 'Food of Plants.--In previous arti- cles we have dealt with the home of 'the plant and now we turn to one 'phase of the discussion of the mat- erial on which crops live and thrive. A year ago people living in Eng- Jand and France were on a ra basis. Visitors and those that had "business in England now exhibit, with a good deal of interest, cards that the Government provided them, which cards allowed the bearer to ob- tain certain quantities of such neces- sary foods as meat, sugar and the like. The point of importance is that when the British Government found it desirable to apply a rationing sys- tem it did not say each man should be entitled to so many pounds of food a week or a day, but that he should be entitled to so many pounds of var- jous foods based on the amount of food constitutents, within a limited period of time. On a truly dietetic basis the Government provided for card holders so many pounds of heat and energy producer, (carbo-hy- dratey), £0 many pounds of muscle- producer (protein), and so many pounds of fat, within a definite period of time. When men traded oats for corn or hay for shoes, inthe days of the early settlers, they did not bother much about quality or balance of rations, but when meat and crops became arti- des of sufficient demand, it paid the producer to study the balance of food both for animal and plant. This has given the basis for the balancing of food for crops. The modern farmer knows that his crops take up ten con- stitweénts in order to form - root, branch and fruit. The first of these is nitrogen, the constituent of plant food 'which causes the growth of = potato-vine, corn-stalk, and wheat-straw. If the soil is short of nitrogen it means short stalk, poor straw and poor growth of apple tree. If the soil is too bountifully supplied with nitro- gen and does not contain a desirable balance of other foods, the result is too much plant growth, and the con- sequent inferiority of fruit and grain. The next important constituent is phosphoric acid. This is the kind of plantfood which causes a strong and vigorous root growth and an early ripening of the crop. Crops which are short of phosphoric acide--and many of our Canadian soils are showing a decided shortage in this constituent --do not ripen within the growing geason at their disposal. In fact, if the shortage is very marked, they make poor root growth, and grain is not well filled, 'the fruit of whatever sort is poor in color and insipid in taste. The constituent abcgt which we have been hearing a great deal during war time is potash. The chief duty of potash is to hasten the laying down of starch in the fruit'or grain and to give strength to the growing corn stalk or straw of small grain. The point might well be emphasized at this time that potash is an ab- solutely essential constituent of plant- food. Some over-zealous people have allowed their enthusiasm to lead them into grievous error when they have said at times that our erops can get along without potash. Crops can no more get along without potash than they can without-water. Many soils' are fairly well supplied with is to proceéd in Canada and largest profits are to accrue to the jarmes and gardener from the production of maximum crops, he must see to it that the crops have a sufficient sup- ply of potash, which is a necessary plant food to produce increased 'yields. A shortage of potash is gh wea! tion | The and $2! ! nan of the. older agricultural | sections of the world. In fact, its ; imposters has become so great to j more thickly 'populated | that an investigation within the last potash! Necessarily these @ vary with the different types For instance, sandy soils are relative. that & sandy soil is not profitable to work. Indeed, it is quite otherwise. 'with which sandy soils drain, them early. Further- more, the mechanical ease with which they work makes them desirable soils, especially for the growing of crops that require constant cultivation. However, the successful farmer or gardener operating a sandy soil must proceed in full knowledge of the natural limitations of the storehouse that his crops feed upon. A limestone soil has <a medium small supply of nitrogen, a relatively short supply of phosphoric acid and a medium supply of pofash, It is usually sweet in its reaction and res- ponds readily to judicious fertiliza- tion. A clay soil is close and compact in nature, contains a moderate supply of all the plantfoods, but after erop- ping for some time, what is left in the soil of the three important plantfoods is in a relatively slowly available form, therefore crops that are to reach maximum growth on such types of soil must receive an addition of well balanced plantfood if best re- sults are to be obtained. - Muck