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May 29, 1953 44 THE DAILY TIMES-GAZETTE, Frida GREAT ARRAY OF JEWELS AT CORONATI Queens of England Held Power, Fought Factions Legendary Boadicea Was Warrior Queen Who Killed Herself Before Surrender By Pamela Hinkson There had been the legendary Boadicea, the British war- rior-queen who killed herself in preference to surrender. There had been Matilda, daughter of Henry I, who for a brief interlude in the 12th century was queen without a crown. Came the Tudor age, and with it the first real reigns of British queens. No woman had ever held such power in the land as did Mary Tudor when she ascended the throne one summer day in 1553. And, five years later, she was succeeded by a half-sister who gave name to England's great Elizabethan age -- that fabulous age of Drake and Hawkins, Shakespeare and Spencer. PTO E TV ITPPOUPPET ICU PI FTIR BOO vOPOTOT SPT TRG CP FOP C CARR BOGS CB EG HE BMT ww Trew wre Ew wa gm ww The sisters lie buried in West- minister Abbey, side by side. They knew no such harmony in life, The conflict of national and, par- ticularly, religious movements of their time drove them apart-- despite moments of reconciliation and sisterly affection. These daughters of the much- married Henry VIII were of utterly different character and appear- ance. woke Mary, 18 years the elder, looke old ay her years when, at 38, she became queen. She was without beauty, except for her striking eyes. Behind her lay tragedy, eril, loneliness. Her father had Ben heed her mother, Catherine of on, and declared Mary il- legitimate. She had been separated since childhood from her mother. But she came to the throne by the will and affection of the people, after the attempt to crown the un- happy Lady Jane Grey had failed. Elizabeth, at age 25, thrilled the cheering crowds en her coronation in January, 1559, Men, women' and children alike succumbed that day to the appeal of her youth, her red- gold hair, her hazel eyes that could dance and smile or darken with anger, her fine olive-tinted skin beautiful hands and well-posed figure. She made them forget, as Mary could never have done, her own background of blood and an- guish, Her mother, Anne Boleyn, had gone to the block; she had been declared illegitimate by Par- liament. Suspected by her sister, she had been sent a prisoner to the Tower, with full knowledge of all that might mean -- there was much indeed for the people to for- get. A study of their influence as queens heightens the contrast in the lives of these two women. Mary struggled vainly to put the clock back; Elizabeth swept for- ward triumphantly with the march of time. Mary's Reign Look first at Mary's reign. Half Spanish and her mother's daugh- ter in sympathy and loyalty, Mary stried to reverse the great religious changes of her father's and brother's reign. She did so with Tudor courage. But she was no stateswoman. She went straight to her passionate goals: the righting of her mother's divorce, the re- turn of England to the Catholic Church and the restoration of onastic property. She looked to he Pope and the Emperor Charles , her mother's champions, for ad- ice. It was all useless, though, in fan England which already identi- fied Protestantism with patriotism. Mary's reign is remembered, alas, for her i eg the torture and burning of Protestants at the stake. The burnings were de- nounced by the chaplain of her Catholic husband, Philip of Spain, end it is still unknown how much they were Mary's responsibility. Almost forgotten are other hap- pier traits in the character of Mary fudor, She had profited by the Renaissance and the education given to women in her age. She spoke Latin, French and Spanish loved music, and improved that of the Royal Chapel. She founded grammar schools -- at Walsall, Clitheroe, Leominster end Ripon-- and left money for poor Oxford and Cambridge students. But Mary failed. Most of her time she was blind to the desires and thoughts of her, people, for she saw her kingdom with half foreign eyes. She died--October, 1558--with all her dreams broken. Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I of England then ascended the throne. Her first determination was to make it clear to the people that she regarded herself as wholly English -- her father's daughter. Like him, she swore; like him, she made merry, boxed a favorite's ears, called her courtiers by nicknames -- even though they knew her Kindness depended on her mood. 'Whereas Mary knew nothing of staiesmanship, Elizabeth employed all its arts. She showed, indeed, a strange mixture of the masculine mind in some things and all a woman's emotions in others. Usually--and this was the secret of her success -- her head ruled her heart. She revealed this strength .in dealing with the ambassadors who for ever crowded her court, sceking her hand in marriage for their 'masters. Mary II Reigns Mary II, the next queen, reigned jointly with her husband William of Orange, from 1689 to 1694, She was a ruler only in name, for she was but a submissive and adoring wife to a brilliant husband. Mary, like earlier queens, had known loneliness from childhood, for she had been separated from her father, James IL She had been troubled, too, for her father's safety as well as her husband's during their wars against each other. Due to the Dutch influence ex- perienced during her early mar- ried days and to her Low Church Protestantism, Mary became deeply religious. However, she was not bigoted, and shared William's re- ligious tolerance. What influence she had was used against moral ioxity, and she gave her full sup- port to the Church. 