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narrowed jaw and protruding front. 'teeth which European caricaturists =| already draw as a typical English characteristic. Why civilized condi- tions tend to make the teeth of a race more irregular Dr. Babcock admitted to be still unknown. It may be due to changes in food or in eating habits, like the use of soft foods instead of hard ones, or it may be a result of less severe elimination of unfit indi- viduals in civilized people than in savage tribes. Until this cause can be discovered by the biologists and per- haps corrected the only way to avoid the annual crop of inferiority com- plexes due to irregular teeth is be- lieved to be attentior. to the teeth of all babies and young people at an early enoigh age so that the irremu- larities can be corrected. 5 set of badly irregular to create in a school singer person a feeling ¢-and inferiority, what the call an "inferiority :om- A is lizely, in turn, to make youngsters grow up in timid,' self-conscious, morose or otherwise | abnormal individuzls. Irregular teeth are found in all rac:s and all coun- tries, Dr. Badcock continued, but ap- ntly are commoner among more highly civilized people, Some kinds of irregular teeth, he stated, seem to be growing commoner, especially the Which Is the King Of the Jungle? Lion's Reign Questioned By | Noted American Scientists Many and varied have the opinions been as to which animal is actually the supreme leader of beasts. Here we have some interesting arguments from an article by James Nevin Mill- er, who quotes several authorities. We read: Now, for the first time, the authori tative judgments of three Govern- ment animal experts are offered: Dr. William M. Mann, director of the Na- tional Zoological Park, Washington; Dr. Remington Kellogg, assistant curator of mammals, National Mus- enm, and Austin H. Clark, of the Smithsonian Institution of Washing- ton, Certainly the African lion, with his head up while charging his prey, looks the gas till the machine was going forty miles an hour and raced a large herd of antelope. He was left far in the rear, which meant, he says, that the fleet creatures must have been averaging between fifty-five and sixty miles an hour. On the other hand, Dr. Remington Kellogg, of the National Museum, be- lieves that the whale could outspeed all other creatures it he were allowed to swim through the water while alongside on land the fastest ante lopes were urged to do their best. The whale, of course, leads the pack in one important sense--it is the larg- est animal known. The African ele- phant, the world's largest land ani- mal, is in comparison a child's idea of a sizable creature, even though fit sometimes reaches a height of twelve feet and weighs up to nine tons. It is hard even for an adult who has never geen one to comprehend the enormous size of a whale. Mr. Andrews made exact measurements of one specimen. It was seventy-eight feet long and weighed sixty-three tons, the equiva. lent of a hundred steers or threescore SEE = * : : 2 : ; Mrs. Dorothy Cummings of Newton Centre, Mass, winner of women's United States championship for seventh time, during final round of archery meet at Canandaigua, N.Y. world mark and two American records when she scored 421. us. ! in action She made more like the traditional jungle mon- arch than perhaps any other beast, Dr. Mann says. But for sheer strength and ability in single combat, the fa- mous animal expert picks the African bull elephant. True, he ordinarily fights with no animal save his own kind, but he can hold his own with the most ferocious lion. It is when wounded that the ele phant is most formidable, Dr, Mann explains. Charging with terrific speed _ at his foe, he crashes through the heaviest forest. Proof of the awe which the African elephant inspires lies in the fact that at his merest ap- proach the giraffe sways his long neck in terrified fashion, the zebra utters plaintive cries of fear and sometimes even the quarrelsome black rhino makes his characteristic snort and dashes away. Then, too, there is considerable doubt, Dr. Mann and the other Gov- ernment experts agree, that the lion would win in single combat with the fast African water buffalo. Here in- deed is a terrible animal. Black in color and a trifle larger than an ox, he fights in furious rage with sturdy horns strong enough to resist the or- dinary bullet. Which is stronger on the charge, the lion or tiger? Opi.ions differ, but information that dates long before the Christian Era states that in the great animal fights staged in mammoth- sized stadiums fon|popular approval the tiger usually won. However, Dr. Mann believes that the leopard is faster on the charge than either tiger