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Gutenberg's first printing press is shown above. It was a sim- ple machine, but did good work, The type, held in the form shown on the bed, was inked with one of the daubers shown nearby, Then a sheet of paper was laid on it, the whole pushed under the platen and pressure applied by means of a screw. Until the 19th century, the only improvement made in this press was the substitution of a toggle joint for the screw and the making of the bed movable, so that the type form could be run out b inking, These improvements made the The Ontario Reformer was first printed, means of a crank for yee ashington press, on which MOST MODERN MACHINERY USED IN PRESENT DAY History of Presses Reveals » Handicaps of Early Days * REAL EVOLUTION Early Methods Compared To Systems Now In Vogue p-------- A modern newspaper like The Oshawa Daily Times is able to give its readers a hig paper containing 2 large volume of news, features, and Jast but not least, advertising, hecause these papers can be print- ed and folded at one operation from 'Polls of newsprint in the web perfecting press. ¥ History of Presses 'Like everything else shout the printing business, the web per- fecting press is an evolution, Its father was the Hoe "turtle" pres where the type was carried in an immense central cylinders with smaller cylinders, hand fed, about the periphery; its grandfather was the flat bed cylinder press, where the type was carried on a flat bed, which ran underneath the eylindg, with single sheets fed by hand, and the anecstor of all these resses was the original press used y Gutenberg In Germany in the 36th century when printing was fone by laying the paper on the Inked form and then squeezing a flat iron platen against it by means of a sharply-pitched screw. It was on this type of press that the world did its printing for several centuries--in fact, It wag mot until the early part of the 19th century that anybody thought pt using a cylinder to give the. pecessary impression to type and paper. The, press that was used for printing the first book from moveable types in the 15th cen- tury--Gutenberg's Bible in 1455, to be exact -- was done on much the same sort of a press as is used today in The Times' engraving plant to obtain proofs of half tone cuts and zinc etchings, The only improvement made these long years was when the screw was replaced hy a toggle, and the bed 'on which the type is held was made moveable so it could be made to run out from un- der the platen by means of a crank for re-inking and placing new sheets of paper in the press, This sort of a device sufficed 'the early printers and likewise the early newspapers, Ink Roller Invented Another step in the improve: ment was the inventiop of the composition ink roller, sald to have been discovered accidentally in an English printshop in the 18th century, At that time prin. ters used buckskin balls for put- ting the ink on the type forms, and one day, so the story goes, a careless pressman spilled some of the molasses he had with his lunch on one of the ink bals, He wiped it off, of course, and figured that the boss would not find it out, 'But some of the molasses remained on the ink ball when it was time to go back to work again. Then the pressman found that he had ac- tually improved the ink, earrying and distributing qualities of his buckskin ink hall and that eld to some experimenting and the eventual discovery that rollers made. from a composition of glue and molasses would earry and tribute ink as no other composi- tion would, and this compound fs the basis of printers' rollers this day, It the ink could be rolled ento the type, why couldn't the paper itself be rolled unger a properly padded iron cylinder for taking the . impression, thereby speeding up the process of printing im- mensely? At suy rate, the eylin- der press was evolved and made its appearance in the early part of the 19th century. It was & vast improvement, By properly arranging the cylinder and the bed carrying the type, sheets of paper could be fed into one end of the machine, and come out, printed on one side, on the other, and the whole could be turned by a steam engine or some other source of in all to! The first press of the New York Times, used by that paper in 1851, This type of ments and some modifications, fine book and job printing today, The impression is obtained from a cylinder, under which passvs gre locked in much the same type of form that utenburg used. The form also travels under com- ress, with refine. oes the world's a fly, -- position rollers, which transfer ink from an ink table and fountain arrangement to the form. sheet rolls afound the cylinder and is delivered by Some modern presses of themselves, but the old Times press was hand fed, with single sheets, printed at one impression, The this type feed Only one side of the paper was - GIVES WAY TO MORE MOD ERN AND FASTER MACHINERY The above picture shows the Duplex flatbed new spaper press which faithfully served The Reformer and Times for ten years; and which is now being dis mantled, having heen replaced by the modern rotary press, illustrated on the preceding page, power. The first press used hy the New York Times in 1851 was of this type; it was built hy R, Hoe and Sons, New York, also the builders of the largest newspaper press in the worl, now owned by La venza of Buenos Aires, in South America, Early Methods But the cylinder press did not come about without some attempts to adapt the platen type of press to power. In the early days of the Civil War in the United States, the Adrian Watchtower, Adrian, Mieh,, was printéd on a press of this sort, The sheets were laid on tapes, which carried them under the plat- en, which at the proper moment was pressed against the inked type hy means of a toggle joint. "One trou- Ble with this sort of press was that. alongside several of the col» umn rules, gpaces had to be left for the tapes which carried the pa- per, and this did not add to tue looks of the sheet, The next step in the evolution was in acordapce with the de- mands of eirculation. More papers had to be printed and they had to be printed faster. Stereotyping was still & slow proeess, and the flexible paper matrix which could be hardened and bent into a half circle for making semi-cylindrical plates was not yet evolved, So there came to the fore, in the big newspaper offices during the mid- dle of the last century, the Hoe turtle press, the immediate prede- cessor