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* PAGE SIX " THE OSHAWA DAILY TIMES, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 17, 193f Greenland Still a Sientitic Puzzle L The tragic fate of Dr. Alfred x gener and the timely rescue of ; rine Courtauld from his'ice- : yuried hut have directed attention "jot only to the dangers and diffi- "julties of scientific exploration on 7 land, but also to the ques- 'lion as to what secrets of nature "sefence can wrest from the great {lce-capped island, writes T. J.-C. 'Martyn in the N. Y, Times. _. Both the German and the Bri- ; expeditions crossed to Greén- # last year and both undertook, _ "srpbably for the first time since 'the Norse colonization 1,000 years '3g0, to spend a winter in the mid- of that bleak Arctic island. ost nothing was known of itions in the interior on the ense ice cap which covers most of Greenland"s 827,275 sq. miles to a depth of thousands of feet. Ant yet to know these con- ditions and to measure them was the arduous task which these men set themselves, with the end in view that their researehes might prove to he practical importance to the world, just as two other ex- peditions are at work elsewhere :m solving some of Greenland's mysteries. Dr. Wegener's expedition has been described as one of the most complete that has ever out upon 8 scientific conquest, for, besides the usual'explorer's kit, a large number of delicate instruments were carried. The aims of Dr. We_ gener"s party were more diverse than those of the British expedi- tion, although in so far as meteor- ology and surveying were concern- ed they were largely parallel. It has been assumed, and there is some evidence to support the theory, that Greenland is what might be loosely described as the meteoological north pole; that is to say, it is the place where the As smart as . shoes can be You will approve the graceful smartness of these fine shoes . . delight in their exquisite craftsmanship... and marvel at their low cost. When you wear them you will find such supreme foot- comfort and ease: as wil make you a life-long friend. We guarantee a perfect fit for any Come in and see these fine shoes. We like to show them. and those who he tdaal shoes for furtes and fin SHOES Are Sold : mn Oshawa TE galcial anticyclones are born by the cooling of warm air from the Equator and its very rapid dis- placement of cold air drawn in from the north. In other words, it is perhaps the birthplace of the prevalent winds of this hem!- sphere, If scientists knew the con- ditions which determined the man- .ufacture of-storms they probally would be able 'to forecast the wea ther with a great deal more accur- acy than 'is now possible. The primary task of the Ger- man expedition was therefore to determine, if possible, the meter- ological laws which operate, over Greenland. Captive balloons were taken along to sound the atmos- phere to heights of 30,000 to 35,- 000 feet in an attempt to find out how far up the storm centres ex- tend. Temperature readings were taken regularly, for changes play a great part in meterological re- search. Temperatures frequently go down as low as 90 degrees be- low zero and have been known to rise rapidly above the freezing point, as much as 45 degrees in an hour. Winds blow with suddenness and great violence, and measure- ments of these are all important. Then, the German party set out to measure the depth and growth of the ice cap. - This is done by "manufacturing'" an earthquake. A charge of dynamite is exploded at a distance and a seismograph registers the time of the explosion and the time it takes for the sound echo to reach the surface of the ice again from the earth below. Knowing the speed of sound through to be 11,000 feet per second, it is an easy matter to compute the depth of the ice. As much as 10,000 feet of ice have thus been sounded. By thig meth- od a rough idea may be gleaned of the contour of the bur®ed earth. Another task was the study of glaciers, their growth and thick- ness, in an effort to establish data on the formation of icebergs. Greenland is also known as the home of the icebergs which cause { 8 much concern in the chipping lanes of the Altantic in early sum mer. Knowledge of the conditions which favor the formation of ice- bergs would be of immense value to marine navigation an to meter. orology. / Since. all meteorological condi- tions change repidly and violent- ly, there must be accompanying disturbances of electrical poten- tials which greatly affect radio transmission. This is particularly 80 because of the comparative proximity of Greenland to the lines of magnetic force sweeping southward from the magnetic pole and may help to explain why the magnetic compass is so unreliable near the coast of Newfoundland, as reported by air navigators in that region, In order to find out something abut electrical pheno- mena over Grenland the German expedition took along a short wave radio set to study their ef- fect n transmission. Possibly the task which most in terested Dr. Wegener was the as- tronomical observations planned to obtain evidence of his cntin- ental drift theory. This theory pre- supposes that all the land was originally bunched together at the South Pole and that in the course of husands of centuries centrifu- gal force split the land into con- tinents. Conditions that led to the spliting-up process invoived enor- mous pressures, which