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Once Made By Witchcraft, Grease Plays Unique Role In Lubrication It is not such a long time since and has tne effect of anchoring the tue material drops to values very grease was. made by witcheraft| molecule to the surface of the met-| near that of the petroleum oil used and black magic, writes D. J. Al- dous . in the Moose-Jaw Times Herald. The grease formulae were known only to the grease makers who carried out suche quaint tests as smell, feel, and even taste. Con- sequently, 1t was virtually impos- sible for a manufacturer to guar- . antee that two batches: would be alike, "Howeyer the behavior of grease no longer depends on the artistry of the grease-maker and the in- ténsg mechanization of industry has finduced a close scientific study of lybricating grease, We are now able\to control the process of man- ture and are rapidly reaching a understanding as what exactly grease is and the hature of soap" and oil dispersions. In thé minds of many, lubricat- ing greases came to "be valued chiefly for their ability to "stay- put." As a result greases were consigned more and more to those applications where it was believed that mechanical consideration did not allow the use of fluid lubricants and did not seem to merit the cost of adaption to fluid lubrication. The attitude -- "If you can't use an oil use a grease' is all too pre- valent among buyers and sellers. SEPARATE LUBRICANT The present evidence is over - whelmingly conclusive that lubri- cating greases are a unique, and separate type of lubricant and it 'has remained the responsibility of the chemist and the physicist to ex- plain why the unique characteris- tics of a lubricating grease enabled ,it not only to stay-put but also to lubricate under severe condi- tions. . 'To understand wi is we must get down to basic facts about the materials in it; the chemical characteristics of the at- oms and molecules, - their physical characteristics and how they affect the behavior of lubricating grease. Let us start with fatty acid the material which with an alkali forms a soap. The fatty acid molecule contains a carboxyl group which makes the molecule electrically active. This activity is concentra- ted at the end of the molecule at grease really al so tightiy that it can be remov- ed only with the greatest difficulty. 1A moiecule having an aciive end such as this is called a Polar mole- | cule. : | It is interesting to note here that | ordinary lubricating oil does not | pcssess polar molecules and so sel- aom* sticks to metals as tightly as we would wish it to.- But to return to our fatiy acid. If we form a soap the polar quality is not - destroyed by the addition of the metallic radical, but the physi- cal characteristics are changed. Soaps have a tendency to form fibres (really chains of molecules) which when interspersed through- out the oil form a lattice-like strue- ture. This in effect fences in the oil molecules and makes the en- tire mass more or less plastic, i.e, a_ grease, MAGNET LIKE ACTION Some of the soap molecules in a grease are strongly attracted by metal bearing surfaces. These soap molecules tend to assemble end- to-end much like needles attracted to a magnet. The soap molecules also entrap and hold many oil molecules which, together with the soap molecules form a strongly adhering film of lubricant, often several molecules thick," This film sticks so tightly that it can be removed only under the most severe conditions of rub- bing and pressure. In addition AG the mere entrapment.of oil mole- cules in the lattice-like structure of soap molecules, we find that forces such as capillary attraction exist in the body of the greases, obviously more effective than phy- sical entrapment. We can now readily understand how the soap and Loi in a lunpicss ing grease combine to provide a a that can remain in a bearing under conditions that would tend to force a fluid lubricant out. However one may wonder how a relatively non-fluid plastic mater- jal like grease can supply the fluid-type of lubricant so necessary in overcoming or lessening friction. Experiments have shown that as grease is worked the plastic resistance to motion decreases very rapidly as the speed of motion in- creases. The apparent viscosity of in its manufacture. As it is work- ing in the bearing the grease