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I WHAT HiPTENS n) TIE Oa n YOOR CAR? Two Things Are Continually Occurring When It is in Use. BY V. C. PARKER. Lubricating; oil is the life blood o( i greater wear produces more trritty your engine. Stop the oil circu'atioa j particles of metai to be picked out but a moment and your motor is gone. â- , by the oil. Contamination is f re<iuent- An autopsy at the nearest garage may ; ly aggravated by quantities of road disclose complications such as scored ^ dust and fine panicles of carbon cylinders, burned bearings and the, which also work past the piston rings like, but the lack of oil will be self i and get into the oil. evident. ' Some engineers claim that the thin- So well recognized is this danger i n>ig out of the oil by dilution would that most cars are now provided with : bave but little effect on the engine if 8 visible oil gauge as a sort of me- ' contamination could be prevented and chanical pulse for the engine, by|tl>« oil kept clean. Other engineers means of which you can assure your- 1 are just as positive that the fine par- self, from time ^o time, that oil cir- 1 icles of dirt which constitute contara- culation is normal. Few engines fail, ' i«atlon would be harmless if the work- these days, from a lack of oil. i '"? Pa^ts were separated by a film of „ . iu ui J t- \^ thick undiluted oil. But suppose the blood f^f^c^h^] Engineers may take their choice of comes poisoned and instead of <:'rcn- , y^^'^j^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ lating a hfe-eiving, wear-saving flow, , . ' .u .• ^ j , , ., ., *' . ,... jj_*„ quires no higher mathematics to de- of clean oil, it carries a thin dirty ^ . . .." ,, , ., , , , • ... ... « u „ â-  monstrate the results of operating an stream laden with partic.es of abra- . ^u- j- .. -i « *. I •.. -xu -1 -M^ *• „ engine on thin, dirty oil. He sees too sive grit. The oil gauge will-continue * ^ ,.- t. - -j « . , , . .° . . ., many motors which snow evidence of to show normal circu.ation and there, ' . ,...,» ^u j .,, L ui u J J J . [excessive wear after a few thousand will probably be, no sudden and spec- , . i u j j « , . Ay * iu _i u .* or, in some cases, only hundreds of tacular breakdown of the engine but, .' • ' little by little, the working parts be-i t^, ' .i. ^ , ,.u j » .',..' . . f. .J „ j.„ Now that we know the dangers of come infected and an insidious dis- ,., .", , . ^. ^. , .jju J 1 I running our engines on diluted and •nt.gration,hera.ded by sundry knocks <^,„taminated oi^ what can we do «nd rattles creeps upon it, until ''^ , . , ' the end of a few thousand miles a major operation, known in automobile wh.\t is the remedy. circles as a "complete overhauling" is This question has been the subject necessary to make it again deliver of extensive scientific investigations quiet and satisfactory service. on the part of experts for the past If you would avoid such a situation I three or four years, and these learned as I have described, you must see that' gentlemen, after much experimenting, your engine has not only plenty of oil ; are now able to draw some definite but that it is clean oil that is being | conclusions which can be used by the circulated when your motor runs. i average car owner to prevent these Two things ar^ continually happen- troubles to some extent, ing to the oil in your engine when Briefly, these engineers have found you use your car. It is constantly | that the causes of dilution, in the thinning out or losing its lubricating order of their importance are as fol- body, and it is constantly accumulat- lows A NEW ERA FOR FARM WOMEN Economic, Social and Cultural Conditions on the Farm Arc Improving. BY J. T. HORNER. The Swoose, an oddity at Boston Zoo. It Is a cross between a Canadian gocse and an .Australian swan. It is the only known, specimen in the world. SPORTS FOR AUTUMN DAYS ing abrasive particles of dirt. En gineers apply the terms "Dilution" and "Contamination" to these condi- tions. Dilution is due to the presence in the lubricating oil of considerable qualities of gasoline. It accumulates faster in winter than in summer; more rapidly in cold weather than in warm. It is at its worst in cars driven by physicians or salesmen, who 1. Operating engine at too low a temperature. 2. Excessive use of the choker. 3. Use of an over-rich mixture. 