became so grea in places that'the supporters of this theory see in the great mounain systems of the world giant pressure ridges, masses of land that were throww up by the moving earth. If you look at the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America it is strikingly apparent say the therists, that the two were originally joined together, the small differences being due to erosion. If it be true that the land is drifting to the wesward, then there is prima facie evidence of the composition of the earth's in_ terior. Dr. Wegener and his allies supposed that the land is floating on three layers of material of dif erent densities and a hypothesis established the nature of these layers. Thus, while a the centre of the earth, there may be fire, or molten heavy metals, there are outer layers of solids which, sub- jecterd to pressures from above and below, permit a movement of the land to the westward owing to the pull exerted by the rotation of the earth. Greenland, it has been estimat- éd, Is moving to the westward at the rate of approximately 65 feet a year, although many experts as- sert that the difference in the measuremens has been due to er- rors of the order involving all hu- man obervations. Dr. Wegener hoped to establish definite data of the drift of Greenalnd by a series of astronomical measurements and either to confirm or demolish the theory of*continental drift. Four observajons for proof f the drift- with your druggist Pharmacy irst ing of Greenland have been made in 1823, 1870, 1907 and 1922 and each has thrown its shred of evi- dence on the side of the contin- ental drift theory, first enuneiat- ed as a theory by Dr. Wegener. A good deal of surveying across the island was also planned for it is necessary to know the heights of the land every miie ur 80 across that part of the island where an air route would be logical. It 1s impossible to escape from the con- clusion, even thugh the basic ee- hievements of the two expeditions are not yet known, that Greenland is likely go prove barren or re- sults so far as the establishment of an Arctic air base is concerned. According to H. G. Watkins, the leader of the British expedition, "Since October we have had 34 hurricanes, all blowing more than 100 miles an hour and all lasting 24 to 26 hours." Extreme fluctua- tions In temperature, and rapid growth and recession of the ice cap and the startling suddenness and violence of storms all point against the feasibility of Green- land as an air base and make the possibility of an air route across it remote. MAGNA CARTA DAY AGAIN OBSERVED Throughout English-Speak- ing Nations Observance | of Significant Annivers- ary Takes Place St. Paul, Minnesota, June 17, ~~ Throughout the English- speaking world, ona wider scale than ever before, the anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta granted to the English people Ly King John at Runnymede, was observed recently on Internation- al Magna Carta Day. St. Paul is headquarters of the international association which has its branches throughout the United States, Great Britain and the Dominions. The object of the association is to promote observ- ance of Magna Carta Day as the | anniversary of the signing of the | Magna Carta, with a view to de- velopment of better understand- ing and fellowship among the Fnglish-speaking peoples of the earth and the encouragement of a deeper respect for law as the chief guarantee of liberty pos sessed by mankind. The movement has grown with great rapidity since its first start on a firm footing 13 years ago. Official proclamations concerning the observance of June 15 are now made annually by the auth- orities of innumerable cities and towns throughout the Empire and the United States while all the | leading church authorities have | lent their official approval of the setting aside of June 15 as an an- niversary of especial significance. Rt. Hon. Sir George Foster is honorary president for Canada. The Magna Carta is described as 'molding to a considerable de- | gree the traditions, laws and cul-' ture of the Anglo-Saxon race. The Magna Carta was a fundamental in strument of law and the fore- runner of civil liberty. While its importance was enormously magnified in later ages, the Great Charter granted by King John at | Runnymede in 1215 differs only in degree, not in kind. from other charters granted by the Normal and early Plantagenet Kings. Its greater length, however, and the exceptional circumstances attend- ing its birth, gave to it a position absolutely unique in the minds of later generations of English- men. This feeting was forster- ed by its many confirmations and in subsequent ages, especially during the struggle between the Stewart Kings and the parlia- ment, it was regarded as some- thing sacrosant, embodying the very ideal of English liberties which to some extent had been lost but which must be regained. The great Charter declared the English Church must be free and shall enjoy freedom of election; sets forth a number of restraints against the king raising money by harsh and arbitrary methods hitherto Adopted; redressed many grievances and abuses in the ad- ministration of justice; dealt with the grievances of Welshmen and provided for execution of rcyal promises by setting up a committee of 25 barons. There are four copies in ex- islence, sealed with the Great Seal of King John and several unseal- ed copies, two of