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Cr ns i Je id' -' -- Be rE Ae | > ry, Se A IN . 7 pti So . ™ VE . 2p SES = A tt lt Spelling Really CAN Be Learned In Defoe's Roxana, published In 1724, the Fortunate Mistress tells at length how her husband was an all-around fool. As a sort of climax she says that he "could not spell good English" Complaints in our day about the "poor English" of so many high-school or even college grad- uates are most often really stim- ulated by the prevalence of mis- spelled words. This is quite understandable. Any reader may feel the effect of other faults but these will hardly be seen for what they are without stopping to analyze the material. Immedi- ately the misspelled word dis- tracts attention from the thought and deflates the dignity of the writing. Even the worst spellers write correctly far more words than they ever misspell. The average poor speller simply misspells a certain number of words, or cer- tain kinds of words. He has only to concentrate a little upon these items and see why they are spell- «d as they are. It is not the "hard" words that cause the most trouble. Most of the words which continue to be frequently misspelled, year after year, are words which have clear and definite reasons for their eorrect forms. With all its faults, our English spelling is not nearly so '"'cock- eyed" as it has been accused of being. It does not lend itself to the sort of neatly "phonetic" ar- rangements which other lan- ages can use, because it is very ullar In its manner of pro- nunclation. Its fundamental pe- eularity~ is the overwhelming importance of accented syllables ~at the expense of all others. The system of our spelling was long ago considerably adjusted to this phenomenon. Unaware- ness of that fact explains a large share of the misspellings which appear continually. In whole classes of words, doubling the tinal consonant of an accented syllable marks the quality (not the "length") of a preceding vowel, This makes the difference belween s¢rdped and scrapped, hoping and hopping, sniping, and snipping, grip- ed and gripped, and count- less other pairs of superficial resemblance Fitted requires two t's, but not benefited, where the syllable fit Is not accented; ship- shiping. If traveler were spelled with two I's, it would suggest the pattern of propeller. Denied one of its-r's transferred would fall into the class of persevered or interfered. The violation of this prineiple accounts for what hap- pens to many of the words most commonly misspelled. Whatever "vowels" we think we have in unaccented syllables, in actual speech they tend to be- come simply "uh" or even drop out entirely. Consequently some of the worst errors in spelling are accurate enough from a erely "phonetic" point of view. et they reveal ignorance of the real words and what they mean. One could scarcely commit a } -- worse soclal blunder In writing than to confuse accept and ex- cept In answering an Invitation, but the error continues to hap- pen. As naturally spoken, the words are indistingulshable in sound, though poles apart, in meaning. The very distinct verbs affect (to influence) and effect (to bring about, cause to), which sound the same in ordinary speech, are frequently Inter- changed by people who seem to have no clear view of the dis- tinction. The reason for the spelling of a word is not and cannot be simply a "phonetic reason. In grammar, for instance, which students frequently mis- spell, the second a might as well any other "vowel," but gramma- tical or grammarian Instantly shows why the a is there. Su- persede, literally "to sit above," has no connection with cede, but is related to sedentary and other members of the "sitting" group. Consensus has nothing to do with census, but is related to sense. The adjective personal is quite distinct from the noun personnel, a French military term which has come into wide use in this country since World War I. To be sure, some seemingly fllogical forms have to be ac- quired by sheer memory Mostly they are words that never should have been spelled the way they are. Principle, for instance, should have remained--principe, as it came Into English from French. Yet even so, the noun need not be confused with prin- cipal, whose ending is character- istic of a large class of adjectives. One might guess that no word has been oftener misspelled In business letters than receive. To head off this error, there is a "rule" about e¢ and 1 with refer- ence to ¢ and I. The rule is whol- ly factitious and has nothi~ par= ticular to do with the wa) * of the English language. A more real- istic approach is to remember four verbs: receive, deceive, per- ~-ceive, and conceive. They all - came from French, and all were similarly distorted in angliciza- sign. They Figg po have ny i in them at all. No doubt thelr ei originally had its character- istic value in English, as in eight, freight, weight, rein, reign, deign, sleigh, neighbor, and the like. At any rate, it is no great task to learn once for all those four ex- ceptional verbs and be done with it! "7 A so-called error of spelling may prove beyond doubt that a person habitually mispronounces the word in question, or that he lacks the feeling for the way a part of speech is_regularly form=- ed; "incidently" or 'pronoun- ciation" demonstrates both of {.