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OTi 'wwm The Modern I-Iousewife By Hildegarde Kneeland England in 1929 By Harold J. Laski We have readied in Eng'.and a more the fact that a larger share of the work of the home wan formerly dona by other members of the household. Not only were there mora tamlliea employing hired help, but more had grandmothers, unmarried slaters, 'critical period than at any epoch since . unmarried daughters living and work- ' the end of the Napoleonic wars. Then, In most maaculine eyes-and even ,„g j„ ^^^ ^^^^ |^^ ^^^ ^,^^^^^ confronted one an- In some femlnine-the average house-; j,^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^^i^^ ^^,^jj ^^^ indust- ' other In a struggle for supremacy, wife today Is a Cinderella In modern ^^^^ Revolution has so far brought has ' Then, as now, a commercial crisis, a dress. The magic wand of he Indus- ig^^^^ j^^^ reducing the work of the 'currency crisis, an Industrial crisis, trial Revolution is supposed to have^^^^g^^,j ^^ ^ one-worker job. A ! taxed for a generation the quality of tran.sformed her from a household g,^^^ ^j ^^^^ homemakers Included In I her sutesmen. drudge Into a lady of jelsufe- >*" the bureau study received no helpj in 1S15 it was not less clear to the every hand the opinion Is heard that , ^^^j^^^^^ ^j^j^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^ workers or discerning mind than In 1929 that the she has ceased to be a 'producer, '.^^^^ member.? of the family. And on institutions of the state stood in nead that insofar as she still has a Job. It ^ ^^^ average they received from all of renovation. Then, as now, the la that of director of con.sumption. |gource3 only 10 hours a week of help, .ability to reform, not less than the According to this view, another only about 5 per cent of the ploy paid | skill to preserve, was the obvious wave or two of the wand will Imperil workers, and there is little reason to lesson of great events. her very existence. Her early dem- expect that this number will greatly! But England emerged from the lae as an occupational type seems In- ' increa.'se in the future. | Napoleonic wars with one supreme evitable. | Whatever may have been true of i advantage she does not now possess. In the long run life prediction as to i our great-grandmother's day, this I Her primacy over other peoples In the the hou.sewlfe's fate will probably | much is certain: tlie primary problem | process of industrial transformation prove correct. For her fairy god- ' of a large proportion of homemakers | was, broadly speaking, unchallenged mother seems to have no Intention ^u still how to cut down their hours of nntll the eightiSs of the last century. of teasing to lighten her burdens. | work to a reasonable number. Butj To-day England fights In a world Every yej.-, every month, sees a fur- how about those homemakers who do market with rivals at least as well ther Increise In the use of ready- not have enough work? Even to-day 'equipped as herself. She fights, too, cooked food, ready-made clothing, there are several millions of them, at a period when the unstable equilib- ready-washed laundry, even ready-! and we may confidently expect their 'rlum of Europe and of Asia makes the trained childrenâ€" an<l this despite our ranks to Increase. What solution restoration of markets a matter of almost violent prejudice for the home can be found for their problem of too profound difficulty. She competes much leisure? j with an America quite obviously The answer is usually made, "a job i destined to the economic leadership oC ; outside of the home." But those who , the world. England, In a word, has Real Cherry Blossoms product. But we appear to have overestimat- ed the .»peed at which the transform- ation has been taking place. We \ make this suggestion are clearly not | no longer those ample margins of | women ' economic security within which, at \ JAPANESE MERMAIDS IN INTERNATIONAL MEET These Japanese girls are the first of their race to go aboard for interna- g^^ ^t years tional competition. They will represent Nippon in the swimming meet at Honolulu tiiis summer. have been so absorbed in watching among the 2,000,000 marled the changes In the home that our who are trying it. ' any period make concessions to the ] Idea.s as to what has already happen- The greatU majority of jobs avail- disinherited. ! ed have gotten somewhat ahead of the able are full-time jobs, and the home- There are over one million and a event; •.ve gaze into the future and, maker usually finds that .where she half unemployed persons in England.; think \vi are viewing the present. I had too much leisure when she did The mining industry is at an ebb even '. In the days of our great-grand- 'only her household work, she has too lower than 1924. The di-stress in the dustrial and political control, but also ' and set their house in order. In- childrea the housewife may be as ex-, little when she does that and another coal fields has reached proportions so of the historic notions of English for- evitably. that will mean a wide ex- tinct as the dodo. But at the pre- 'job in addition. vast that in South Wales and the eign policy. What does all this tension of government