3 A lover of art, she brought her collection of Chinese porcelain to Hampton Court. And she left there traces of the gardening she loved; her three botanical collections are | in the British Museum. When she died of FRY. London Posts ToBe Adorned With Flowers By Anne Edwards SOME fresh and charming ideas will decorate one corner of London next June. They are the decorations for London lamp- posts, statues, streets, and bridges suggested by Sir Hugh Casson... With any luck we'll be seeing . « «» London lamp-posts, for ex- ample, painted white in Pic- cadily and decorated with sheaves of red and white daisies that glow in the dusk. . . .painted pale blue in Oxford-street and garlanded with white roses and ivy leaves . . . painted black in Haymarket and looped with ping- pong balls that bob and rustle in the breeze -- with a crown of ping-pong balls at the top. Police barriers, each painted a different color, bottle green lilac, scarlet, and purple, . . . Statues boxed in for ety with a picture of the statue drawn on the outside. . . . Hungerford Bridge with an Emmet train scarlet painted on its sides. . . . « « « « Eros enclosed in a gilded cage so that he can be seen but cannot be climbed. , . . Charles I's statue in Trafalgar-square with a flying scarlet cloak around his shoulders. . . . I hope the ideas get by. They are so far removed from that depressing plush and gilt which is most people's idea of Corona- tion decorations. who was devoted to her, had Greenwich Hospital for sailors built by Wren in her memory. : To England, M II signified that which was doont and gh Reign of Queen Anne Anne, sister of Mary II, reigned after William from 1702 to 1714. She found refuge from her loneli- ness in an intense friendship with Sarah Jennings--afterwards Lady Churchill, wife of the great soldier who became Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess ruled the Queen and so Marlborough ruled through his wife, it was said. But Anne mar- ried an unpretentious husband, Prince George of Denmark, took an active part in State affairs and Cabinet Councils. She had 17 children; only one survived in- fancy, to die at 11. (Their little coffins are in Westminister Abbey). Pleasant-looking in youth, ugly in sickness and old age, Anne re- resented the homely virtues to er people. She was a passionate High Churchwoman, much con- cerned for the welfare of the clergy. She established "Queen Anne's Bounty" to aid poor clergy- men, Queen Victoria Reigns On an early June morning in 1837, Lord Conyngham, the rd Chamberlain and the Archbishop of Canterbury drove to Kensington Palace. As they arriv before five o'clock--a girl of 18, newly awakened, came to them in her dressing gown, her hair loose, Lord Conyngnam dropped on one knee, saluted her as Queen and kissed her hand. Thus Victoria took up the tasks of queenship, with girlish enthusi- asm and deep sense of duty. After the reign of three elderly kings, the succession of this young girl with the vision of life before er stirred a wave of romantic chivalry, Through her long reign, Victoria kept her identification with her people, Her own intense sense of ruth and honesty stamped the age. She insisted on rigid morality in the Court which in this respect had deteriorated under her pre- decessors, To her adored Albert, the Prince Consort, she bore nine children, Through life she wrote simply- word letters, underlining phrases in the Victorian girl's way. She was naturally vivacious, even if Albert made her solemn on occasion. The most constitutional mon- arch England has known, Victoria was trained early in life in these spheres, But for all that she had definite ideas of her own and fer eg Sonsigerable influence on r sters during th of her reign. % the 62 Yours In her later years, after widowhood and unpopular ae ment, she emer; sym- bol. The Empire had developed, And the Crown, and the old queen wearing it, represented a focal point for many millions. She must have understood that even after the Indian Mutiny, for she opposed retaliatory punishment. The picture of Lord Con announcing to the young Victoria that she was Queen long held a place of honour in countless Bri- tish homes. One hundred and fifteen years later another picture showed the making of history. It was that of an airliner newly arrived from Africa and of four statesmen headed by Prime Minis- ter, Mr. Winston Churchill, await- ing a slender young figure de- scending alone "down the plane steps. Thus Queen gham Elizabeth II re- n she ceived the first homage of her smallpox at 32. William Ministers. THE