the sealed ones being in the British Museum. The third. at Lincoln Cathedral, is regarded as the most accurate and the fourth is at Salisbury Ca- thedral, WHEAT DISASTER PREVENTED BY U.S. About $100,000,000 Saved by U.S. Farm Board Ac- tion, Says Chairman Manhattan, Kans., June 17. Chairman James C. Stone, of the Federal Farm Board, said recent- ly that a crash in wheat prices which would have cost this coun- try as a whole, billions of dollars" had been averted by the hoard stepping into the wheat market last November. He asserted the Board's stabil- ization operations in wheat and cctton had been fully justified by the results. Stone told the American Insti- tute of Co-operation it was the opinion of the Board that the price of wheat in Chicago would have dropped to 50 cents a bu- shel or lower if the Board had not come forward to holster prices. He cited a series of bank fail- ures in Arkansas, Kentucky and North Carolina last fall and said traf 000.000 to 40,000,080 bush®ls of wheat on whicl: the banks had advanced loans would have been dumped on the market if the price had declined a cent or i1wo. Concerning the stabilization operation, Stone said that $100,- 000,000 could be entered of the credit side of the balance sheet, representing the difference be- tween the world price and the price of Unite" States wheat sold from Novembsys to the end of the crop year. "Then on the debit side, sup- pose we lose in the sale of wheat $25,000,000 and $30,000,000 or even $50,000,000, I have never seen the time when I would not swap $50,000,000 for $100,000, 000." Summing up stabilization acti- vities, the Board chairman said: "Our experience convinces us that these tan be resorted to only as temporary remedies and cannot cope successfully with continuous over-production of a crop or steadily mounting surpluses." He asked the public not to lose sight of the Board's progress .in developing co-operative organiza- tions among farmers and stock- men in a long time program. Discussing the outlook for ag- riculture, the chairman coun- selled reduced domestic produc- tion of wheat, cotton and barley and bright leaf flue-cured tobac- cos. He saw little hope of the United States wheat growers he- ing able to obtain a profitable price in the world market in the next two years, but belleved that cctton growers could compete in the world market by improving the quality of their product, if production was reduced to meet present conditions. The tobacco growers named, he said, faced "disastrously low prices this fall." LAKE CHAMPLAIN' ROUTE POPULAR Bridge Used by From All Over Continent Montreal, -- After twenty-one months of operation, the great new bridge across Lake Cham- plain has made a record of traf- fic considerably in excess of the estimates used as a basis for fin- ancing the construction of this public utility by the States of New York and Vermont. Cumu- lative figures show that these es- timates were only 70 per cent. of the total actual traffic from fits cpening to the present time. This bridge, buil by compact between the two states from Crown Point, N.Y.,, to Chimney Point, Vermont, is the only high- way across Lake Champlain, af- fording an all-year, day-and-night crossing, without delays. It was opened to traffic August 26, 1929, and connects with the interna- tional through routes on both sides of the lake. Traffic conunts made at the height of travel emphasize the lo- cal value of this new artery. six- ty-five per cent. of all cars using the bridge bearing New York and Vermont registrations. Fifty-one Cars | Figoring only 4 cups a day fo eech person more then 24,000,000 cups of Lyons' Tes are taken every dey! ¥ is quaily alone thet has made yons' Tea the mest popular tes with all tee-drinkers. J. Lyoms & Co. (Canada), Limited, Toronto Half pound per cent, of traffic originated in New York, New Jersey and Pen- neylvania, while the New Eng- land States contributed forty-two per cent. Represented in the traffic counts were forty-one states and four provinces, includ- ing many cdrs from such distant states as Florida, Texas, Califor- nia and Oregon, and Canadian Provinces from British Columbia to New Brunswick. AFRICAN FIRMS SAVING COST OF POSTAGE STAMPS Step Taken on Account of Refusal to Reduce Postal Rates By The Canadian Press 17 Some municipalities end 12.--Some municipalities and business firms have undertaken to deliver their own correspon- dence, thus saving the cost of postage stamps, and the General Post Office at Pretoria has been approached regarding this mat- ter THe Post Office. however, states that there is no intention of reducing the rate of postage for local postal matter to half that obtaining outside the local area, as requested by many mer- chants, backed up by outside municipalities. The Post Office authorities hold the view that no private enterprise can cope with any large amount of mail matter, par- ticularly in the large centres like . Johanneshurg and Pretoria. Johannesburg, for example, has a postal area of about 80 square miles and a street mileage of from 800 to 900 miles. Even supposing private enterprise un- dertook the task of delivering letters and other matter to any extent, it is considered by the Post Office that much delay would result and, further, that the expense would be heavier than that incurred by posting. The authorities do not think that such a state of affairs could last for any length