control; In- sent time some 26,000,000 hale and i The conclusion seems Inevitable, Tync^ide there are whole villages imply'? hearty followers of the trade might then, that the time spent by married i where not a single wage-earner enjoys ari.se and announce in the words of â-  women In house-keeping must be re- the security of continuous employ- Mark Tjraln, "The reports of my i duced â€" not only for those who are ment. death have been greatly exaggerat- over-worked, but reduced as well for The Iron and steel trades are in a ed." 1 many others to a leisure-job which condition so bad that the employers With the help of the extension and can be done by the homemaker out- ' have demanded a protective tariff research staffs of several colleges. ' side of regular hours. we have induced more than 2.000 homemakers to keep ^areful dally re-j cords of how they spent their time for seven days of a typical week. Most of these records came from middle-class homes â€" from farm and Tillage women with whom the college extension service is in touch, and in smaller numbers from club-women la towns and cities. The results so far tabulated are surprising to those of us who by temperament belong to the historical, eyes-onthe-future school. Five-sixths of those home-makers From the June Survey Graphic evitably, also, it will mean an effort to Anyone who analyzes the charac- give employees a definite place in In- ter of English Industrial organization ' dustrial governance, and compares it with that of America England in 1929, with all its pro- will be struck by a number of small ;blems. gives one the sense of being but significant facts. Compared with ; upon the verge of an intellectual re- America, the size of the industriainaissance. There i:. an eagerness for while the trade unions are asking for unit in England is small, the age of knowledge abroad, a sense of spirit Opis, Dreaniingr Among Its RuinSr Toledo, O,â€" Opla. known In Baby Ionian literature for 1000 years and an important city of business and art built upon the forgotten fulns of ancient Akshak. Is to be visited again this summer by Leroy Waterman, professor of Semitics at the Univer- sity of Michigan, who, with .his aide.<. will direct the third annual expedi- tion jointly fostered by the Toledo Museum of Art and the university. On the previous journey rich Snds rewarded the explorers. The work- men dug Into the home of a gentle man and among iu 20 rooms found his office. There were 4C0 tablets there and further Investigation un- covered more than 4000 documents. There was evidence that his library had been burned in a great Are, but since the writings were traced on brick. Professor Watermta explains that the flames oniy blackened Miem and la a way helped to preserve them. Evidence that the same site waij later the city of Ctesli*fln ot Grecian origin, and still later Saleu- kia. the capital of a province, given to one of his generals by Alexander the Great, has also been uncovered at this point. In fact, the leaders feel they have found Indications of Ive Hellenistic cities above the Baby- lonian and Suraerian cultures. Location of the site was the re- of study by Professor Waterman. Through literature he had traced and retraced the ebb and flow of commerce, art. and arms, the effect of geographical and climatic changes, and when he arrived on the spot to do some digging he found conclusive proof that he had located the ancient cities he sought. The area of exploration comprises S60 acres in the far-off valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, giving testi- monv of seven great cities piled one on top of another through more than 3000 years^ Norumbega Tower Norse Site a thorough governmental inquiry into the average director is high, and|Ual hunger, which gives to the ob- every nook and cranny of the Indus- ' muhc of the plant is all adapted to server a vision of spaciouness not try. The textile trades have never modern demand. The three The textile trades have never , modern demand. The three condit- 1 characteristic of a people that has known worse markets; and the work-. ions, ot course, hang closely together. | Passed its zenih. The new mind, in- ers have been either completely Idle English industry is still largely In deed, requires a new body. The new or on Ehort time for so long that they i the personal stage. Father and sou; body involes medicine more drastic Disappearing Isle of Falcon, Near Tonga, Decreasing Capt. John Smith called New Eng- land Norumbega when he gave an account ot his travels thither to Charles I. But It was Prof. Ebea N. Auckland, N.Z.