GOLDEN AMPULIA AND THE ANOINTING SPOON which will be used. History of Regalia When the sight-seeing crowds gaze on the Regalia in its dramatic setting behind bars at the Tower of London, do many know the astonishing story and the veritable history of these precious orna- ments of royalty? Or do they gaze at the Cullinan Diamond and pass by the ten-inch-long silver- gilt spoon with which kings and queens have been anointed tor 700 years since Magna Charta? Now we will watch these symbols of might as they appear one after another in the service of the en- thronization and Coronation of her Majesty, Each crown and orb, sceptre and sword, has a special significance for the might of the Queen. And each has its own his- tory. _ Before we watch the Coronation it is well to recall that the Regalia can historically, be divided into two parts by the great dividing line of the Commonwealth and Protec- torate. A large part of the Re- lia we see today was made to e order of Charles II and his brother, James II, in order to en- hance the glory of the monarchy after Restoration. For, in a rather shame-faced way, the Parliament, or the army or someone, had pawned some of the Regalia after the regicide of Charles I. A few years before, at the time the Civil War broke out, Parliament ordered an inventory of the Re- galia to be taken and then for it to be locked in the Tower, (not the Abbey, as previously), and re- tained. But three years later we find a record of the windows of Westminster Abbey being glazed and the charge being put against "Regalia Mones*, Who ever sold the ancient gold-plate of England did not record the transaction. But there must have been some Loy- alists about: after the Restoration a few smaller hidden items of the old Regalia were returned and "no uestions asked". From these {Cavalier treasure-troves we have, ortunately, he ancient spoon i ith which i $5 Re anointed, the ampulla that the Archbishop blesses, and the ancient sapphires in the Imperial State Crown. The day before the Queen's Coronation, the Regalia will be brought from the Tower and placed in the charge of the Dean of Westminster, It will be lodged in the Jerusalem Chamber and guarded, through the night, by the eomen of the Guard. Of course, only those elements of the Regalia required for Queen Elizabeth's Coronation will be brought from the City. James II had a fine Crown made for his Consort, Mary of Modena, and there is another modern Consort's Crown made for Queen Mary. But these will re- main at the Tower. + On the Coronation morning the Regalia goes in procession with the Westminster Choristers and the Scholars of Westminster School, and the Crown of Edward the Confessor is placed on the altar while the remaining insignia are borne to the west end of the Atbey, whence they are carried te the service of the Sovereign by those who have hereditary privi- leges. Changed Ceremony Two centuries ago it was cus- tomary to hand St. Edward's Staff to the Hanoverian kings as they entered the Abbey. More recent monarchs have thought it undig- nified afd indicating infirmity to walk with this five-foot-long staff, lke 'a bishop's crozier with its five inch alpenstock spike at the end. Instead it is carried with the rest of the Regalia. But thisdistaff is itself an exceedingly ancient Royal symbol. We can see Edward the Confessor walking with some- thing exactly like it in the negdle- work drawings of the yeux Tapestry. (The present staff is a Restoration replica from a" Medle- val pattern), \ When the anointing is reached {in the Coronation service the Dean t the Queen will bel!of Westminster brings the Golden nd % Eo edly fly SRS SREP 4 Lr FEF ATE PEAT RIG RAT CAFC AT Le », % Crown * Ceremonial Swords Getting Cleaned Up for Coronation JFURNISHING and refurbishing ceremonial swords in prepar- ation for the Coronation is keeping British sword cutlers busy. The 180-year-old Wilkinson Sword Co., of Acton--the only company doing this work--has received orders for 2,000 swords. : . An order just completed js for swords for the Royal Cana- dian Navy. The firm is executing an order for eavalry swords for the RCMP, and has in hand an order for sword belts for the Royal Canadian Navy, . > . Ceremonial swords have not been standard equipment for officers in Britain since before the war, but many officers have pre-war swords and are having these refurbished--at an average cost of about $15 each. The cost of a new sword is about $40, the exact price depending on the type. The new swords are of about a dagen types and are being made for the Household Cavalary, the Yeoman of the Guards and others, The longest are those of the Household Cavalry--38 inches, compared with the average of a little more than 30 inches. Many swords fre being sent to be brought up to date --and will bear the Queen's cypher, The spirit of Coronation year is reflected in the new colors issued for spring and summer of 1953 by the British Color Council, Colors are for knitwear, wool, silk and rayon, cotton and leather, The 33 colors on the wool card have been arranged to give alternative suggestions for harmonizing and contrasting colors. There are 36 colors for silk and rayon, 22 for cotton and 16 for leather. ¥ Ee FF USSU Ampulla, in the shape of an eagle, after the Restoration. from the altar. The consecrated] Of the strange and great ani- oil is poured into the ancient spoon quity of the spoon there, can Ye from the back of the golden bird.