de- velops an apparent fluidity in the direction of motion referred to as 'directional' fluidity.' Think of a person holding a deck of cards be- tween the palms of his two hands. If he presses his palms firmly to-| ly to the bearing surface at all gether -- and at the same time moves one hand outward -- he will cause the individual cards to move over each other in the direc- tion. of motion applied, The pres- sure of the hands on the deck is analogous to the load or weight of the journal on the bearing. Obvious-| ly, unless this force is enormous it will not 'squeeze' the cards out or tear them apart, FORMS LAYERS In much the same way we can imagine grease in a moving bear- ing as separating into a number of ultra-thin layers piled one op to] of the other and sliding over eac other just as do playing cards, This visualization of grease as forming into microscopically thin layers helps us to understand the apparently contradictory fact that grease appears to become quite fluid when in use. It also helps us to answer the question as to how a grease ean lubricaté, how it can for ma "fluid" film between mov- ing bearing surfaces and yet be a semi-plastic sqlid when at rest. In addition' it explains why that por- tion of the grease clinging to the open ends of a bearing retains its jelly-like semi-solid form, thereby providing one of the most valuable assets of grease lubrication, name- ly; the all important task of sealing its bearing against entrace of wat- er, abrasive dust or dirt and many other contaminants, : The characteristic directional flu- idity of grease is perhaps its most valuable capability from the stand point of performance. At rest or at low rates of shear the apparent viscosity of grease is quite high. However, the shearing rate in- creases so rapidly the moment any bearing movement begins that the grease acquires a high fluidity al- most instantly -- but only in the direction of movement. At the same time the high viscosity existing at the very beginning of movement permits the almost instantaneous formation of a 'grease wedge" which . Preyants a state of boundary lubrication from exisiting even tem- rarily, at the beginning of bear- ing movement. Furthermore, we have the attachment to the bearing surface of polar soap molecules which hold the oil molecules within them so that a relatively thick film of lubricant is held tight- times. This film is present and ready to prevent metal to metal contact in the minute fraction of a second between the beginning of bearing movement and the form- ation of a "grease wedge." PRODUCT DEFINED Lubricating grease then, is a semi-solid compound which stays. put in a bearing while possessing directional fluidity which enables it to perform as a lubricant. In addition polar molecules add to the effectiveness of grease lubrication by forming a Strongly » adhering film of grease on the bearing sur- faces that remain. These lubricant qualities are highly desirable in lubricating modern machines of various types -- and appear to be singularly characteristic of lubricating grease. Thus lubricating grease should not be: regarded as mere 'thickened oils" but as a distinct' class of lubricant which have unique and valuable characteristics in their owntright, and that these charac- teristics. make them uniquely fit- ted for certain lubricant applica- tion. : Today's trends in grease lubri- tation point to two conclusions con- cerning the future of greases and their use. First, there has been a definite awakening to the¢ value of greases in the lubrication of mode ern machinery, It has been found that in an increasing number of ap- plications greases are not only just as good as oils but are definitely superior, The second major trend seems to be in the direction of simplify- ing grease lubrication by reducing the number of greases to a more realistic and practical basis. This trend, started by the introduction of barium and lithium multi-pur- pose greases, may in the future bring us close to that ideal product --an all-purpose grease. GREENBANK Student Teachers From Toronto At Greenbank School GREENBANK -- Morris O'Neil of Port Hope visited with his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs, Wil- liam O'Neil, here on Wednesday. Mrs, William Sommerville and son, Loyd, spent Saturday at the Motor S| in Toronto. Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson daughter, Mrs. H. McKee andson, David, also Mr. and . Gordon Johnston and son, David, all of Oshawa, were recent visitors 'at the home of Mr, and Mrs. William Wilson, Mr. and Mrs, S. Foster, also Mr. and Mrs, R. Foster attended the silver: wed anniversary of Mr. and Mrs. Willlam Murray at Uxbridge on Wedn y 3 Misses Charlotte Smith and Ger- aldine Scheel, of Toronto Normal and and School, are student teachers in our junior grade at school this week under the supervision of the regu- lar teacher, Mrs. Grace Taylor. About 50 young people from Sea- grave and Sunderland joined with our young people's union here on Sunday evening. The speaker, Har- ry Beatty, president of the YP of the Bay of Quinte Conference, spoke on the camp at Quin-Mo- Lac, which belongs to this con- ference. At the close of the meet- ing a social half-hour was enjoyed by all who attended. Mrs. R. Chapin spent the week- end in Toronto, Several from here attended the hockey match in Uxbridge Mon- day evening. We are sorry to re- port Greenbank lost by a score of 2-1 in favor of Seagrave. However, our e town is still in the Play offs and we wish themr-every cess, . Mr. and Mrs. Curtis of Toronto also Dr. Martin and family of Oshawa visited .at the Hook home on Sunday. Sympathy of the community is extended to 'Mrs. Clifford Ward on the passing of her sister, Miss Lavinia Stephen, of Toronto. Several from here attended the hockey match in Stouffville on Sat- urday evening. J Commencing Tuesday, March 3, and the following Tuesdays until Easter, services will be held in U|the church at 8 p.m, Our pastor, Rev. R. Chapin, will be in charge. These will be pre-Easter services and all the church. congregation is asked to attend, Mrs. Laura Read of Blackwater nt the weekend with Mr, and s. T. Sharp. . ENFIELD weekend with Mr. and Mrs. Wm, Hemphill at Long Branch. Mrs, Jas. Stark spent a few days in Toronto with Mr. and Mrs. Fred Taylor and Janyly. i Mr. and Mrs.*R. W. Pascoe visit- ed relatives in 'Toronto recently. Mrs. T. Taylor and Alan Sunday visited Mr. and Mrs. Les J ston and family at Highland Creek. Miss Elsie Samis is visiting in Toronto. Miss Laura Bowman spent a few days visiting in Orono. PAKISTAN BARTER KARACHI (CP)--The government of Pakistan has announced that cotton and other exportable com- moditiess now may be exchanged HELEN M. STINSON Corresondent ENFIELD --- Miss Mary Helen Bowman entertained a number of friends on Saturday evening when dancing was enjoyed at her home. Miss Margaret Blatch, Oshawa, and Ivan Ormiston visited Mr. and Mrs. Donald Carr, Hampton, on Sunday. Miss Ruth Prescott spent the for tial imports such as ma- chinery, iron and steel, chemicals, drugs and medicines. The policy will apply for a limited time an for only a certain proportion of im- ports. Rent THROUGH For Rent ads in The Times - Ganatte. That's where prospective tenants look! To place an ad, phone 3-2233. ol HURRY YOU MUST LEASE EXPIRED COMPLETE CLOSEOUT SALE 2 DIAMONDS-WATCHES * JEWELRY - SILVERWARE -CHINA HURRY AT PUBLIC ON 2 SALES DAILY -- 2 P.M. AND 8 P.M. © REMEMBER © You May Request Any Article To Be Put Up For Sale! | OU NAME THE PRICE © HIGHEST BIDDER BUYS! FEW FACTS Only our regular stock, Ll] guaranteed '>wellery offered for sale. Lease Expired FIXTURES FOR SALE LINDSAY JOHNSON JEWELLERS you ONTARIO Paul Lopston, Auctioneer " FEW FACTS Our staff will gladly assist with your selections. Buy your Fine Diamonds Watches -- Now ot a REAL SAVING! | SOLINA ° Lay Plans for Public Library Annual Meeting GLADYS YELLOWLEES : Correspondent | SOLINA -- The annual mbeting of the Solina Public Library wi be .held at the home of Mrs. J. Baker on Tuesday evening, March lo. ay members are invited to ate end. Cpl. A. R. Baker, of the RCAF, Vancouver, visited friends and re- latives here during the weekend. Roscoe is at present at Trenton where he is taking a special course. March 13 is the night of the gala St. Patrick's dance in the commun. ity hall. There will be prizes for novelty dances and lunch. Music will be provided by Bryce Brown and his his Seven Aires of Oshawa. Plan to attend. E. R. Taylor spent several days in Ottawa where on Monday he gave a speech on "A Father's View- jpoint of 4-H Club Work". | The Women's Institute will meet on Monday afternoon in'the church basement. Mrs. John Knox