soils are very rich in humus, consequently rich in nitrogen in its original state, When the weather warms up, straw growth soils is very rapid. phosphate of muck soils is Usually short, the result being that crops grown on such soils do not ripen within the season at their disposal. In potash, the supply in muck soils be kept in mind when the farmer at- tempts to grow good crops on soil of that kind. - Stock manure is nature's great soil. The value of manure depend mainly upon two points. First, the kind of food provided the livestock,|. and second, the care given the man- ure. If the livestock is fed a supply of highly concentrated rich food, the manu Vi is consequently rich in the elements of plantfood. If, on the other hand, the livestock is living on a bare maintenance ration, the man- ure will be of lowest feeding value. Average farm manure which is fairly well stored carries to the ton 10 to 16 pounds of nitrogen, 5 to 9 pounds of phosphoric acid and from 9 to 14 pounds of potash. If the manure i exposed to rain and snow over of this plantfood, especially the nitro- gen and phosphoric acid, is lost by leaching. Well-kept manure is relatively strong" in nitrogen and potash, but weak in phosphoric acid) This is natural since the animal removes this constituent of plantfood in order to build up its bone. - As a consequence, manure will produce great stalk growth, but sometimes, produces 'too much straw growth fof the good of the grain crop. Valuable results have been obtained by balancing livestock manure with acid phosphate. When this is done 40 or 50 pounds of acid phosphate should be_applied to the soil for every ton of manure that is applied. That this is profitable is evi- denced by the following results: Ohio , Experiment Station--"Cover- ing a period of 13 years the average increased production. from soil treat- ed with stall manure and acid phos- phate over yard manure was: Corn, 15.27 bus.; wheat, 6.18 bus.; hay, 1,840 pounds. id Penrigylvania Experiment Station-- "By the addition of acid phosphate to manure at a cost of $5.95, the gain over untreated manure was $28.74." Indiana Experiment Station--"The addition of 200 pounds of acid phos- phate to a six tan application of mana, ure per acre per rotation of corn, wheat, and clover has produced addi- Hou] so increases valued at $14.98 44 respectively." i source of plantfood is For many years the ques- of fertilizers has engaged the] centres on muck| In fact it may be | EE EE, #0 rapid that it may result in a de-| | cided inferiority of product. The acid| [i is lamentably short. This fact must| B source -of plantfood, outside of the] § 3) of question of how to know what to use, Beading | tractors, a a the best See ne of the order. all you require write KING AND MARKET Heavily p ah ik fs Fi That fertilizers Nive been oftective in raising this standard of produc- tion, in various of the older States, Bb England, and othér prominent European countries is shown by their record of crop yields, but this in- crease in crop yields has been made only when necessity demanded. more food for the unit of land, bigger and better yields per acre. This fact is the essential reason why intensive agriculture is a timely subject for Canada. Various things have been called fertilizers, which are not actually plantfoods, For instance, some writ- ers stil] persist in calling lime a fer- tilizer., Now, it is a well known fact that the plant does take a certain amount of calcium for its food, but no- one has ever yet shown that the plant may 'not be able to get its suf- fieient supply of calelum from -clay. Lime, therefore, is not essentially a plantfood, but is a soil corrector. We on and. & iis on, the wers and vege. Beautifully ul! in bon, Bex catalogue is truly valuable asa gaveching guide, a Ta ee 34s obi and it proves to you Use the RennieCatalogue ' 'asa Ready Reference Make your then go to your --. and have bim fill 1h cansot supply you with Tosafeguardour Rennie's Seeds are tested at our trial /This insures that buyers of Seeds get nothing but the very best. If you haven't received a copy of our id Catalogue, write 5 one to-day. me WRENN ALSO AT MONTREAL WINNIPEG VANCOUVER seeds to buy... ennle's COMPANY LIMITED TORONTO STS. Eee wild ee es foes" Til Ti EHR PERFECRIC or wi earth urned Obp 3) all tho st: h enc Steel Wire Oo a vi anise ery in is ploy Se Pine Male birds are seriously injured in appéarance by having their combs frozen and it not only causes the bird to suffer but injures its value as a breeder, at least until the comb and wattles are healed. On very cold nights valuable. male birds can be protected pixtine them in barrels covered with burlap. The heat from the body of the bird is enough to raise the temperature of the barrel