or lion. But can the lat- ter beast, with this gréater strength, defeat the leopard? Probably he could in close quarters like a cage, believes Dr. Mann; but the chances are that in an open field, where the leopard could utilize his superior specd to greater advantage, he would give a far better account of himself. J "He pointed out that courage, as limousines of fairly heavy type. Its bones alone equal the weight of the elght-ton winter's coal supply for a small house. Its flesh tipped the scales at forty tons, it yielded eight tons of bluber, and the blood, viscera and whalebone, or baleen, made up the othe seven tons. However, there are far larger whales than this par- ticular one. The blue whale in the Antarctic areas reaches a length up to 106 feet, says Dr. Kellogg. It you choose to judge the present- day leaders of the animal kingdom by their value to man, then don't forget the fur-bearing creatures, urges Dr. Clark. Truly the romance of furs is one of, the most thrilling chapters in all the annals of trade. Furthermore, furs have played an important role in ex- ploration's history. St. Louis, within only a 600-mile radius of the world's once greatest fur-producing area, owes its founding to the early French trad- ers, who established a station on the site in 1764. Trappers and traders from the St. Louis station opened up a large part of Northern and Western United States. Long before the "For- tyniners" crossed the plains, the, French reached what is now the State | of Utah, where they learned that, Canadian traders had already been ac- tive in that region. Russian trappers crossed the bleak expanse of Siberia to Kamchatka in! quest of furs and then pushed on to. Alaska. Furs and gold have vied in opening up what is now Alaska. But gold booms have come and gone, Fur trading and trapping have continued, and to-day two little islands of the Pribilof group, in the Bering sea, send $800,000 worth of seal and blue fox furs to the St. Louis fur market an-| nually. What single animal has the most valuable pelt? Demand and supply play an ever-changing role in deter- mining this, but, according to Dr. generally applied to the lion, or in-| Mann, probably the Russian sable deed to any ferocious wild beast, is|leads. This is one of the smaller usually exaggerated. - Tle truth is|pelts, found in Japan, Siberia and that the same lion may be a coward at ope time and extremely brave at another. When hungry or wounded, hell fight furiously, but he's rather ! , which explains why he ordinarily a attack unarmed human be 'such as women and children rath- er take greater time and risk with the swifter antelope and power- ful buffalo. Few animals, Dr. Mann believes, 4 lay claim to more courage than the little-known dhole, or wild dog, of I Probably he {2 the only crea- ture of far inferior size and strength that dares to chase and kill the ter rible tiger or outfight the sharp-tusk- od boar. Never does he give up the to his larger adversary, but enm- until death comes to either par- t. Yet the dhole is a seeming- and quiet animal, only about e as a small greyhound. ther canine, fortunately little a to most of us, is the vicious Asiatic Russia, but it affords one of thé most-sought-after furs of modern times. One reason is its almost per- fect texture, color and appearance. An- other reason is that to catch the Rus- sian sable involves tremendous hard- ship, time and trouble. Aside from the fur-bearing beasts, which wild animal is most useful to man in the sense that it puts most money in the world's pocketbook? Surely the whale, replies Dr. Kellogg. For whaling has emerged from man's most glamorous and adventurous form of hunting to the status of an exceed- ingly big business. And this big booming business involves corralling the biggest animal the world has ever known, roving over the vastest "pas- tures' 'the world affords, pastures that range from the Bering Sea to the Straits of Magellan, from Spitzbergen to the Bay of Whales. last airplane ports of call for the North and South Poles. Unfortunately, points out Dr. Kel- logg, this great flow of money can't keep up indefinitely, for the mighty whale is being exterminated more rapidly than it can breed. No longer is it commercially profitable to hunt a Ir no of the question, kinds of worms, water insects and tiny mollusks found in abundance only in its native habitat, although it lacks elongated legs and neck. says which exists in countless millions British Listeners-In throughout the world. as any animal which inhabits the jun- gles, Dr. Kellogg believes, and not' only is it notorious for ruthless des- truction but also as a carrier of the Corporation studios were broadcast dread bubonic plague. It is 7 zs wid, See Broadcasters Sun, lonely island retreat in the South Seas, is completed here and ready for | cal Ut pia. | females, while in the West there were 'Sartrouville, France--Son of thei 1 which Alain Gerbault will sail to af In a rew weeks Gerbault, who gave up tennis to girdle the glibe in his yacht Firecrest, will set out in his new craft to explore new worlds. He will come to rest finally on an island he has vought in the 'snguorous South Seas, where he hopes to found a tropi- Friends says he means to stay there permanently, turning his back forever on civilization. Gerbault was heartbroken over the Population Ratios Show Big Change. Washington.