- these faults. Confusion of to and too, or of than and then, is at the same time an error of pronun- ciation, grammar, and intrinsic meaning. Hesitation between its and it's or there and their be- trays an unfamiliarity with the very structure of our language. An error may show a misunder- standing of the nature of a whole phrase, as "once and awhile" for once in. a while or "by enlarge" for by and large. Some irresponsible tinkerers like to play with forms of words according to their whim. To such we owe the self-conscious illi- teracy of "nite!" Night belongs in a familiar class with might, fright, sight, slight, light, plight, and others formed on an estab- lished pattern which everyone knows, whereas the artificially concocted form has far less anal- ogy to justify it. - Surely correct spelling could be more effectively taught if only more pains were taken to show why our words are spelled as they are.--By Louis Foley, Babson Institute of Business Administration -_-- EDLES THE MASTERS -- Mrs. Alexandra Herrmann, of Sao Paulo, Brazil, is a portraitist in needle-and-thread. n worki on a portrait of a grandchild, her reproducs tion of Hogarth's "The Girl at the Market" is in background. IT'S CATCHING ON -- New serve-self-type s resemblance to stores long familiar in shoppin A @ % i LS COR LRRIRRIASIC He tore in Gdynia, Poland, bears a marked g centres throughout Canada. Fondant is the basis of many candies. A few of the ways in which it can be used are -- form balls and top with nut halves, pressing down to make a flat round; stuff plump tender prunes or dates with plain fondant; make fondant into small balls and roll in chopped nuts, shredded coconut, or grated chocolate; or, flavor and color fondant as you wish and form into round, flat patties. Here is a no-cook fond- ant--it makes about 1% pounds. | NO-COOK FONDANT 14 cup soft butter 15 cup white corn syrup 14 cup teaspoon salt 3% cups (1 pound) sifted - confectioners' sugar = "Blend butter, syrup, salt, and. vanilla in large mixing bowl. Ad sifted Sectionery guger all at once. Mix ail f{ogether, first with a spoon and then with hands, kneading in the dry ingre- dients. Turn onto board and con- tinue kneading until mixture is well blended and smooth. Store in a cool place. or » » LJ If you want to make the fol- lowing creamy caramels into chocolate caramels, add 3% squares unsweetened chocolate before cooking. CREAMY CARAMELS 2 cups sugar = E 1 cup corn syrup (light or dark, whichever you like) 2 cups light cream 145 cup butter 14 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon vanilla 14 cup broken nut meats (optional) Combine sugar, corn syrup, and 1 cup cream in large saucepan. Cook over medium heat for about 10 minutes. Then add remaining cup of cream very slowly so that mixture does .not stop boiling at any time. Cook about 5 minutes longer. Add butter, about 1 tea- spoon at a time, stirring onstant- ly. Turn heat low and cook slowly to 248° F., or until a small amount of mixture forms a firm ball when tested in very cold water. Remove from heat; add salt and vanilla and mix géntly. Allow to stand about 10 minutes and then add nuts, a few at a time. Pour into. well-buttered 8x8x2-inch- pan. -Cool until firm enough to cut. Turn the block of candy out of the pan. Cut into squares with a sharp knife. Wrap each caramel in waxed paper. Makes 2 pounds caramels. * * * BUTTER TAFFY 4 cups sugar 34 cup water 36 cup butter 14 teaspoon cream of tartar Extract and colorings Put sugar, water, butter, and cream of tartar together in a 3- quart saucepan. Cook: to the hard crack stage 275% to 280°, stirring frequently during the last few minutes to prevent scorching. Pour gently into buttered platter to cool (do not scrape pan). When cool enough to handle, divide into portions; color -and flavor as desired. Butter hands well and pull until candy is opaque, even-colored and stiff. Pull out into a rope about %" in diameter and cut with buttered scissors into 1" or 1%" pieces. Yield: 2% pounds, . LJ " L] CHOCO-CRUNCH cups sugar tablespoons butter 14 teaspoon baking soda 135cups chopped Brazil futs 1 package (8 ounces) semi- sweet chocolate pieces 1 ablespoon shortening ; Pu par and butter: in heavy skillet, Place over low heat and stir constantly until sugar melts, '(It's important to keep the mix- ture' stirred constantly over low 'heat to get an even carameliza- tion of the sugar.) Just as soon as all the sugar is melted and light brown in color, add soda #lf TABLE TALKS Jane Andiews, and stir in 1 cup of the nuts. Turn onto a greased baking sheet and roll out with rolling pin until brittle is ¥4"" thick. Pull