7 - { 0 DOr told the American Meteorological and energy in a thunderstorm is dissipated without falling as rain 'or appearing as lightning. Only one drop out of every nine poten- tial rain drops in the storm actually falls as rain, duction of rain in the average thun- derstorm is small, 110,000 tons of water will drop over a maximum area of eight square miles. About one-third of the potential moisture that passes through the thunder- storm never condenses moves in the downdraft that lies in Le FRSREGTESS #31 HAVE an amazingly fine record. in 1950.. surprise you. in 1928, help swell the roster. double at Amsterdam, stein, who won the world fancy on Canadian Olympic teams. -Hod Stuart, Howie Morenz, roster. But, as it stands, the Hall's to the international wars, Canada's Athletic Hall of Fame Contains Many Noted Names | e I YOU éver heard of Canada's Athletic Hall of Fame, and the: names of those who dot the mythical enclosure, - "Probably not. Yet it is a record of a long and important cross-section of Canadian sports life and endeavour, significant be- men BIRGER ESE cause it reveals that in Olympic competition Canada, despite its comparatively sparse.population has compiled _.' We think Canadians should know more about this particular Hall of Fame. It was first suggested in 1947 by Lt. Col. George C. Machum, E.D., President of the that body in 1949, officially inaugurate by the Governor General First members are first-place . Olympic Games, for Canada, and the number of these might The first membér was a brawny Montreal police officer, Zenon Desmarteau, who won the 56-pound hammer toss at the St. Louis Olympics in 1904, Then came little Billy Sherring, of Hamilton, who galloped home in front of the world's athletes over the original marathon course in Greece, at the 1906 games. Bobby Kerr, of Hamilton, winner of the 200-meter event at the 1908 Olympics in London; George Hodgson, who won two swim events at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm and the great Cana- dian walker George Goulding, who won in the Antwerp Games Vancouver's slim whippet, Percy Williams, who scored a ing the 100 to 200 meter sprints; Ethel Catherwood, the beautiful western girl who captured the women's high jump there, and the Canadian girls' relay team of Fannie Rosenfeld, Myrtle Cook, Ethel Smith and Florence Jane Bell, all won places in the mythical Hall. In 1932 at Los Angeles, Toronto's Lefty Gwynne, a boxer and the western 'high-jumper, Duncan McNaughton, both won championships. In 1936 at Ber- lin, Frank Amyot of Ottawa defeated th And in 1948, at St. Moritz, it was Cana "Ann Scott, who added to the Dominion's sport glories by winning world and Olympic fancy skating honors. The Hall committee hasn't stopped at that. Louis Ruben- over half a century ago; the late Charlie Gorman, of Saint John, N.B., one of the greatest bladesmen to come from this hot-bed of speed skaters; three Canadian Diamond Scull winners, Lou Scholes, Joe Wright, Jr., and Jack Guest, Sr., are listed. So is slim Phil Edwards, one of the great modern runners, three times There will be many more to come, such as Moncton's Jimmy Humphrey, Montreal's Frank Lukeman, Hamilton's Tom Long- boat, There's John C. Caffrey and Johnny Miles, each of whom won the Boston marathon twice, and slim Gerard Cote of St. Hyacinthe who took this classic four times. These are only a few. You could rattle off scores of illustrious names that over the years figures in international com petition, and brought glory to the Dominion. There are the grea t professionals, George Young, George Dixon, Sam ' Langford, Tommy Burns, whose names would grace any Canadian athletic 1 list reveals more strikingly than perhaps you imagined that Canada has sent some great athletes AU, of C. adopted by old medal winners at the world's best paddlers. 