|F er a as sprobably made] There is some doubt about the {or lhe COronaiion of youns King| exact antiquity of the ampulla. who % u ay Ww. st 18 Same oe Probably it was made for the un-[Who founded Westminster Abbey lucky and maligned King Richard| Se", ThE PIEVIOUS Spoon. was HI for his Coronation in 1483. In|probably lost by Henry's father, the Abbey there is an indenture( ZR SOWL_ 10 his sty wish of that date bearing the rare sign|through the Fenland and the Wash. i i Two ceremonial garments are man : an 8] Of Rienard. in Nhien fen placed on the Queen after anoint- weight is given for the gold which|Ment. First is a sleeveless alb of does not telly with its present linen; then a long tunic of cloth weight so there is some copfusion|0f gold. gathered with a sash. of the evidence, Probably the bird| There are four swords, each with dates from 1483 and was concealed |a special significance, to be seen in by some Cavalier and then at-/the Coronation ccremony. handed Sword of State with its crimson scabbard and its "quillion" (or crossbar) formed with a lion and a unicorn -- the "supporters" of the Royal Arms. This sword goes before the Sovereign to West- minster at each session of Parlia- ment; Queen Elizabeth has already travelled with it as a symbol of her power to the opening of Parlia- ment. Then there is "Curtana" the short, pointless sword that symbol- izes mercy--the prerogative of par- don that is reserved to the Queen. Two more swords carried in pro- cession represent the Queen's jus- tice to the "temporality"'--all her subjects--and to the "spirituality" --her Church. These last three swords have been carried in pro- cession since the time of Richard the Lion Heart--and their tradi- tional significance is at least as old. The insignia of royalty are brought to the robed Queen. She receives the golden orb which rep- resents sovereign dominion under the cross. This is one of the in- signia that have changed through the centuries. In the Middle Ages the orb was more like a sceptre-- as old portraits of kings show. The present orb is six inches in dia- meter--large for so small a hand*- $d is of gold, ornamented with an ethyst. The Royal sceptre was made for Charles II but it now has added to it the largest section of the great Cullinan Diamond--nearly two and| a half inches long and nearly one and a half inches wide; this great flawless stone is the wonder of the world. The Dean of Westminster has| the privilege of bringing the Crown| of St. Edward the Confessor from the altar to the Archbishop, who has the sole right to crown the King since a dispute at the time of Henry I in 1100. The crown itself is called "St. Edward's" but in fact it was made in quite a The hurry for King Charles JI, and is|that is highest in great jew & FOUR SWORDS include State, Spiritual Justice, Temporal Justice and Mercy. wels Filled with Death, Drama the old pattern. It is a heavy gold crown. The difference between a sovereign's crown and a mere coro=- net is the arches which arise above the'rim and intersect where there is a globe of gold surmounted with a cross. The actual coronation is performed with St. [Edward's Crown. But it is soon changed for the lighter, and more beautiful and far more valuable, Imperial State Crown, which was made for Queen Victoria. It has become customary to place®a Cap of Maintenance inside the crown--it is of purple velvet edged with miniver, so that it forms a kind of lining. But, his- torically the Cap has nothing to do with the crown, and is part of another ceremony. For the latter part of the cere- mony and for the return to the palace the Imperial State Crown wiil be worn, It bears a noble col- lection of historic relics. Promin- ently it displays the Black Prince's ruby--a drop-shaped stone--given to him by Pedro the Cruel of Ara- gon. This stone was worn by King Henry V in his helmet at the Battle of Agincourt. The pearl eai-rings of Queen Elizabeth I are said to adorn this crown, and the Stuart sapphire bequeathed by the last Stuart claimant, Henry Car- dinal York, has been added to Sym= bolize the unity of the monarchy. A single sine, with the longest history of all, is the sapphire of King Edward--relic of the almost legendary sainted King Edward-- which was once in the ring of that pre-Conquest monarch, and is now in the Imperial Crown. Finally, this magnificent crown carries the second portion of Saquth Africa's greatest diamond that we have al- ready noted on the sceptre in the Queen's left hand. The Regalia is more than a beautiful and glorious collection of the trappings of might. It has heen | said that it combines perfectly all ellery-- tached to a newly-wrought base/most important is the great two-la replica from memory based onligrace, value and permanence, -