4. Use of poor gasoline which does not vaporize readily. To make practical application of this information and avoid additional repair bills as far as we can, let us resolve for the good of our engines to: First: Keep the engine warm by FOX AND GEESE. i The players choose one of their! number to be the fox and one to be' the gander. The rest are all geese' and stand in a long single file behind the gander, each with hands on the shoulders of the player in front, the first one's hands on the shoulder of the gander. The object of the game is for the fox to tag the last goose in the line, who then becomes fox. But this is not an easy thing, for the gander and the long line of geese all try to protect the last goose. The gander will dodge around in front of i the fox with his arms outspread side- 1 ways to bar the fox from dashing back toward the line" Of geese ; and of course whenever the gander moves, 'â-  the line has to move with him, being a '. continuous chain. If the chain is \ I broken the fox vnns. I If. the fox gets past the gander,! i then the end goose will try to make â-  I the lire double back to get out of his I way, or the geese in front will loop ! I the line to bar his progress. | make frequent stops and starts, al- j covering the radiator in cold weather, lowing the engine to cool down in be- or even by throwing a robe over the tween. It frequently becomes so pro- radiator until the water gets hot after â-  nounced that the engine apparently starting up on a cold morning. use.s no oil at all and the crankcase seoms to be full even after several Second: Use the choker only when necessary end never drive with it on. hundred miles, but an ercamination ; .^. motor in good mechanical condition will show that the oil is thin and ! should not require excessive choking black and has entirely lost its slippery ! to start. feeling. It hss no lubricating "body."! Third: Uso the cleanest mi.xture at The fact that an engine is apparently ! nil times and if possible overcome the using less. than a normal amount of i temptation to "give her more gas" lubricating oil is. generally an indica- ' every time the motor spits on a cold WHEEL FISHING. Did you ever fish with a water wheel? You probably e.xclaim, "How in the world can I fish with a water j wheel?" This is how you do it: -A. small shaft is set up across the I stream with a paddle wheel on one end. If tho i:tream is rather wide, the shaft is cut in two and a wheel pat at each end. Fish lines, with floats, hooks and sinkers, are attach- ed to the shaft. Then as the wheels turn the lines are slowly drawn up- stream until they are completely wound up. Use a double set for wide streams. For creeks, only one shaft need b« used. The shaft should be a light ^ rod of hardwood. Cut out a block of i wood two inches thick and atiout four , inches square for the paddia wheel ! hub. Bore a hole through it for thei share. The shaft should fit tightly! so rt will turn when the wheel does. Each wheel has four. i>addles of tin. j The spokes are of either light rod iron j â€" stiff wire will do â€" or straight- 1 grainc-d wood about half an inch in : diameter and twelve or fourteen inch-i es long. Set these in holes bored in the wheel hub. • , Now drive stakes across the stream and either bore holes through them near the tops or notch them for the shaft. It will take only a few minutes to let out the lines again after they have been wound up. Set them about four feet apart on the shaft, and if sev- i eral hundred feet of line are to be used, it will be well to place tin disks on the shaft four inches apart on each side of the line so that it will wind up in one place and prevent fouling. When the wheels stop turning or actually revolve in the opposite direc- tion you may rest assured that you have a fish on a line. â€" D. R. V. H. tion of severe dilution. C.\USE IS A MYSTERY. ] morning. I Fourth: Buy gasoline from a de- „ , ., ,. i . X â- .!. 1 pendable refining organization which How does tl-.e gasohne get into the : j;;;;^^^^^^ ^ uniform product, cil to thin It out? .To many peop.e pj^^^, ^^ ^^^^^ recognize the fact who are fami.iar with the rcsu.ts ofl., ^ â- "..,, , ' ... ^. .,, . ^.„ . i that we wi.l always have a certain dilutior,, the cnuss is still a mystery. ,. « j-- i- j ^ â-  .â-  _.. ^ X 1 .!_• ! amount of di.ution and contamination â-  ^*?-"" you startetl .your car this : ^j ^^^ lubricating oil under even the mormng particu.arly .f it had stood , ^^^^ operating conditions, and that all night :n a cod garage, you P^-^d i ^^.^^^^^; ^^^ ^j, .^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ out tlie choker before you started' .,, , . ., . â-  j- ^ » " , ., , ... ,•' J will become too thin and dirty to pro- to crank it, and very like.y you drove . , i l • ..• j ,. , , , ' , â-  « ' ' ' ., J ; vide proper lubrication and prevent leveral blocks before you considered ^ „., .,. .. • iu ' . v ^ .^, i wear, when this time arrives there the engine w.-^rm enough to run with-. . ., . . j u » j • ,. ii. . ... , , r _i t I 13 nothing to do but dram out the out using the choker to some extont. ,. ,,. ., "T, .,. „„.„,. „„ . ^a,-,\ n.