and her group have charge of the program. TO SHOW FILMS Pictures sponsored by the Gener- al Motors will be' shown in the | March 6. Musical entertainment | will also be provided. Everyone is 'welcome. | VISITORS i Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Tink, ' Hampton; Mr. and Mrs. Hilton Tink, Ebenezer, were at Bruce Tink's. f Mrs. T. Goyne, Prestonvale, Miss Lois Ashton, Bradley's spent the | weekend at Chas. Langmaid's. | Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Hardy and | Stanley and Mr. and Mrs. Joe Snowden were Sunday visitors at Gordon Hardy's at Maple Grove. Mr. and Mrs. Tom Bakgr and fa- mily visited at Keith miston's at Ebenezer. Mr. and Mrs. Chas, Smith and Anna, Mr. and Mrs, J. Leger, Miss Alma and Olive Cryderman, and Ken McMinn, Oshaw#, were at E. Cryderman"s on Sunday. 'Mr. and Mrs. Ross Cryderman visited Mrs. S. Rundle and Jean in Bowmanville, on Sunday. Mr. and Mrs, George ox and Carol visited Wm. Knox, at Brougham, on Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Percy Dewell, Douglas and Carolyn, Hampton; Mr, and Mrs. Chas. Langmaid and Marlene visited at Harry Knox's. Miss Velma Gilbert and Bob Johnson, Toronto, were at Rus- sell Gilbert's. Andrew Ferguson, Renfrew; Ralph Simpson, Bwmanville and Bruce Taylor, visited Wes Hill's, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Large and Robbie, Bowmanville, Sunday visit- ed W. Parrinder. Mrs. G. L. Crouse and Burns, Oshawa; Mr. and Mrs. John Law, Toronto; "Mr, and Mrs. W. J. Spires, Millbrook; Oshawa, visited E. Spires. Mr. and Mrs. Allan McKenzie, Columbus, were Sunday visitors at the home of Ralph Davis. Misses Nan Allin and Muriel Mit- ghell, Toronto, were at Wes Yellow- ees', Mr, and Mrs. N. C. Wotten visit- ed Jesse Van Nest at Bowman- ville. YPU MEETING The YPU met at the home of Mr. and Mrs, J, Balson and Ileen on Monday night. The vice-| president, Pearl Leach, presided in the absence of the president. The meeting next week, March 9, will be withdrawn so that the young people may attend the skat- ing party in Bowmanville. bv y e worship service was led Harvey Yellowlees who also pre- pared the program. Donald Taylor gave a humorous reading. A very interesting talk on Kempt- | | ville Agricultural School was iven by Wes Hills, who is a graduate zn THE DAILY TIMES-GAZETTE, Thursday, March 5, 1958 15 tail the buildings, surrounding grounds and various subjects stud- ied, as well as social activities, in- cluding humorous incidents, of in- itiatiols. Someone asked me, said Wes, '"'Couldn't your father teach you what to do to be a successful farmer?' Wes answered, "Per- haps but when I ask 'why do certain things,' Dad couldn't ale ways answer. Now I know why, after attending KAS." Harvey conducted several con- tests, Refreshments were served by Mrs. Balson and Ileen, thus concluding a pleasant and profit- | able evening, Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Osborne, Ebenezer; Mrs. D. McLaughlin, Mrs. Verne McLaughlin and daugh- ter, Oshawa, visited Mr. A. L. Pas- coe. The late T. P. Loblaw, Ontario, |organizer of a large chain of gro-! |ceerias, was an orphan at the age of 15. SCUGOG ISLAND SCUGOG ISLAND--Sunday .serv- ices were held in Grace Unit Church on Sunday and Rev. J. D. MacKinnon delivered an inspiring 'message entitled '""The Enlarge- rent of Life." A record attendance of 36 mem- bers was at Sunday School. Keep up the good work. Choir practice will be held on Sunday next immediately following the regular church service, Mem- bers are asked to try to attend, A fashion show was held in the Port Perry High School on Wednes- day evening and was well attended by the Island people. Several door prizes came to the Island. The eve- ning was sponsored by the-service club of Port Perry. Classified Ads are sure to pay. Phone The Times with vours today. of the school. Wes described in de- It's Your Last Chance To Save! DURING RELIABLE-TOPP FURNITURE CO. CLEAR-OUT SALE! -- Our Entirg Stock of -- ® Chesterfield Suites ® Dinette Suites ® Occasional Furniture © Chairs, Etc. AT SACRIFICE PRICES! © Bedroom Suites THERE'S ONLY A FEW DAYS LEFT SO HURRY TO THE RELIABLE - TOPP FURNITURE CO. 10 BOND ST. WEST OSHAWA TAKE NCTICE THAT: NAME OF STREET Farewell Ave. Veterans Rd. Wellington Ave. extension Wellington Ave. REED Ear rors Olive Ave. extension ........ hi Warne Creek Trunk Sewer .. Wilson Rd. cons tras s eens ravarean oe Anderson Ave, ...... Bloor St. W, .. Burk St. College. Ave. Cromwell Ave, Eulalie Ave. Harmony Creek Trunk Sewer Hillside Ave. Marie Ave. Montrave Ave. ... Montrave Ave, Nassau St. .... Pacific Ave. Park . Rd. Russell Ave, ..... Sinclair Ave, Sterling Ave. ese ee sess nancs Wilson Rd. Unnamed Street Unnamed Street . ve Park Rd. Darcy St. ... Ravine Robert Sandra Simcoe Wy? Simcoe St, .. Thomas St. ....... Sr esree bv EE Westminster Ave. Willingdgn | AE PN FE Ta Willingdon Ave, 1. The Council of The Corporation of the City of Osh streets between the points mentioned. . Bloor St. ses evys darsrnniean ia 2460.30 ft. 8. of 8. 'niand to Nelson St, Wilson Rd. At Park Rd. .. Lakeview Ave. Olive Ave. extension .. .W, Cromwell Ave, Pacific Ave. Willingdon Ave. Bloor St. HA Cromwell Ave: 38 ft. E. of E. Limit Lot 44, Plan 449 Pacific Ave, Hillside Ave. Greenwood Ave. .. Colborne St. . Wilson Rd. 74 ft. E. of E, Limit Lot 9, Plan 449 Wilson Rd. . N. Limit Lot 42, Plan 287 E. Dean Ave, Oshawa Creek Valley Trunk West Bank Oshawa Creek 725365 ft. 8. of 8, Limit Malaga Rd. 6,421.30 ft. S. of S., Limit Malaga Rd. 6,151.30 ft. 8. of S. Limit Malaga Rd. 5,413.30 ft. 8. of 8. Limit Malaga Rd. .............. ray Limit Malaga Rd. .............. Ae 1,481.30 ft. 8. of S. Limit Malaga Rd. 1,131.30 ft. 8. of S. Limit Malaga Rd. 411.30 ft. S, of S. Limit 265 ft. 8S. of N. Limit Lot C-22, Sheet 30, Plan 335 Roxborough Ave, Eulalie Ave. terete c asia sntrane . West Bank Oshawa Creek ...... TO of Nelson St. fraaanraraaananr Windsor Ave, extended N. Limit of Highway 2A ... Orchard Ave. Limit of Street 267 ft. W. of W. Limit of Cromwell Ave, ........... ees 9 N. Limit Block B, Plan 194 Park Rd. . College Ave. 83 ft. K. of W. Limit Lot 122, Plan 195 Harmony Rd. E. Limit Lot 55, Plan 296 ... W. Limit of Street 8. Limit Lot 93, Plan 296 ........ S. Limit Lot 21, Plan 259 . Limit Lot 46, Plan 449 romwell Ave, N. Limit Lot 2, Plan 430 ..... sins Hillcrest Dr, ... " . RE | +8 6,421.30 ft. S. of S. Limit Mzlaga Rd. 6,151.30 ft. S. of S, Malaga Rd. 5413.30 ft. §. of S. Malaga Rd, ........ SEER 18 2,461.30 ft. S. of S. Malaga Rd... ........o.... oy, 1,481.30 ft. S. of S. Limit Malaga Rd. .......... Satis ..18 1,131.30 ft. 'S. of S. Limit Malaga Bd. ....... ..... 411.30 ft. S. of S. Limit fimecos St. aay ees E. Limit Let 1, Plan 382 ... Darcy St. Sandra St. Simcoe St, E. Limit Lot 303, Plan 190 .... Glidden Ave. Seay S. Limit Lot 33, Plan 464 ... and intends to specia'ly assess a part of the cost upon the land abatting directly on the work. 2. "The estimated cost of the work is $333,714.92, est:mated annual rate per foot frontage is 16.5¢c. 3. - of time as such lands remain 4. 3 a tod agricultural and are to only if such lands SIZE LOCAL IMPROVEMENT NOTICE truct, as local improvements, sanitary sewers in the following ESTIMATED COST COST PER LINEAL FT. $ 6.18 495 7.08 TOTAL $ 2,983.81 6.78425 2,717.66 8.91 4.52 33.91 4.30 4.33 '438 3270.69 1,629.69 2,034.32 1304.47 MU 3,196.62 4,822.02 on 3.80 432 7.03 © 398.48 2,585.88 bh] 10,473.82 6.44 13.64 641 3,121.81 12,276.55 2,493.26 7.82 5.58 4.64 5.62 5.44 5.0L 4 57 49. im 45 5.4 304.%¢ 16.00 6,513.76 2,948.33 4,521.11 1,037.06 321822 1,354.11 2,763.59 6,214.89 2,837.84 418.78 1,421.40 3,181.31 . 22,922.17 93.397.48 2&2 13,882.73 16.0 3,586.99 9.61 5,215.32 0 31,815.47 10.5 13,304.61 LX 2,688.84 7.68 3,709.86 . 5.18 4,994.88 938.54 2,133.91 1,675.74 ¢ 3,250.52 6,436.19 1,442.00 6.60 3.02 6.44 4.67 4.94 5.69 5.15 8,626.57 1,143.02 3,667.41 2,662.96 28 5.56 6.18 4.05 The special assessment is to be paid in fifteen equal annual instalments and the All special assessments which would be charged upon agricultural lands in respect of these sewers are to be deferred for such length d coll cease to be agricultural, Application will be made by the Corporation to The Ontario Municipal Board for its approval of the undertaking of the said work, and any owner may, within twenty-one days after the first publication of this no'ice, file with the Board his objection to the said work being under- taken, 5. The said Board may approve of the said work being undertaken bul before doing so it may appoint a time and place when any objection to the said work will be considered. DATED at Oshawa this 24th day of February, 1853. F. E, HARE, Clerk. -