's sweetheart, Barbara skating title in St. Petersburg Studying The Ways | Of Thunderstorms. Roscoe R. Braham Jr., recently Society that most of the moisture Even though the relative pro- to rain- sain but evaporates again as it MERRY MENAGERIE "That 'honey-chile-you-all' stuff {s. phony! Her first owner came from Brooklyn!" Bully For 'Him --~ Champlon Brampton Lavender Pinn Is log "Grade A" by Miss Nola Langton, Ten daughters of the bull have EE aa HB the heart of the thunderstorm dur- ing its later stages, Of the remainder, only a third actually falls as rain. Part evapor- ates from the sides of the individ- ual thunderstorm cell, and part re- mains as vapor in th. cloud left behind the storm. Most of the en- ergy in a thunderstcrm is spent moving large currents of air into and out- of the thunderstorm cell itself.. hese air movements are on a large scale, and are partly mani. fested in the winds. that biow out of the cell along the earth's sur- face. These figures are based on a study of nearly 100 thunderstorms, The purpose of the project is to discover ~ ays to iliminate haazrds faced by airplane pilots who must fly through storm areas, i Recent experiments have shown that thunderstorms act as gener- ators which reverse the normal pattern of the electrical currents in the atmosphere and thus main- tain the earth's electri¢ charge. Dr, G. F. Schilling points out that elec- trically active clouds influence field intensity measurements at distanc- es of 100 miles, far beyond the eye's range. These experimental results de- mand the possible revision of a number of concepts in the field of atmospheric electricity. The ob- served effects may be caused part- ly by wind-borne electrical space charges that travel well in advance of thunderstorm fronts. Dr. Schil- ling believes that electrical cur~ rents in an atmospheric layer of in- creased conductivity about twelve miles above the earth's surface are the principal agencies at work, T™ ged averaged 567 pounds ef butterfat annually, Words Of Wisdom - From A Union Leader Jd am surprised and I fail to understand why we have s6 many strikes or threatened strikes when everyone should try and keep on working if humanly possible; 1 have no .use for organizers or business agents if- they have to have a strike every time a wage contract expires: Certainly we have brains enough to realize that, except as a last desperate resort, strikes are not profitable to the working man and woman and not profitable to employers. Yes, I know we 'are not to blame always for stoppages of work, I know that employers sit back and argue till the cows come home, they stall and postpone and ask for conferences. I know all that; I was a business agent and this job for 40 years. I know as much about the game of trying to represent labour as anyone,. but my theory is that a stoppage of work should only take place when every other chance has failed in- cluding an offer of honest arbitra- "tion. We lose more money when we are out of work three or four weeks on strike than we win over three or 'four years and the em- ployer's losses equal what we- lose, or more--Daniel J. Tobin, in The International Teamster, v How Much Cash Is A Wife Worth Ever wondered about the cash value of a wife? A specialist in in- dustrial economics, Mr. Ludwig S. Hellborn, decided recently to work out the cash value of a wife in the United States. He pointed out that a bachelor paying income tax of $7,500 would have to invest $22,320 at two and a half per -cent. to bridge the difference in his pay- ment over that of a married man with a similar income. That made the wife worth $22,320. according to his theory. Most British husbands who are happily married would probably say that their wives are worth more than that. Four years ago a Bristol divorce court judge de- clared that in these days of ration- ing "a good and competent hotise- wife. may .be worth her weight in gold." And within a single week three erring wives were valued in the divorce courts at £5,000, £2,- 00 and £500. It comes to this--that every hus- band sets his own value on his wife "wife's love and devotion are beyond price even in this commercial age. But don't forget that in the bad old days when wi i chattels, thei very smhall. At SmithBeld, London, a "bargain price" for a wife was sometimes no more than 15s. And at Knaresborough a wife was sold in the market place for sixpence and a twist of tobaccol NEW and USEF UL Too No More Greenhouse Blues Ever think of erecting a green- house in the back yard? Entirely of mahogany, with weatherproofed sidewalls, and jig built to perfect fit, prefabricated green house is now offered for simple assembly, using only screw driver and ham. mer. All glass supplied cut to ex- act size, . Finished greenhouse measures 8 x 10 feet, + a . Home-Made