^ _, ,. ^ , I dirty oil, throw it awav, and refill the The choker simpiv gives vour en- , •'. ... , V u •• r ^u , ,.,. , ^ , ,â-  1 crank case with c.ean, fresh on of the irme an additional amount of gasoline, I , â- , â-  . ^i.- t. ,j Z 1.1 jr ^t. i. i. r- ' proper grade. In winter, this should probably from three to ten times as^ ^^^/^^.^ ^^.^ j^^^^^^j ^^.^^ ^^ much as IS necessary to form an ex- ; j^ ^^ ^^^ ^^.^,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ plosive mixture. You use a rich ! ^hich are started and stopped a great mixture on a cold day because the air , ^^^ .^ ^^,^ weather Oil is cheaper than bearings and in does not contain heat enough to read- 1 t!y vaporize the gasoline and vou must . ••" •» i • i . * i- _ I ^ *^ ,. i » I 1 â-  this case it certainly pays to fol.ow i:sve a vapor to get startw. ., , . ••!.•_ _ . . \. , * . ., , . 'the manufacturers instructions. But what happens to the remaining i gasoline that enters the engine cylin- ! _-_^ _ _ -, ^ _ ders in liquid form? It condenses on ! When Manure otarves a Crop. the cold cylinder walls and dissolves j Mmvjre applied fresh from the the lubricating oil off of the piston [ stable usually works a temporary in- rlngs. On the down stroke of the pis-; ju^y to a new-planted summer crop, ton, seme of it is carried down into , Manure, like cheese, reaches perfec- the crank cas^ to mix with the oil | tion through a ripening process; The . *"*'*• I ripening of manure is brought about | Now we depend on the oil around , through the work of countless bac- 1 the piston riiif. to form a seal and , teria. nwKo our cylinders gas tight, as well j ^hen manure is applied to land j â- a to lubricate the moving parts, and ^y^en jn n green or new state bacteria ' {f this oil seal is dissolved by gaso- : g^^s to work ripening it right in the! line, wo no longer ha\-e a tight cylin- j ^^,1!. in the main these bacteria are' der. More gavvine and even the pro- , working at the job of breaking down ducts of comi ustion can then work ' tj^e straw or other cellulos? material their way part tho piston rings and , ;„ the manure. Such material, is not! into the cranli ca<e. | „ „ry well-balanced ration foi- bac- J Gasolino ai.d oii are chemically very tcria. They need extra iiitrogen in similar, both l)eing products of crude the diet, so th?v oroceed to take this petroleum, ami is very easily dissolved j ,.:{ro<en from the coil. In gasoline in any propcrtion. That, wi>3n frvsh m.?nure is applied to ia why we u^e it as a c.caner to take tho land in the summer, when tho grrose spots out of our clothes. ; temperature is at a height lo encoar- Any ga-so.inc reaching the crank og^ bacterial growth, these tiny dini- ' ease is immediately absorbed by tho ^^^g ^f tj,? soil will take up in their oil and n-akes it just that much thin- indies practically all the available '. Her. .\s tho oil gets thinner it loses ,,itrate3. A pl.int can't get nitrogen ' Its "body" and becom-s a poorer and ^ ^^-hich is tied up in tho carcass of a' poorer lirbricant. This thin oil dt-es j bacteria. hot give as good lubrication as thick- \ young seedling put cut at the ter oil, and more wear takes place be- 1 sa^^ time as fresh manure is there- twson the moving paits of the engine.; f^rp forced to go on a low nitrogen FTirther, this thin oil does not makejdiet for the first month or six weeks. »9 <T?od a piston seal as thicker oil Finally th? bacteria finish-ripening end therefore ailov.s more gasoline to i the manure and themselws die and worK pas', the piston rings the next i>«,con>e availabc as plant food. But Would Save Money at That "Sorry your salary's been tempor- arily cut â€" great loss, no doubt." "Not at all. I won't be able now to take tlie family on that expenstve trip north this summer." such an experience as a pond ofr-ers, in apparent happiness and contentment. "A great deal of time should be spent in deciding upon the site, as this is the most important elemont in building a pond. Drainage is another factor that should be looked out for before constructing the pond. .\ pond ; to be sanitary may have to be drain- ; ed and cleaned. With the above lac- 'â-  tors in mind choose a place that is i low and one that wiil not receive too I much surface drainage, as there is a â-  possibility that the mud and soil from ; the adjacent hillsides will be carried ' to the pond and fill it up. Tlte time to make the pond is this fall when the ground is dry. If there 1 is a flowing sprinsj that may be made I over into a pond it will be much more I serviceable. In digging the rend be sure that it is deep enough but that there are no "jump-offs" or sudden deep places where the animals might get into deep water and dvown. The discussion was about the ills and welfare of agriculture. Women were there who had spent years of toil in rearing a family and doing a woman's work on a farm. They showed