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SATURDAY, MARCH 26 'under northerly winds in summer, since the first-mentioned area is protected by the ranges of hills which lie to the north. The situation is somewhat different when winds are from the south, as the down- "hill motion of the air will usually produce slightly warmer and drier weather in the Timmins vicinity than that which occurs ene to two hundred miles farther south. In winter, the low pressure systems which move eastward across Ontario are much more intense and occur more fre- quently than in summer. This is evidenced by the fact that wind storms, apart from 'those accompanying local thunderstorms, are much more prevalent in winter than in summer. Our weather is, therefore, most stormy and most variable during the winter season. The Great Lakes, which have a relati- vely minor influence on our summer weather, affect our winter weather con- siderably. The only lake which ever freezes over completely is Lake Erie, and this happens only during particularly cold "winters. Since the temperature of the open water remains near the freezing point, no .matter how cold the weather, the Lakes are an important source of heat and mois- ture to the air and greatly modify tem- peratures near their shores. When very cold air flows across the open waters of the Great Lakes, it picks up a good deal of moisture, most of which is subsequently deposited over the land areas downwind from the Lakes. This effect is most pronounced when the air is very cold relative to the Lakes and is accen- tuated when the air moving off the Lakes is forced to move uphill over high terrain. As a result, marked variations occur in the average annual snowfall throughout the province. East of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay is Ontario's snowbelt, where cold westerly winds blowing off the water deposit fre- ONTARIO TODAY quent snowfalls. Individual snowstorms caused by this effect inay extend inland for fifty to one hundred miles in long narrow bands coinciding with the direction of the wind. Usually these storms do not persist for very long in any one place, as a slight wind shift will bring them to. an end or cause them move to another locality. However, during one December cold spell, the winds blew continuously down Lake Erie without any change in direction for seven days. This resulted in a forty-eight inch snowfall in Buffalo during the seven-day period whilst only a trace of snow fell in Welland, which escaped the off-lake circulation. The meteorologist derives his knowledge of local weather conditions from a mass of reports. Hourly weather reports are available by teletype from about 26 sta- tions throughout Ontario. These, however, are generally separated by gaps of one hundred miles or more. Radar scanning machines located in the forecast offices at Toronto and Montreal will detect the presence of thunderstorms or heavy rain anywhere within a radius of more than one hundred miles. Approximately 290 volunteer climato- logical observers, scattered throughout Ontario, take daily readings of tempera- ture and precipitation and mail a sum- mary of these to Meteorological Head- quarters at the end of the month. Re- cently, arrangements have been made whereby certain of these observers make a telephone call to the forecast office each morning whenever a fresh snowfall occurs. The progress of the pressure systems which control the weather is followed by means of maps constructed at three-hourly intervals. New developments must be pre- dicted. Local weather patterns such as those mentioned. above must be assessed and fitted into the overall pattern. Radar scanner at Malton tracks the weather. 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