Drissle Described as "a long-handled, fan-shaped water dispenser," new ed peg to permit hand-operation. also be anchored in the gar- den. Said to be adequate for both old and new lawns. Plastic con- struction prevents rusting, * # [ Fender Protection "Airfoam" cushioning laminated with grease-proof vinyl film is marketed to protect vehicle's finish while being serviced. Comes in two sizes--27 by 36 in. or 33 by 54 n, CRE TE _ Desk-Cleaner Linoleum desk tops are easily cleaned with new ¢hemical. Makers claim average desk requires only uct is just dpplied and wiped off, leaving non-glare, ron-glass finish, J J * Fire Extinguisher Pressure-operated, . dry-chemical, loaded by pouring in fiviie pounds of ichemical and charging the unit to 150 1b, of compressed air at any |. service station. Nozzle discharges a cloud-like pattern most effective and electrical fires. Weighs ten pounds when fully Joaded. : . * Indoor Exposure For use in making indoor movies and still photography,-exposure dial calculator contains exposure data for léns from £4 to 1.22 at speeds three - quarters to one - two - hun- dredth 'of 8 second, Protects Garage Floor Neoprene rubber is used in 38 x 60 in. floor mat which protects ap- arance of garage concrete floors. Ribbed surface prevents oil and grease from flowing off mat, I was an organizer. I have been on and.many a man would say that his lawn sprinkler has a swivel-mount- - two minutes cleaning time. Prod- © portable fire extinguisher is re- . for extinguishing flammable 1quid i Worth His Weight In Blood--Brownie, 15-year-old horse, views his latest contribution to the welfare of mankind--two gallons of his blood. During seven years the horse has given 2000 pounds of blood, 400 pounds more than, his own weight, for use-in man. ufacture of tetanus antitoxin, He is one of several equine blood donors kept by the biological laboratory of a pharmaceutical firm SHORTY: Of course, betting on horse races is strictly illegal, not to say im- moral, except when the Govern- ment gives its blessing--anid takes its rakeoff. Besides, since our Queen's Park solons cut loose with théir investigation last summer, the handbooks have gone into deep hid- ing and nowadays it is about as hard to find somebody who will as it is to find a--well, to find a used car lot or a road dug up for repairs. ; . . * Still, even in these reformed and uplifted times it is interesting to think back on the bad old days and the various methods the horse players had of trying to beat the races. (Beat them, did we say? Why, most of us were like the character who, on entering a cer- tain race track one afternoon, feel- ingly remarked to a friend: "Gee, I hope I break even today because I certainly need the money!") . * * But although horse players know . in their hearts that they can't beat them, it doesn't prevent them from trying. And of all the million or so systems for doing so, probably the wackiest of all is playing hunches. (We know, because we've been a hunch player ever since first bounce was out.) . . . In case your early education was neglected and you don't know ex- actly what playing hunches means, a little illustration will be the quickest way to inform you. Some years ago, on his way to Thorn- cliffe Race Track, a friend of ours had to jump quickly to avoid being sloughed by a passing automobile. He landed, in a sitting position, in. a roadside mud puddle. Furious, he tried to get the number of the offending car, but it was going 'too fast. All he could catch were and Number Seven. EE His fury immediately evaporated. "That's a swell hunch," he said to himself. "I'll just go and play Numbers Two and Seven in the Daily Double." » . Which he proceeded to do. Two and Seven stepped down in front like little: gentlemen, with the re- sult. that our. friend collected some- thing, like $180. So that's hunch- playing; although, of course, it doesn't. always work out to such a satisfactory ending, more's the pity. * . . Possibly the costliest piece of hunch playing, on record was. back in the 1933 Kentucky Derby--the race in which Don Meade, riding Broker's Tip, and Herbie Fisher astride the favourite, Head Play, came down the stretch using every foul tactic in the book--and some that weren't--on each other. Brok- er's Tip finished in front by a snoot, undoubtedly