stains of weary toil and self- sacrifice undergone, that their chil- dren might have a better lot in this world. Their hands gave signs of doing tasks which are thought of as belonging to men. Their faces show-' ed cuts of sharp winds, the bites of cold and the blisters of heat. These worften were the kind that made the conquering of the wilderness possible, for without woman the farmer is helpless. These women were' the kind who underwent hardships and sutTering of the hour in hope of better things in later life. They faced privation, loneliness, and hard toil, to the end that a civilization be founded and tho frontier be beaten farther and farther back. j At this meeting these women were looking forward with hope of a better â-  agriculture in the future, as their mothers looked forward with hope in the pioneer days. They had faith in| agriculture and their desires were toi remain on the farm. I Regret was expressed that the farm ' boy and girl were being educated away' from the farm. It was thought that some effort should be made to educate these growing children in such a way that they would prefer farm to city life. CHA>fCES IN FAR.VI WORK. The lures of the city and attractive- ness of city employment have two in- fluences on rural life and rural peo- ple. In the first place, it takes the strong, virile young manhood and womanhood of the rural community and it causes a shortage of Iatx>r on many farms. In pioneer days much more labor was needed on the farm than at pres- ent. Tho land needed clearing. There wtre fences to build, Lnnd to plow and drain, houses and barns to build, and many operations to perform which are now done in the town. The changes which have come about in industry during the past one hun- dred years, have caused many ci the operations once performed on the farm to be done in the city factory. Ma- chinery is made in the city. Flour is made at the mill and in many in- stances is baked into the loaf before it gets to the farm. Wool ia washed, spun, woven, and made into cloth. Feed for live stock comes from distant sections of the country. The farmer's meat is no longer a product of "butch- ering day." but comes from one of the large packing centres. > There are not so many people need- ed on the farms to-day, because there are fewer things done in the country. .\lso, the general use of improved ma- chinery makes it possible to get along with less help. This trend of population from the country to the city is just a natural ; consequence of our national develop-; ment. It is not due to the use of city te.xt books in our country schools or tho farm boys and girls being educat- ! ed away from the farm. Economic conditions and economic changes are ; the reasons for the trend away from the farm. j There are many attractions about) city life which appeal. The vigorvxia, rapid life in the city appeals to youtk more foAribly than the quiet hard toil of the farm. The vim and vigor of youth seeks the activity of city life, longs for the new sights and is lured by the recreational side of life within the town. Youth is ever eager to aet new things and learn. The city, with its many phases of industry, com- merce, and pleasure offers wide fiielda for new experier.ces. Industry in the city also offers a greater immediate reward for tho services of tha young man or woman, so naturally the trend of population is cityward. Farm folks who have toiled a life- time to clear up and improve a farm, dislike to see their children leave and go to town. Every man really wants to establish an estate and family which will continue down through the- generations. This, in his mind, should be on the old farm where he has spent his life of toil. The family ho.me for years to come should be on the old farm where the pioneer has given his life labor. These old pioneer farms have realiy a part of the character of the men and women who have wrung them from the wilderness. The chil- dren like the dear old farm, but it is not a part oi their lives as it is of their parents. It does not mean the same years of labor and hardsbife^ , Youth looks to the future. Age looks backward. Where the brightest pros- pects are there goes youth, while sen- timent perishes. FAR.M vs. cm- REWARDS. In the march of econmoic progress, family ties, ambitions, ideals, go by the wayside. Y'outh forges ahead into those activities which seemingly offer the most. Mothers and fathers back on the farm may regret the movement from the country to the city, but it will continue ju.