--That the preponder- ance of males over females in the United States is diminishing is indi- cated in census figures made public re- cently showing that in 1930 there were 102.5 males to 100 females, compared with 104 males to 100 females 10 years ago. 4 The number of males in 1930 exceed- ed the number of females by 1,499,114 and in 1920 by 2,090,242, "These fig- ures," says the director of the cen- sus, "would indicate that the female population has increased somewhat faster than the male population." The number of males-to 100 females in the North in 1930 was 102.2, prac- tically the same as for the country as a whole. ~ In the South, however, the number of females was relatively higher, with 100.9 males to each 100 London Daily Express: . Great Bri-, tain is not a European State. She is a great overseas Power. Her trading position is unequalled by any other nation. So strong is that position that a resolute, courageous Government, working closely «ith the heads of finance, commerce, and trade unionism, could create a vast, self-contained trading unit that would ensure' prosperity for years to come. The undeveloped lands of our col- ones that can give us raw materials and do not compete with us indus- trially are an endless reservoir of wealth, The growing markets of our Dominions hold the future in their | grasp. : eer eset Trustworthiness People would try harder for trust. worthiness if they know how loveable a quality it is. When you know you can rely upon any one, that whatever they undertake to do will be done, that you can really pass over a share of 'your load to them, you cannot help liking them. On the other hand, it it they are forgetful, if they are un- does not matter how amiable men be, punctual, if they habitually neglect, they become sources of such ahnoy- ance that one's liking is apt to die | 109.5 males to each 100 females. mm ree Music Music has a meaning for everybody, but the noblest meaning is for "the noblest man~--Lillian B. Hughes. Music, with its subtle suggestions and perfect harmony, is a part of that unseen world where every detail is real--Rev, John Watson, M.A. (Ian London--For the first time, pro- grams in the British Broadcasting | recently by Baird television for re- One of the queerest of the rare, ception by all owning television re- mammals is the Australian platypus. ceivers. It has a bill like a duck, has fur in- one dancer were stead of feathers, lays eggs and yet | cession and telephone messages re- nurses its young. The chief dificulty in trying to keep the platypus in con- ce finement lies in providing the crea- ture with its usual diet. This is out same portable apparatus with which for it eats special the television of the Derby race was Then there is the Okapi, kind of antelope and supposed to be, the only living relative of the giraffe, ! the characteristic | Dr. Mann only one okapi lodged in any zoo, and that is at Ant- werp. he knows of "Colonel Kaintuck nearly away when Bangs slipped mountain climb to-day." "But I thought the Colonel hated Bangs." "He does, but Bangs was carry- ing the only flask in the party." a E------ two members of three families of Lapland where they will instruct of 'Mackenzie River reindeer. Note unusual fainted «. To Teach Eskimos To: Herd Reindeer : Two women singers and televised in suc- | ceived shortly after stated the re- ption was thoroughly successful. Transmission was made by the achieved last June. This heralds the time when listeners will also see their favorite performers broad- casting from the studio. elm im Deep Ditches Toronto Star (Ind.): Roadbuilders probably know that the deeper the ditch the better for the roadway, as the best of drainage is given. But, af- ter all, the preservation of the road is not a superior consideration to the preservation of the lives of those who travel upon it. One may find little fault with the roadmaker who in the interest sof the road makes his ditches {too wide and deep, but the authorities interested in the safety of the travel ling public should check up the road engineers as to whether they are not making