â€" From time to time ews reaches New Zealand of the still tend to be associated together in , tBan the patient has been willing to l)usiness: and the tendency is to make â- ''^^â- s"''^ • a finished product of high quality for Vet the new England, if it can be a small market. i made, will more than repay the cost activity of o i- of the most curious The price, too, is high, for the busin-^ of construction. For the first time, yoka.noes in the world, the disappear- Rumford professor of Mersey, and on the Tyne. which seem ess man in England seeks a high re- ' '"^r liberty will be real since it will be ing island known as Falcon, have wholly forgotten the brief gust of prosperity eight years ago. The shipbuilding industry tells a similar tale; pictures might be drawn of unemployment in Glasgow, on the near Two Palaces of 700 B.C. Horsford, chemistry at Harvard University, in their grimues.s to outstrip even the turn on a small capital rather than a ; '"^^'^ "t equality. For the first time, T'->n?a. who in 1S89 -uilt Norumbega Tower : legends ot the hungry forties. These low return on a high one. He does , 'lie principles of her life will seek to. This island has nad a most check- spent over 42 hours a week In their! near the Waltham-Weston boundary are the staple industries of England. 'not show much anxiety to experiment, ! e^'P'^'ss the ideal of justice. And ' ered history. It was first seen as a homemaking, more than half spent line to mark what he believed was The result as the elections show, is 'either with the commodity ha pro-jl^aviug thus saved herself by her ex- breaking reef by H.M.S. Falcon in over 48 hours, and one-third spent | the site ot a Norse settlement dating that the Liberal party is less able ] duces or with the market he explores. 'ertions, England, once more, may 1865. Twelve years afterward another over 56 hours. The average for all' back to the year 1000. The settle- effectively to attract the voter to Its j In the result, he Is too often unable M'^Pe to have saved Europe by her ex- warship 'aw smoke issuin? from the Is slightly over 51 hours a week. If i ment, it will be recalled, ii> spoken side. Its disappearance Into the to compete with rivals much more !*'*'I''^- this be part-time work, what, one may' of In the Saga ot Eric the Red. major parties is Inevitably a question ' alert than he to new market demands. I From the Spring Yale Review ask. would be full-time? | It is probably true that, in those of time. | Yet, clearly, the future of industry; •:• No standard has yet been set for a [early days, the explorers ot the North; The Labor party Is undergoing so is with the big unit and with mass reasonable working week for the 'American coast on the east gave the 'rapid a transformation that descrip- ! methods of production. The future, homemaker. But probably we should j name ''Norumbega" to various sites, i tlon of its place is by no means easy. • too, is with the younger in industrial all agree that more than eight hours ^ as well as to a river and to a mythi-|it is a socialistic party, committed by ' direction, men who are still specula- cal Indian city. In 1539 the name ' its character to the inception of vast tive enough to adapt themselves to was applied to the whole coast from ' changes. i new way:i. Cape Breton to Florida. Mercator'3| Most of its leaders realize that, I The way out seems to lie In a de- map, published In 1541. locates an, given the utmost goi.d will, system | 'i''erate policy of rationalization, con- "Anorumbega" near the Hudson! overnight; and it has followers to fl"cted in co-operation with the trade River. I whom the ideal is deliberately re-i'in'^us. Conferences with the unions The origin of the word has been ] volutionary actioL by coustitutioaal ' May well. If they go forward, mark attributed to many languages; as an'mgan^. _.vs a result, it is still over- an epoch In Euglish history. For Indian word meaning "still waters." : whelmingly a working-class party. ' English trade unionism is marked by i t„rned from Irak with a romantic :H"hiv off her course so tha^ the pas and a Span.sh word meaning "fields England in 1929 is, therefore, at a i a new spirit. It has realized that a' ory about the finding of the royal i ^^^'^^^^f^.'^j'/^^.Tclo^ Fal and as a Norse word, taken from,b^,ti„g p^^^ ^he force of circum- ! mere policy of negation will carry it 1 abodes of Sargon U and Sennacherib. ' ^ ^ • â-  stances has. over a century, made it i nowhere. It is anxious for efllciency j The expedition was "blessed with Professor Horsford was not only a ; j^g ^ political democrasy; its pro- ' and reorgauizallou as a condition of almost too many resilts," said Dr. professor of chemistry, he was a dis-}^,^^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ transformation '• Porsperity for its own members. | Chiera. Crating and moving the mas- a day for seven days of the week would exceed a reasonable figure, and that less than the 42-hour week of the white collar worker would be unduly low. If we take this range of 42 to 55 hours as roughly marking the limits of what might be considere da full- time job In homemaking. exactly half of the homemakers In the study will be found within this class, while one- third will be classed as over-worked [ "Norvegr" meaning Norway. sea where thi i-eef had been. In the ' "eighties it was found that an island over a mile long and 150 feet hi^ had been thrown up, a mass of ashes with deep water all round. It sank again Are Uncovered in Irak ^^'^ ^'^''^ ^^ '"""'"; '^''I' 'ifr." ?/ I so on. Last year two American na- Chicagoâ€" Palaces of two Assyrian ^u^al scientists landed on the island kings whose conquests are recorded accompanied by the Prime Minister In tiie Old Testament, magnificent „£ Tonga, who claimed the spot for buildings long buried and forgotten, ' jjjg tinv" country. have been discovered, the University i There are signs that Tonga's nev» of Chicago announces. 