and this protects the bird's comb. Combs are more pasily frozen or frost-bitten when they becomé wet while the birds are drinking. Some breeders placé a wooden float in the water pail with a hole cut through the float from which the birds can drink. This keeps the wattbes of the male from becoming wet. An ointment that is 'recommended for frost-bitten combs consists of kerosene ofl, three parts by weight; lard, two parts; believe, if this clear disfinction were kept in mind, it would avoid a lot of mistaken ideas and some frauds. Similarly, calcium sulphate, or land | plaster, is not fertilizer, although it! can be applied for some time to the ground for a profit. © Calcium sul- phate, gypsum or land plaster, Ras the power to let loose potash and other plantfoods from the soil. There- fore for a time the farmer can apply land plaster at a profit. However, hej should be very careful not to con- tinue the practice indefinitely, be- cause he is treating his soil as he would his bank account if he continu- ally wrote checks upon it and neg- lected fo reimburse the funds at his disposal. The final day of reckoning comes and comes swiftly if such'a stimulant as land plaster is used and used continuously. Someone asks, "Are not fertilizers stimulants, too?" We answer, "Not by any means." Fer- tilizers are carriers of precisely the] per same plantfood as is supplied by onc ure. This plantfood may be in a moré concentrated form, tb neverthe-. less' the same essential food, nitro- gen, the plant grower, phosphoric acid the plant ripener, and potash 'the plant strengthener. When you apply fertilizers you apply food. When you apply a soil corrector" and soil u- lant, you correct a soil reaction in one case and in the ot¥er case let loose Ey. _ addition" thereto. The ots ede will discuss the and the sources of plantfood. (To be continued.) , : ED nest fleet that ever sailed in shy soinity is the a a SUPHY of essential plantfood with- be light. iy one part. Rub this ointment on the comb every day until the frost bitten parts are cured. It takes con- | siderable time.to treat birds in this manner but with exhibition stock and Jalusbie breeders it is worth the troub dc: en when the combs of the birds are ily frozen it means that the house is not warm enough. It may be damp or the birds may be compelled to roost too' close to the windows. Birds that are reduced in vitality from overcrowding or poor , feeding methods : are the most apt to hav frozen or frost-bitten combs, The strong healthy bird can resist con- siderable cold if it is placed in a dry house where there are no draughts and properly fed. l-- aX Bulbs Fail ~ to Flower Temperatures. Too high temperature is respon- sible for the "blasting" of buds of such plants as the Chinese sacred" lily, ie narcissus, and hyacinth, Phe serious mistake in bulb cul- | ture is to sot the bulbs in the warm- est and sunniest location in the house. This is entirely wrong- treatment, for it encourages rapid growth; resulting in abundant foliage and no flowers. The bulbs should be set away in a cool, dark place until they have de- veloped a ly supply white, the bulb enthusiast 'need not; alarméd, for the shoots will turn pe green after being brought * to' the in High . _ From our to six weeks, depenting and conditions of Foe he 0 Era ie float of plows, | seeders tl homicide Eons, 21:13, compare xod. 2: Sen, and me rigor and uent i this law were 4 froque njotic a the penalty. for. a » 0 be amon or ul &) reco) e ; ary as a place of asylum, where Je fugitive was safe from his pursu; at least until he had a of trial. the provision in Exod, 21: 12-14. The Jouey, ransom ¥ was_ pei {tted in He- w only "in. excej pi (compare ? dh 85: 8 Exod limited to ks a or accidental Deut. 4-5), : In the comparatively" Tarless | & conditions of those days, the provi sion of cities of refuge, easily accees- ible in all parts df the country, was in the interests of humanity and Jjus=| on tice. "Whereof I spake unto you by | oo the hand of Moses." Num; 856: 9-34 and Deut. 19:1-13. "Unawares and unwithingly." Such an accident is described in Exod. 21: 18 as an act of If the man who kills his neighbor 'has not' done it intentionally, or been guilty of neg- ligence, he should d go free, or if there has been megli ence, as in the case quoted in Exod. 21:28-82, he should pay the money penalty (that ds, in! od. English, the bloodwit). A cage of killing unawares is described in Deut, | 19:5, It is probable that at first bevery SH hry The cow must be in proper condi- tion to go through the work of mak- ing a good production record, whether for 'sefen days, thirty days, ninety days or one year. Few breeders of dairy cattle realize what condition means in making a great production