these artificial gulches un- necessarily dangerous hazards to traf- de. really a aims icles Colorful Little Bertie had drawn a carica- ure of his teacher. The teacher, how- ever, had caught the boy in the act and had confiscated the sketch. "You secm to be an artist in black- and-white," he said, gazing critically at the paper. "Yes, sir," said Bertie; wondering how the interview would end. "Very well," s¢id the teacher, 'now I'll show you that I'm an artisi in black-and-blue.' 3 on the EE families of | he take the slightest notice; and al- | ly became aware of the Jock was looking at me intently and | window. - Few kaon iy we] | Wut is it, Jockt What do you, Maclaren). out--W. R. Nicoll ' - A Tribute to "Jock" He was a curious looking dog, sald mounted, evidently off for a ride to be an Aberdeen terrier, His body | over the Downs. ; J and legs were certainly Aberdonian,! "Want to go for a ride with the but his head was that of an Irish | Colonel, eh?" terrier, and his brindled coat was The tail wagged furiously. streaked here and there with the| "Be off with you, theni" I sald, rich red brown of the same species.|and he was off like a' streak' of So 1 decided that he was a new | lightning. breed, and called him an Aberdublin | I met them on their return. © The terrier. Colonel said that they had a fine Before going further I must state ride and Jock had been at his old that he was, without exception, the | trick of nipping the horses' heels. cleverest dog 1 have ever met and | "Well" I sald, "it was nice of you the most delightful companion a man | to take him. Come along in now, ever had, All the stories I am about Jock" and I re-entered my hut. But to relate of him are absolutely true | Jock did not come; he followed the and unexaggerated. He originally | Colonel. However, he reappeared belonged to a friend, who had to go and was soon asleep in his basket. and live in Egypt. I was then in In the evening I saw the Colonel the army, stationed In the South of ; and he asked me: "Do you know England, and gladly accepted the of-{ What that dog of yours did to me?" fer to. become Jock's master. Jock I professed my ignorance. very soon took in the situation and 'He deliberately thanked me for shared me with his old master, who taking him for that ride. He fol- stayed with me a few days before lowed me to my house, and, when I leaving for Egypt. At first, how- dismounted, jumped up and thanked ever, Jock seemed not to approve of ™e for taking him." i the joint arrangement and showed nis| "I can't quite believe it," I said, "it displeasure by getting on his old is a habit of his to say thank you." master's bed while we were at| This habit of gratitude was one of breakfast in the mess, refusing to Jock's happiest and most enduring let anyone approach it or him. | Taits. He never forgot to express The soldier-servant came to ask his thanks In his own way to a what was to be done about it. - I benefactor. went and explained the state of af- It was my custom on Friday morn- fairs to Jock, who let me lift him off the bed without any more fuss.! ings to ride to the bank and get money to pay my men. Jock used Prom then till his old master went away the position was quite clear: | generally to accompany me. One Friday I had another job to do first Jock had two masters and recogniz- | and stance: ek ed the fact; but from no one else | ding to call at the bank on the would he take orders, nor indeed of way. back When I arrived ther anyone else would be take the slight- Way bank manager. met me and er est notice. But when his old mas-| with a nag o that my 40g was ter left and he became my sole Prop-| .io gor me: and, my . 1 erty, he also became more sociable there Eo Jock ri by the oe and seemed to realize that he was counter, 'his face ring 'a' broad now a recoguized member of the in This smilo wi jing ¢ hi Camp. He made friends of the men gra. 0, Wag op of als of my Company, would submit to an occasional pal and have a chat with | attractions. It was just like that of a human being, except that he them at times; but of no other men | except my brother officers, whom he showed more teeth, making it a regarded as personal friends, would grin, to disarm me when he Was mot sure of his reception and | "doubts as to whether his cond with approval. Sometimes, when 1 had to leavé him, behind, I wound return and find him lying among my paprs. Then the grin. would. be much in evidence. He kmew this ways was careful to draw a distinc tion between his master and his mas- ter's friends." : I was a transport officer and had to do much riding, and it was Jock's delight to accompany me, Many & gallop we had on the famous South - Downs. Jock was indefatigable, and sometimes, when we were