of the web-perfecting press of the present day, Type Set By Hand These presses used actual type to print from, and it was set hy hand from cases. This type was put in furtles, which were curved to fit the gentle curvature of the hig central eylin- ders of the Hoe presses, Hence the name turtle, These sort of forms did resemble turtles to a very eun- siderable degree. In order to kecp the type in:place, the column rules had to be wedge-shaped, with the larger part of the wedge outward, They were beautifully and accur- ately made, but their use, unfortu- nately, made it impossible to have two-column ads in the paper¢, vn- less there was a split where the wedge shaped rule had to be, Dut these held the type, and when the forms composed of thousands of tiny bits of meta] were fastened on the central eyiinder they could be treated much as a stereotype plate ean today. Around the edge of the central cylinder ior carrying the typ2 In this sort cf press wer rollers and ink cylinders for inking th2 forias, and in addliiyn, other evlindors car- rying the paper to he pr'uted. These numbered from four to len, ard at each a man worked, f2eding in the sheets by hand. Tiny printed ore side of the paper on'y and this meant that cpe sides must be run oti completz, hafore the other side esuld be touched, Sui: wera the limitations under which the news papers of the 70's and 80's worked, Type had to be set by hand--a slow process, and the paper was neces. sarily limited to one press. So a four-page paper was the average, WHERE PLATES ARE MADE FOR HIGH SPEED his department does pot occupy much room, but it is a very the cylindrical plates for the press. The first plate has just machine that shay ( NG OBR ROTARY PRESS above view shows the different operations in maa casting box has been opened preparatory to removing plate, and the man in the centre is putting the Mnish- and sheet, an eight-page paper a big Limitations Removed But when the art of stereotyping was far enough advanced to make possible curved plates that would fit over the printing cylinders, all limitations were removed and tne web-perfecting press became an ae- tuality, It became possible to print Above is shown a Hoe "turtle" press, arranged This sort of press was relied on by the big city papers from the middle of the 19th century until finally supplanted by the web-perfect- for 10 feeders. ing press in the early 1890's, In the type was carried on the big central cylinder, held in "turtles" separat 4 this type of press parate Sheets or curved plates in which each column of type was locked separately by means of wedge-shaped column rules. were smaller impression cylinders for carrying the Only one side of the paper could be printed at once. This type of press is essentially a number of presses in one, About this cylinden from a roll of paper and not from a single sheet, for the building of folders which would cut off the pa- pers and put them together was a comparatively simple mechanical problem, Then, too, a number of plates could be cast from the same matrix, and a number of presses plated from the same forms, This helped circulation and circulation in turn called for higger presses which would print higger papers. As these are built up of units, each printing 16 pages, a descrip- tion of one unit is a description of all, On each unit there are two plate cylinders, each carrying eight plates, or four pages side by side on the cylinders. Against these work other cylinders, covered with rubber blankets, These are the im- pression cylinders. Below the type cylinders are two ink cylinders and a fountain, The roller which works in the fountain is of steel and it works against a knife which al- lows a thin film of ink to stay on the roller, Against this works a composition roller, which is lifted at intervals to the first ink cylin- der above, Several distributor roll- erg or vibrators (they move across the face of the eylinder, parallel to its axis), work against this, | pnd one roller, transfers the ink | to the second ink cylinder, Two | larger form vollers take ink frou | this and transfer it to the type. The paper is led from the original roll to the first pair of type and impression cylinders, passes be- tween them, which means that one side is prin and then, present- ing the other side, goes between the other pair of cylinders, Then the web of paper goes up and over to the folder, JOHN BULLDOG (Max Murray, in the London Daily News and Westminster) (Max Murray 1s a young Austra- lian novelist now visiting London, who complains that in Europe and America 'there is no newspaper copy so good as a story on the parlous state of England." Form- erly, when Englishmen grumbled and said the .couptry was going to the dogs, it did not matter; hut nowadays, with radio and wireless, ete.,, "when England is talking to herself, the whole world is eaves dropping." Yet it is obvious that the Englishman himself does not believe what he says about his country, What they need in Eng- land is a Mussolini to act the part of national "barker." From the | things that I had heard I might have arrived in London and ex- pected to see the white ants eat- ing the lions In Trafalgar Square, Epgland is crying out for a bom- English Electric The issue of a continuous power J Bp pli gla VINDICATOR HAD LIFE OF 60 YEARS Established in 1854--Ceas« ed Publication About Year 1915 The Oshawa Vindicator, which wag a contemporary of The Ontarip Rey former for many years, was estabe lished in 1854 as a Conservative pas per by Miller and Luke, For a num- rer of years it was published by W. J. Watson, who disposed of it to other parties and it later fell on evil days and about the year 1915 ceased publication, the plant of the paper being sold by auction, bastic man: a blatant, bullying fel- low who will go gbout roaring out what every Englishman knows about England and saying "Rot" to everyone who interrupted him. That gentleman would clear the air, The other nations are mot of the same temperament as we are. They must be told and slapped on the backs and shaken hands with by & man with a diamond ring, All of them have had a man like mine, Motor-Generator Set Dependable Power for Oshawa Daily The Oshawa Daily Times recognizes this by, pecifying and buying English Electric "Ap- Electrical Apparatus of Quality ENGLISH ELE COMPANY OF CANADA Controlling WORKS: ST. CATHARINES, ONT. CTRIC THE CANADIAN CROCKER-WHEELER COMPANY LIMITED GENERAL SALES OFFICE: NORTHERN ONTARIO BLDG., TORONTO