record. It is often the extra few pounds of flesh and reserve energy that' means the breaking of a world's record for milk and butter-fat pro- duction: and places some breeder on the highest pinnacle of fame. It is difficult to define exagtly just how-to put on this extra flesh and bring the cow safely through her calving per- iod,\ but it is seen only when cows begin their official tests as wigorous and well-fleshed as ekillful feeding can make them. Condition, as mean- ing capable of maximum production, is necessary before a phenomenal re- cord may be looked forward to in the coming test. rete Making Money Via the Maple Candy Line. ~ In a certain city known to the writ-| er, there is a candy 'store which | makes and sells more than 100 var- ieties of maple candy, producing the' combinations by the use™of Jersey cream, chocolate and nuts. This was very profitable before cane and beet sugars became so scarce and expen- sive. Over in the White Mountain' resort country, across the line, sever-. al farm families 'with sugar orchards to kia in to 8% oie tinent By p an old Canaanite town a about ern end of the waters of Merom. It 1] country 25 the by. [ nd 49 pT north of ."He- bron." East or Jordan "Beer"! is probably identical with Bozrah (Jer. is? 24), and was sometimes included the i of Moab. "Ramoth in Gilead" 18: 26. the site of the modern Es-salt. "Go- Jan" in the north gave its mame in 21: later centuries to the province of Gaulanitis, now called Jaulan. It 'is ve sincere and intelligent seeking after. justice, in all social relations, which' is manifest dn the ancient Jewish law and custom. Justice was to he Jew the will and the law of God His | throng was itself the high sourt of | judgment (Psalm 7: 649; QHoos€) We made self-feeders for our hogt by knocking the bottom out of oil barrels and setting them in a plank box with a tight bottom, the sides of which are four inches high. In other words, this foundation or platform was made out of 2x6's, and 2x6's were. used for the outside. This box was three feet square. The barrel was gent in the centre on, pieces of 2 4, raising ft two inches from the b tom and then the top of the hari Yom. braced tothe corner of the < form. 'This gives good results. Any carpenter can make a satisfac. tory self-feeder. All you have to do is to make a box tapering on the in- side like a grain bin. Have the sides slope to the bottom so that they are about four'inches apart and this put into a sort a trough, say a foot wide, "that will give six inches of space on either side. This dan be made as high and as long as one deems necessary. A cover can be made on, either or both sides to be raised when it is filled with corn or other food, and then closed to protect from storms a : 'Shade and Sunshine. As shade doth strengthen sunshine, So sorrow. enhances joy; Unless with sweet is bitter, The richness our taste doth cloy; ' And gold and silver, even, : Wear better for some alloy. We have found that cows having water available at all times will Yield more milk than where the Supply restricted, nd sanctuary, 4 three miles' west a the nortile elled *Kadesh.' Sg fn odern town of is called (Ramoth-Mizpah in It was probably on or near | interesting to watch the ! in a sugar crop sold as candy, though they make only maple drops and maple creams. They usually sell this maple candy, packed in attractive boxes, at thirty-five to fifty cents pound. 'Summer sales to touri tian déveloped a parcel post trade. \ The opportunity for sugar orchard owners in making candy is a big one. Maple sugar in itself is a candy; all that is needed is to put it up in candy form. The two-ounce -are. al- ways popular. Wafers of the pure sugar, put up inboxes or sold in bulk, bring a much better price than padled sugar. More elaborate candies. de- | pend upon the skill and enthusiasm of the women folk. Most of the ma- terials, including nuts, can be pro-; duced on the farm. It shouldn't be forgotten that there is a liberal sup-| Bly of chocolate, and it can be used th a free conscience. SE 'to sell it? This. cant. he done by book. If necessary, maple' candies can profitably be sold through commission firms or to' yers. ! A much better way js to sell as much as possible to private Sysiomers: snd | the balance to retail stores in tersitory wl handle 'candies. Manu- | ; facturing candy stores are mot prog bat 'thousands of Yaglety and 4 are, g-5t0; maple fa e. owners have a potential market which have also learned the splendid profits m= el SPRING TS We pay the best price for Spring. Muskrats Send any Furs you have. You are assured of satisfaction in price and treatment. ABBEY FUR COMPANY 810 8t. Paul 8t. W., Montreal, Que. In business for 30 years Reference: k of a Boney. Bank of Hochelaga,