walk- ing and 1 as quietly enjoying the | scenery, my mare would start forward | opened the door, enter and sniff all and break into a gallop. Jock, | over the house to see if his master bored by our slow pace, had come' ware anywhere about. Finding he behind her and nipped at her heels.! was not, he would go and try else: She always kicked at him when he where, ET ks SOT did this, but he would promptly squat in the grass and lel her heels | at Jast. I was ordered overseas fly harmlessly over his head. How | could not 'take Jock with n Jock loved a ride! One day I was: joft him in sitting in my office, when I sudden- : fact : j.rmed me. "At other times, when I left him, walk with her iy typist/ with wh 'been great f customed lunch. wagging his tall violently, with oc- casions! side glances toward oh cradle of reindeer He used always to adopt it would meet was forbidden. but the smile . diy he would<go to: the h Tu 1 viduals who had no ovens of their various trionds; 'walt moons | own were in the habit.of sending their "But the sad day of parting came d -anked lowest among breads. In this day of much discussion re. garding the price of flour and bread _it is interesting to note that, as far back as the thirteenth century, the profits of bakers were a matter for. legislative' enactment. "A general tion was in force from the days of King John until the reign of Edward I, if not later, ; through England (the City of London perhaps excepted) that the profit of the baker on each quarter of wheat was to be, for his own labor, three pence, and such bran as might be gifted from the meal; and that 'he was to add tb the prime cost of the wheat, for fuel and wear of oven, - the priee of two loaves; for the serv- jces of three men he was to add %o the price of the bread three half- pence; and for two boys, one farthing, for the expenses attending the seal, one halfpenny, for yeast one haif- penny, for wood threepence, and for wear and tear of the bolter or bolting sieve one halfpenny," states Cham- bers's "Book of Days." FARTHING LOAVES "In London, only farthing loaves and halfpenny loaves were allowed to be made, and it was a serious offense, attended by forfeiture and punish- ment, for a baker to be found selling loaves of any other size. Loaves of this kind seem tq have been sometimes smuggled into market beneath a towel, or beneath the folds of garments under the arms. For the better iden- tification of the latter, in case of ne- cessity, each loaf was sealed with the baker's seal; and this from time to time, and 'at the Wardmotes, more especially, yA shown to the Alder- man of the Ward, who exacted a fee for registering it in his book." In those 'ancient days food .nspec- tors were not unknown, for the Book of Days recalls: "In London from time to time, at least once in the month, each baker's bread (or, at ail events, some sample loaves) was taken from the oven by the officers of the absayers, and duly examined in quality and weight." BAKERS DID NOT CALL. The daily call of the baker was, however, probably unknown in the Middle Ages, according to the follow- ing record: "The principal days for the sale of bread in London markets seem to have been Tuesday and Satur- day, though sale there on Sundays is also mentioned; in the days of Henry II. and Edward I, the King's toll on each basket of bread was one half- penny on week days, and three haif- pence on Surdays." 5 Yet, there was a door-to-door de livery in those days of the dim past, for in some instances "we find bread i delivered in London from house to house bys regratresses, also called 'hucksters,' or female retailers." Stringent restrictions were enfore- ed among-bakers, for according to the Book of Days "The baker of white bread was on no account to make tourte or brown bread, and similar restrictions were put upon the touz- ter, or baker of brown bread, as lo the making of white." WORKING HOURS Familiar with the glare of bakery kilns burning throughout the nights, men and women of today will be amused to near of the rules governing the' working hours of kakers in ve long ago, when "Bakers within the City were forbidden to heat their' oveng with fern, stubble or straw; and in the reign of King John (AD, 1212), in consequence of the recent devastation of the city by fire. they were not allowed to bake at night." It is evident that in the early days , the baker had liberal patronage, for, so comments the Book of Days, "Hos- ~tlers and herbergeours (keepers of | :uns and lodging houses) were mot * allowed to bake bread. Private indi- \ oudto be xnaadel .y the's own ser- vants at the 'moulding-boards' belorg- 'ing to the bakers, the loaves being 'then baked in the baker's oven. 1 1 eps bas "with me; so I)' LTE tx ns