corners to make a square. While candy is hot, mark quickly into squares with a sharp knife. Break into pieces when brittle hardens. Melt semi-sweet chocolate pieces and shortening over hot, not boiling, water. Dip one-third -of each square into melted chocolate; coat with remaining nuts. Yield: 2 pounds. . . . NESSELRODES 2 cups sugar V4 cup light corn syrup 12 cup water 14 teaspoon salt 2 egg whites WA -1 teaspoon rum or vanilla extract 1 cup chopped Brazil nuts 14 cup finely cut candied fruit Combine sugar, corn syrup, water, and salt in a saucepan. Place over low heat and stir until sugar Is dissolved. Continue cook- ing without stirring until syrup, when dropped in cold water, forms a hard ball, or until candy thermometer reaches 265°. Just before syrup reaches 265°, beat egg whites until stiff, but not dry. Gradually pour the syrup in a very fine stream over egg whites, beating constantly while pouring. Continue beating until mixture holds its shape. Stir in' flavoring, % cup of the nuis and fruit. With. lightly buttered hands form into 34' balls; roll in remaining % cup of nuts. Yield: 1% pounds. L - * FOOLPROOF.FUDGE 2 packages (6 ounches each) semi-sweet chocolate picces 3; cup sweetened condensed milk Melt chocolate pieces over hot, not boiling, water in top of dou- ble boiler. Remove from heat. Stir in milk and mix until well blended. If desired, add chopped nuts or coconut. Turn into in- dividual molds or pan. Allow to stand several hours to ripen. Yield: About 1% pounds. .* » - ALMOND CARAMELS 2 cups sugar : 1 cup light corn. syrup 1 cup light cream 14 cup butter 14 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon vanilla =r 1 cup chopped roasted almonds Combine sugar, syrup, cream, butter, and salt. Heat, stirring gently, until sugar is completely dissolved. Boil slowly to 246°, or until mixture forms a firm ball when a little is dropped into cold water. Remove from heat and __stir in vanilla and almonds. Turn into greased 8""square pan and allow to cool thoroughly. Loosen edges with spatula, and turn out onto cutting board by rapping _edges sharply on board. Cut into squares and wrap each In waxed paper or transparent wrap, Yield: About 2 pounds, SOME Inventors Earn A Fortune In 1960 45,000 patents were applied for in Great Britain and the 1960 figure will probably show. an increase over that. Since the system was started 500 years ago, 2,000,000 patents have been granted in Britain, And over the centuries, many in- ventors have made their fortunes from apparently simple ideas, 'The sort that make people ask: The man who thought of mov- "able tops for collar studs drew $40,000 a year--more than $750 a week-- while the patent lasted, Some prolific inventors have 'many | ts In thelr name, But the all-time record goes to 'Edison, the American champion. He held 1,100 patents, 'So next time you have a bright idea, why not gét to work on it? You could earn a fortune, ... ... But you 'might lose the cost of getting your patent, Brushing Teeth Is Not Child's Play Night after night, youngsters barely able to get their chins over the .bathroom basin dab awk- wardly at their mouths with tiny toothbrushes. Parents watch and nod approvingly, But they shouldn't, Dr. Roy M. Wolff told the Greater New York Dental Meeting recently. His point: Brushing teeth isn't child's play. Parents should do the child's brushing for him until "two years after he can bathe himself --and preferably until he's 9 or 10," the St. Louis dentist de- clared. "There's no reason why a child who isn't old enough to wash his body should take care of washing his teeth. Maybe you never saw an ear fall off because of poor washing, but you do find teeth that do." |__. Dr. Wolif pleads for parental brushing in order to. prevent pre- mature loss of the first set of molars, These are the teeth, he pointed out, which bear the ma- jor share of the chewing job and help guide the second set of teeth into position. Stressing his colleagues' re- _sponsibilities¥in the dental educa- -- tion of both parent and child, Dr. Wolff noted that the common no- tion that the entire first set of teeth is replaced by the age of 6 or 7 is wrong. Molars should re- main firmly in place until 11 or 12, he insisted. "The premature -loss of-.these teeth," Dr. Wolff. |. told the New York meeting, "can cause second teeth to erupt into positions which they shouldn't occupy and necessitate orthodon- tic treatment which might have been avoided." The St. Louis specialist, whose practice is limited to children, also had a word to say about that old enemy of tooth enamel-- sugar. "I remember when soda pop was a. real treat in the house- hold," the 41-year-old dentist observed. "Now the mother comes home from the supermar- ket with a six-pack in each hand." When a youngster eats a bar of candy, or drinks a bottle of pop, he should have his teeth brushed immediately, Dr. Wolff advises. "At the very least, he should im- mediately rinse his mouth with water." © With the institution