the poorest horse that ever won the Kentucky Classic, * 9 But--as Horace Wade recalls in accept a small wager on the ponies ° the last two numbers--Number Two" a recent issue of The Police Gazette --Head Play's fate was settled long before that--settled several earlier in a London drawing room purely on a hunch, * * * Mrs. Silas Mason, ambitious to be recognized as queen of the turf, a crown then worn so regally by Mrs. Payne Whitney, hoped to scale those heights with a Ken- tucky Derby winner, Thus, shortly before the 1933 running, she pur-. chased the favoured Head Play from William Crump, 4 former rider who decided $50,000 in the hand was worth a possible fortune on the hoot. * * . However, Mrs. Mason's social calendar did not permit time to see the Derby running, although it be- came a topic of animated conversa- tion among members of the gilded London set to whose social circle she belonged. This included the Prince of Wales, fated to soon suc- ceed -his father as King of the Bri- tish Empire. * * . It was a credulous and bizarre era of spiritualists, swamis, crystal gazers, fortune tellers and seers of all kinds and Mrs. Mason, while enjoying afternoon tea at a friend's home facetiously consulted a visit- ing Hindu soothsayer. She then became so impressed by his fore- casts that she asked for a prediction regarding Head Play's chances in the Derby. " . . ) The swami peered deep into the transparent depths of the ball. "Your horse," he said, "is the best, but I sce a cloud in the crys- tal. You are in danger of being crossed up by a crooked clique." Mrs. Mason was startled out of her accustomed calm. "What can 1 do?" anxiously. she asked * * <8 "Come and see me shortly be- fore sundowri-when the crystal ball is clearer. I can then give you a more definite prediction," the swami replied. . Later that afternoon he again consulted the magical ball of glass. "Change jockeys and your horse will win," was his prophetic utter- ance, and so on Derby eve the turf world was startled when a cablegram reached Churchill Downs instructing Head Play's trainer that "Herb Fisher must ride my horse tomorrow.' The message was as terse as it was inexplicable, It meant. that Charlie Kurtsinger, one of the nation's leading jockeys, was to be replaced at the last moment by a comparative unknown. * . . The rest of the story is to be found in the record books; how Head Play, many pounds the better horse, tasted the dregs of bitter defeat dished out by Broker's Tip, a "maiden" horse. The favor- ite's failure was laid by many to overconfidence as well as alleged foul riding tactics by Don Meade who did everything but commit mayhem on Head Play through the stretch, He not only retarded him by hanging on to the. bridle, but also whipped the horse cruelly around the head, forcing him back time and again and enabling Brok- er's Tip to reach the finish line in front, the. first: and only race the Bradley color-bearer ever won. * LJ LJ Fisher, far less capable than the replaced Kurtsinger, was complete- ly unable to cope with the gifted Meade in that home stretch duel, although making such retaliatory efforts as he could. There was no lingering doubt in anyone's mind, however, - that with Kurtsinger aboard 'Head Play would have been a galloping Derby winner, instead of losing the race, because of a woman's sudden hunch in- spired by her contact with a Hindu _ mystic, Definition of a psychiatrist: "The last. man you talk to before you talk to yourself." days . ae + popular breeds, Classified Advertising.. AGENTS WANTED © "GREETING CARD "AGENTS : Did you know that over halt of the Greeting Cards sold during the) year are everyday Greeting Cards? We , have £3 - boxes to choose from. Eamples ¢n ap- proval. Colontal Card" Co.,- 60 Front St. W., Toronto 1. 