of time. The Pretoria Town Council is con- sidering delivering all local cor- reepordence by hand and ap- pointing a special staff to deal with it. By The Canadian Press Cape Town, South Africa. June 17. -- The Nichanga corresvon- dent of The CAPE ARGUS, Cape Town, gives the following story of a fight at night by residents of Nichanga with a leopard which had been killing chickens: "J.. H. Anderson, the resident enginecr, started out in his py- jamas at 6 p.m. to look for his fowls. He found all his birds massacred and was startled to hear an ominous growling in the adjacent grass. A brief glance showed him a crouching len- pard. Having no gun to deal with this unexpected visitor, he sent to a neighbor. On tle or- rival of the gun a start was mad= for the hiding spot of the leo- pard. The beast, however, had sought refuge in the garage of the next house, that of Mr. Sim- ons, and had settled somewnere under the car. A shot was fired to bring out the quarry, hut the shot went wide and throush Mr. Simon's kitchen. This brought out Mr. Simons also in pyjamas. "The leopard could now be seen under the car, but he would not move out into the open until Mr. Simons gassed him out with ammonia. This manoeuvre dis- lodged him and he first crawled out and got on the front seat of the car looking everywhere for an avenue of escape. Meanwhile a fusillade was being kent up that only damaged a bag of cem- ent and the garage walls. At the seventh shot the chicken-slayer was accounted for." DEMOLITION OF AUDITORIUM IS Montreal, June 17.--With the collapse of the St. Jerome Passion Play and the bankruptcy/proceed- ings against Abbe J. A. M. Bros- seau and Abbe Ethier, who com- prised the company which operat. ed it, the cure and wardens of the parish are now asking for the de- molition of the auditorium build- ing which housed the play, in pro« ceedings before Mr, Justice Pan- neton in the Bankruptcy Court. The case is continuing. In a petition before the court the parish officials declare that the auditorium in question was built on land belonging to the parish under an alleged agree. ment adopted at a meeting of the wardens. The meeting, however, was lot legally constituted an only a part of the wardens were in attendance, it is claimed, As bankruptcy proceedings have been taken against La Passion. Regis- tered the company which exploit ed the Passion play, and as the parish has no use for the build ing they ask that it be demolished. The request is opposed by the authorized trustee, who points out that the building of the audi- torium was authorized by the same body which now asked for its demolition. In any event, it is contended, the parish benefitted from the exploitation of the Pas- sion Play during two years, and instead of being torn<down the building should be left in the trustee's hands to be made use of in the interests of all the credi- tors, he claims. As regards the part of the two Abbes in the exploitation of the Passion Play, the wardens reply, the whole business was carried out against the wishes of the war- dens. At the present time, it is pointed out the two Abbes have no official function in the parish and any permission to resume the exploitation of the building would have to come from the Ordinary of the diocese, and such has not been secured, ---- {dlass Season Opens Kingston.--Bass fishing opens in the St. Lawrence River on June 16 and Game Warden Mun- dell has defined the boundary line between the river and the lake. Beginning at Everett Point in Frontenac County the line is drawn to Nine Mile Point on Simcoe Island, thence to the most southerly point of Horseshoe Island, to Bear Point, Wolfe 1s- land, and thence to Tibbetts' Point, New York State, It is legal to fish on the east side of this line after June 15 and it is legal to fish for bass everywhere after June 30. - N the markets of Empire, General Motors of Canada, Limited, is respected as a customer of importance, due to its large and varied purchases, This recognition assures the finest of material, and large quantity buying brings favorable prices. The extensive purchasing activities in Canada of General Motors are under the direction of experienced business men. Suppliers everywhere adhere closely to specifications with meticulous regard for General Motors' high standards of quality. Thus, unusual buying ad vantages accrue fo General Motors and are quickly passe; on to the public. They are definitelyreflected inthe outstand- Ld \ing advantages and value of General Motors cars. That torists appreciate this fact is evidenced by the tremen- and lasting popularity of all General Motors Products. se factors have also enabled us to assemble a reputable and competent body of dealers all over Canada who render a standardized, reliable service wherever you drive. They also offer you the convenience of buying on time payments ° through General Motors' own low rate time payment plan, GMAC. They also, every one of them, stand back of the General Motors Owner Service Policy, which assures your complete and continued satisfaction. GM12-60 « CHEVROLET « The world's lowest ing from $610 to § priced Six. 12 models list. 840 at factory. The most popular car in Canada -- because it is so economical to buy and drive. PONTIAC "A fine car, a modern car, a General Motors value." 6 models, listing from $875 to $1,018 at factory. 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