of good dental care and eating habits early in life, Dr. Wolff sees little reason "why adults should ever Jose their teeth. "Teeth are part of your body; people don't ordi- narily have to have their fingers removed, so why their teeth?" he demanded, yim - Try to think of some other basic principle that would cure _all the world's ills faster than the | Golden Rule put into action. You Just Name It He Will Get It! Francois Lano's Paris Planning Service is a"do-everything agen- cy which caters to preposterous needs and thrives on the appar- ently impossible, Faced with a request. for four English-speak- ing Negro servants in Louis XV livery, Lano will get on the phone, round up the appropriate people in appropriate getup and deliver on time. Once, when he was filling just such an order, one of the four servants fell ill a few hours before the party he was to adorn. Desperate, Lano found a Sicilian friend, sent him off to Helena Rubinstein's for a massive application of dark make-up, and on to the celebra- tion, where he passed himself off with swarthily suave aplomb. A former theatrical agent, Lano is anybody's friend in Paris --anybody, that is, who knows about him (he never advertises) and cares to pay the $20-a-month subscription fee. A diminutive, dapper, dark-haired man, he re- ceives an average of 25 telephone calls a day, mostly from enter- tainment people (an evening jacket in a hurry for Paul New- man, -who'd ripped his own; a chauffeur for Ingrid Bergman; six hodyguards for Marlene Die- trich; a collapsible baby carriage that turned into a car-bed for Brigitte Bardot). But with a staff of ten secretaries and messenger boys, plus about 200 people who "work for me in an irregular fashion," he supplies translators, special objects d'art, "anything that's humanly possible." "I was a theatrical agent," he "explained, looking around his" cramped office in a dingy gray building near Paris's Madeleine "but it was not enough that I arranged appearances and con- certs for my clients, I was also running around to the cleaners to pick up a suit . . . It was 'Francois. do this and Francois do that' So I said to mysetf; "mon vieux, if i's going to be like this, then either be a the- atrical agent or a fulltime valet. So I decided two years ago to be the latter, and to make a business of it. That's how I opened this office." His most bizarrer equest so far came from an American woman living In Paris, who wanted a penguin that would be trained 'to meet her guests at the apart- ment door and escort them to seats in the living room, This was one order Lano never filled,. but he considers it a standoff, not a defeat. "I advised my cli- ent," he explains, 't'hat I could furnish the trained penguin, but it would probably die unless she refrigerated her apartment. She cancelled her order." -- From NEWSWEEK You Might Live Two Hundred Years! Before long, men and women may, be living far beyond thelr allotted span with artificial hearts. People 'might survive for 200 years, or perhaps even for 2,000 years. b Coupled with the development of deep-freeze methods of keep- ing people alive almost indefin~ ately while their hearts and breathing are stopped, the pros- pect of living for ever may be- come real! Another step in this direction is America's development of a new self-regulating machine, de- signed to restart a heart which has stopped or assist a heart -whose beats are failing. Some years must elapse before its adoption can be widespread among hospital services, Its value, however, is obvious. To revive a stopped heart, the machine applies a controlled but intermittent pressure outside the patient's chest. And once the heart restarts, the machine auto- maticaly fits its pulses to match the natural heart rhythm; It never works against the pa- tient's beats however, feeble, but coaxes them with uncanny sen- sitivity: For victims of severe heart attacks, this invention is more than a mere booster, It is a life- saver, provided it is applied soon enough. ) For, having-restored a flicker of life, the machine gradually in- creases the strength of the pa- tlent's beats. Slowly, his circulation builds up again and, as it does so, hig faculties are restored, and his life moves off the danger list. This Invention could mean new hope for heart sufferers. Bus need medical science devote ite energies to making us live for ever? The idea conjures all kinds of terrors. ISSUE 52 -- 1961 IN GRIP OF CUSTOM-- A new and utterly charming tech- nique of eating toast with chopsticks is introduced by Hro Duk Yoo, 9-year-old member of a Korean War orphan choir visiting Detroit. She doesn't trust the unwieldy tableware we use -- and fingers wouldnt do at all. So chopsticks it is. "WE SHALL NOT BE MOVED" - demonstrate their position in th ~-- More than 60 Negro demonstrators sang that sonc o e hearing of 11 Freedom Riders in City Hall, Al : ry, Ga. After refusing Mayor Asa Kelley's pled to disperse, several adult Negroes were taken into custody.