5: BABY CHICKS PULLETS. Just what you want for the ¥o0d early egw markets when you want lots of Grade A eggs We can give ime mediate dellvery on day olds dnd started, and Cockerels. Mixed, to order. Prices-- Bray Hatchery, 120 John N., Hamilton, GALT CHICKS for Immediate dellyery, Order from this ad with deposit, All "Fine chicks at reasonable prices. Non-sexed $13.85 per 100 and up; pullets $21.00 and up; coclerels $3.90 per 100 and up; pullets $21.00 and up, Write for special prices started chicks, Imme- diate dellvery. Galt Chickerles, Galt, Ont. WHAT 1S a cheap chick? One that is sold at 14 to 160 produced from hens and cockerels with no definite breeding back of them or one sold at 18¢c with definite RO... back of them? When egg prices are low, chicks with little or no breeding back. of them will not pay thelr keep, Those with definite R,O.P. breeding back of them will make you a profit even with low eg& prices and when eggs are high You will really cash In with the extra egg production you will receive, We pur- chased over 4,000 R.O.P, pedigreed cock erels from high record hens to use In our matings this year. You know what You are getting when you order Tweddle Chicks. Also started chicks, older pullets, broiler chicks, turkey poults, Send for fllustrated catalogue. TWEDDLE CHICK HATCHERIES LTD. Fergus Ontarto DYEING AND CLEANING HAVE you anything needs dyeing or clean- ing? Write to us for Information. We are glad to answer your questions. De- partment H. Parker's Dye Works Limited, 791 Yonge 8t., Toronto, FOR BALE HOLDRITE EGG CARTONS S Bpectal introductory price on moulded fibre 3 x 4. one dozen ekg cartons, $17.00 ver 1000 cartons or *4.60 per 250 cartons, F.O B. MOULDED FIBRE: LTD. Brantford, Ontarlo FARM Implements and machine shop busl- ness, leading line of farm machinery, complete repair shop and welding equip- ment. Box 728, New Liskeard. - RASPBERRY Plants. No. Certified Stock, Cuthbert, Latham Tay- lor, Viking. $5.00 per 100, express pre- pald. A. B. Jackson, Stoney Creek, Ont. 1 Government BEEDS! Try our Always Tender Beet. Send 10c for sample and free catalogue. Arthur Vesey, York, Prince Edward Is- land. BHETLAND Sheep-dog pupples, sired by Int. Ch. Hobbette, stock and show dogs. -Harry Morren, "Barrle, Ontarlo. RED RICH--'""The ever tasted.'" BEPTEMBER--Best two crop raspberry, VALENTINE --Best new rhubarb. Write Pelmo Park Perennial Gardens, Weston, Ont. finest strawberry 1 CRESS CORN BALVE--For sure relief. Your Druggist sells CRESS, 'BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. Emplre Strain, for permanent pastures. Vigorous Rrow- .er on any soil. $1.25 per 1b. Stuart Finlay, Dresden, Ontarlo. IRISH SETTER Pups, $35 each. Calrn Terrier and Irlsh Adults. Reasonable. Ken Honsberger, Streetsville, Ontario. OILS, GREASES, TIRES Paints and varnishes, Electric Motors, Electrical Appliances, Refrigerators, Faat _ Freezers, Milk Coolers and Feed Grinders. Hobbyshop Machinery. Dealers wanted, Write: Warco Grease and Ol] Limited, - Toronto. NO. 1 CLOVER Basswood Honey, 24 lbs, $4.50, 48 Ibs. $8.50, 70 Iba. $10.50. Robert Ritchie, Rte. 3, Perth, Ontarlo, BIG BARGAIN SEPTIC TANKS 200 gallon steel tar coated $37.00 cash with order, also special savings sizes 300 to 500 gallons tar and glass coated. Limited atock underwriters label 200 gal- lon painted ofl tanks $48.00 while they last. Write for catalogue stalnless enamel sinks, combination laundry tray and sink, streamline porcelain enamel laundry tub, showers, stoves, refrigerators, oll burn- ers, pressure stystems. RECESSED BATHTUBS $60.00, right or left hand drain, Lovely Martha Washington and Richledge stainless three plece bathroom set, white or coloured. All shipments delivered * your nearest rallway station. 8, V. Johnson Plumbing Supplies, Streets. ville, Ontarto, > © 335 Elgin tee ---- MEDICAL 4 PROVEN. REMEDY -- Every sufferer of Rheumatic Pains or Neuritis should tr Dixons Remedy. ) - MUNRO'S- DRUG STORE A Ottawa $1.25 Express Prepaid . PEP Up--Try C.C. and B. Tonle tablets for low vitality and general debility, At drugglet, one dollar, ® FEMINEX © One woman tells another. Take superior "FEMINEX"" to help alleviate pain, dis- treas and nervous tenalon assoclated with monthly periods. $5.00 Postpald In plain wrapper. POST'S CHEMICALS 880 QUEEN ST, EAST TORONTO POST'S ECZEMA SALVE BANISH the torment of dry eczema rashes and weeping skin troubles. Post's Eczema Salve will not disappoint you. Itching, scaling, burning eczema, acne, ringworm, pimples and athlete's foot, will respond readily to the etainless odorless ointment, regardless of how stubborn or hopeless they seem PRICE $2.60 PER JAR POST'S REMEDIES Bent Post Free on HRecelpt of Price 039 Queen Bt. B., Corner of Logan, ' Toronto * FORMULAS: 1250 each, Neuralgia ease, Hives. Wrinkle Remover. Breath puri- tler. Corn remover. Make chickens lay, Bomers, 276 Ash, Sudbury. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN BE A HAIRDRESSER JOIN CANADA'S LEADING SCHOOL Great Opportunity Learn Hairdressing Pleasant dignified profession, good wages. Thousands of successful Marvel graduates America's Greatest System Mustrated Catalogue Free Write or Call MARVEL HAIRDRESSING SCHOOLS 368 Bloor 8t. W., Toronto Branchea: 44 King 8t., Hamilton 73 Rideau 8t., Ottawa EASY TO QUIT SMOKING Use Tobacco Eliminator, a aclentitio treatment quickly stops , craving for tobacco, rids the amyatem of nicotine. King Drug Pharmaceutical Chemists (Al- berta), P.O. Box 673, Landon, Ont. AUCTION BCHOOL =~ LEARN Auctioneering, Term soon, Free Catalogue. Relsch Auctlon College, Ma- son City 3, Iowa, America. 300-HEALTH Secrets (Home Method). 200 Money-Making Ideas, (M. O. Plans). Btamp bring free Catalogues. -f HEALTH PRODUCTS AGENCIES L 1108 St. Ceclle RA., Three-Rivers, Que. NURSERY STOCK EXHIBITION Dahlia. Bargains. Send for list. Harley McCombs, Fonthill, Ontarlo, NURSES R TWO EXPERIENCED Registered Nurses for night Auty--salary $160.00 plus full maintenance and laundry. Please state age. The Willett Hospital, Paris, Ont. PATENTS AN OFFER to every Inventor--Liat of in- ventions and full Information sent free. The Ramsay Co., Reglatered Patent Attor- neys, 373 Bank Btreet. Ottawa. FETHERSTONHAUGH & Company, Pa tent Bollcitors. Established 1890, 360 Bay Btreet, Toronto. Rooklet pf Informa- tion on request : SALESMAN WANTED SALES Stimulator Balesmen. Hero is am opportunity to make up to $100.00 a day. $26.00 commisalon on every $110.00 sale you make. This Js a golden opportunity for former "DISH DEAL" salesmen. Pricing Press, P.O. Box 74, Station *R". Montreal 10, P.Q. BTAMMERING STAMMERING sclentifically corrected. Booklet gives full Information. Write Willlam Dennison, Toronto. 843-L Jarvis Btreet, FISHWORMS--Ralse your own. Takes only a few minutes a week. No cost for food. Complete easy to follow Inatruc- tions, $1.00. Basa Lake Farm, 191 Brigh- ton Road, Columbus 2, Ohlo, QR A AA Ride on Rubber Roads Now we're driving on rubber roads! Not many of us, and not for very far, but eleven miles north of Montreal there's a quarter-mile strip of rubberized asphalt paving which has been in use since Oc- tober; 1949. And recently, another test strip was built northeast of Toronto, Tests on some 40 stretches of road in Europe indicate natural rubber mixed with asphalt adds years to the life of the road, gives a better braking surface, tends to keep ice from forming, The rubber -- a creamy-colored powder in grains from half an inch in diameter to dust--is mixed with the asphalt just before gravel is added. Scientists say the rubber absorbs the lighter hydrocarbons in the bitumen but not the asphalt- enes, To the layman, it looks as if the rubber swells to five or six times its original size, Altogether five. strips of the pav- ing mixture are under test in Can- ada now. And the 'first rubber air- plane runway was built in Canada at the RCAF station at St. Hubert (Quebec). _ Conclusive results from the tests may not be available for some time, PLAY CRIBBAGE ? There's a new sensational Cribbage game just out. For Free detalls, Write DICK SLEEMAN ROOM 922--169 BAY BT. TORONTO 1, ONT. (Tell Your Friends) I Was Nearly Crazy With Fiery Itch-- all 1 discovered Dr. D.1). Dennis' amasing! fan reife hy. D. D. Prescription. World popular, this pure, Ing, liq | ai SRN oF) hy 1 fen Toner Iteh roubles: Trial bottle, 43¢ application ehecks even the most Intense tech of Money back. Ask druggist for D. D, D tescription (ordinary of extra strength), LOGY, LISTLESS, OUT OF LOVE WITH LIFE? Wouldn't you like to out of bed bolo fal" Not up to par?.. . . you may suffer from an upeet system. If you. are constipated your food may not digest freely --gas may yf up your flomach + +. All the fun and sparkle ire out of life, 'That's when you need Jarter's Little Liver Pills, These mild vegetable pills bring you quick relief from constipation and so help promote the flow of digestive juices. Soon you'll feel that Wppy days are here again thanks to Carter's! Why stay sunk? Get Carter's Little Liver Pills. Masry have them on hand. Only 36¢ from any druggist. ISSUE 11 -- 1952 N a ah aa - ET To wg Ng Ne eo ti , -- " - es lS NE Bak a a REN, BN Trt a ER v