^t as long as the city otters more comforts and a fuller life. Youth should be taught the real conditions in the city and be able to compare the rewards of city and farm occupations followed for a lifetime rather than compare the weekly wages. The past generation oxperier.ced the change from a hand to a machine agriculture, and from a self-sufilcing to a commercial agriculture. The gen- eration prior to that forged its way into the wilderness and made the de- \'^lopment of a civilization possib^ During both these periods the tasks ot tho farmer wore hard. He lived a strenuous life and underwent many hardships. The sigr.s of the times seem to indicate that the agricultural accomplishments of this nation dur- ing the next generation will be a popularization cf science among rural people and a marked improvement in living conditions, social life, and cul-. ture on the farm. The day cf the farm woman i.? about to dawn. Not much longer will she be expected to toil like a slave, live in undesirable quarters, deprive herself of wholesom.e social life, and forego those dainties and cultural things dear to every woman's heart. The fruit of the vision of the farm women of days gone by is on the tiH>e. T'ne harvest is about to bs gathered and with it will come the rural life which has, heretofore, existed mainly in virion. A Pond for the Farm. There aro many farms that have no dependable running 'ditches or other available watering places for the live stock. Then, too, a good pond serves as a bath for the hogs, as a means where the horses and cows may ; stand ar.d keep the flies off of their ', feet and legs. This is a servico that cannot be estimated in dollars and ' cents. The significance of it may be partly realized by watching the farm animals on a hot day as they enjoy Efficiency crept into shops after sensible book-keeping found its place in th-s cfnces of manufacturing con- cjrna. Farming will have to pass tho sam-9 stages of evolution. It is com- ing, for the subject of farm accounts is now being promoted in the co.:ntry schools. Tho pla.n is to teach this subject in tiie habit-forming seventh and eighth graiies. fi THE TEST OF , SPORTSMANSHIP ii^- â€" What He Was Doing. "What were you doing iul these six months you were away from home?" "Six moutho." The muscles cf a bird's wings are, proportionately, twenty times motx' powerful than those of a man's arm. When knitting or crocheting, put your hail of yarn in a small paper sack, tie it loi>sely so the b.ill will have room to turn as you wor'K, and the thread runs smoothly. .. | time the car is .started. In other words, the elTects of dilu- tion are cumulative. The more gaso- line getting past the piston rings the greater tho dilution. "The greater the dihttion, the more gasoline will get past, iir.til the process becon»?s a viciius circle and fends to continne indoimitely a.< lonj,' as you stop and »tart your car ('j.'Ir.T.lnaliM* i orks in the' snme ; \i'i<.lT< r»- while the manure-ripening process is going on there is really far less nitro- gen available in the land than if no manure had been put out. ; The moral is that fresh manups should never be applied to land just as a crop is planted. The manure should either be composted before ap- plication or else go out se^^eral months before the crop. oil, containing grit- Clean hens ia clean quarters mako There are fow. things in this v.-orid that go as far in developi.-.ir good sportsmen as dj our county fairs. It is hero that our young live stock men got their first lessens in showing livo stock, and naturally they have much to learn. U takes a grreat deal of grit and determination and nerve and clever- ness and hard work to take live stock to the fairs and prepare them to win tho "blue" in compotition. There is I but one "blue" in each class and after I fighting hard for it. it is not easy to ; let tha other fellow take it. Here is i tho test of a gc3i sportsman: â€" to vrork and strive r.nd fight for the pri:?. and then, if h? must accept the rod or the white or th? gresn in tho •;i-.~..^ spirit as the blue. I; takes ccuraw and patience, a strong spirit of fairness to be a gxxjd '.srT. Tho act of doinjr one's best at h.'s; fair.<; is vth?rc the benefit comes in, and then to take defeat gracefully for o-.:rselves and c-ir choice animals i: the t3't of tYi r,»ai sportsman. -» First V3. Seccnd Year Queens, An oxirorime;-.: conducLni for two y.Mrs by the Dominion Apiarist at Ottawa shows th.it the average crop rf honey obtained from fsn colonies hoadcd by a queen less than one year eld was larger than that obtained from tbo same number of colonies headed by a qjâ€" in in her second year. In 1923 the crop obtained from the yoarlin^c queens was 'J43 pounds, 2 ounces greater than that obtained ifom the ijucons in their second year. In 192 -1 the difference was 3T9 pounds, 12 ounces in fav of the yo'vag queens. -^ -*(Pt4»r w*»' and I for poultry profits. '-'mrniiir" damcafs ai the Exhibition. Their quaint cosiuaicj aiiravt ei v. :Iesi.i'e«i aitiUiob. .\lf tough it has a huge t-'ntTi*, t"^ vkale has very litt'c sensQ of t«&a&