'possession will shortly disappear Prof. Edward Chiera, directing the again. On a recent round trip of the I Assyrian expedition ot the "niver- gj-ga^ier Tofua. whose home port is sity's Oriental Institute, has just re-. .Auckland, the captain took the ship and only the remaining sixth as un- derworked. Judged by this group of housewiv- es, homemaking Is still for the maj- ority a full-time Job. and too much work Is still a more frequent problem than too little. When we turn to the farm records, and Include In our figures the time spent In the care of poultry and milk. In gardening and In other farm work which falls to the homemaker's lot as "naturally" as does her part-time jobs fades to a negligible figure, and the extent of overwork takes on serious proportions. The average time spent In all work by the 950 farm women whose records have so far been tab- ulated Is over 82 hours a weekâ€" al- most 9 hours a day every day of the week. I The similarity ot the urban and. rural records holds even In the dis- tribution of the total time among the! various household tasks. The city homemakers, to be sure, spent a few hours more during the week In care of children and purchasing, and a few hours less In cooking and dishwash- ing. But this smaller amount of lime spent in the' kitcUen is mainly due to the larger number ot meals eaten' a- way from home by members of the city routine task.s the figures are al- most identicalâ€" about 7\4 hours a week, on the average, for cleaning coverer; he put a new face on the Christian missionary achievement by revealing the once unknown Chris- 1 tian continent of faith ad thougtit. i In Wellesley College, where he ; taught, he devoted one room to a col- j lection of literature from the peo-j pies that had no literature, that is to say. until Chri.stianity came. into a soeial democracy as well. I The next years, accordingly, will • It Is no easy task to uproot the ' see either voluntary or forcible re- j tradition of aristocratic control in a J "'"Sanization in the industrali field;] country as old as England. It is no ; and it It is the second, a Labor gov-; easy task, either, because It has to emment will be the active agent in; be accomplished in the midst ot aa ' ^^^ process. It will. Indeed, have no economic world revolution, in dustrial , alternative, pjg I supremacy has gone. To accomplish I ^o Party representing the working made a collection of languages re-. duced to writing, of alphabets made, of grammars and dictionaries printed! and, from the translated Bible, the i nucleus ot literature; all this was In addition to his work as an antiquarian In historical and geographical fields. Professor Horsford did not believe that the French or English discover- ers In the fifteenth, sixteenth and even the seventeenth centuries were responsible tor the evidences of oc- cupancy in New Englan'l before the Pilgrims, but that they went back direct to the Norsemen. The sagas tell that mainly in Vlneland the Norse explorers conducted their mer- ' cantile interests. Their trade was In furs. fish, masur wood and agricul- ; tural products. Thl3 barter T>rob- ' ably extended over a period ot 350 i years, from 1000 until the last Norse I ship put back to Iceland. peThnps about 1317. I Norumbega Tower was raised be- Professor Horsford believed It It, there is need for the revision not , <-"!ass can do other than compel the only of the accepted notions of in- , examination ot the basic industries sive fragments was little short of aa engineering feat. One Item now en route to Chicago is a great stone bull which weighs 40 tons. In all, 125 tons ot Assyrian art are on their way here while another 125 tons have been turned over to the Irak Government mu.seum. the Govern- ment h£.ving assisted the Chicagoans generously. con Island, and it was seen to be de- creasing '.n size. ' According to an account published in the New Zealand Herald, the island is without life. The Prime Minister of Tonga planted a cocoanut palm there, but no signs of a tree were seen. The sland is a mass of cinders and iava, with a burst of steam coming I every now and then from the crater I The Paciiic swell is eating into the sides and the heavy tropical rains are taking their to!':. The Latest in City Street Transportation „^^,.. ^.. ...- ,... â€" \" "'causa Processor norstoru u»iic»cu i--, 6>i for laundering, U, for mending „.^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Lelt Ericsoa and 4'3 tor sewing. , ^^^^^ ^.^^ ,,^^g 3,,^ j,,e amphitheater But the conclusion Seems Justified 1 ^^ ^,^g borders of the Charles River. that even In the large cities the over- , (^gf^ai^iy t^a site, four miles above " ' tide water on the river, bears out to worked housewife has by no means passed Into history; In fact she may still outnumber the housewife with too much leisure. I low can wo account tor this situa- tion'? In view ot the transfer from the home of the spinning and weaving and sewing the butchering, baking some degree Professor Ilorsford's contention that here was the cen'er ot Norse trading activities in No:v England. Patrolling Our Highway* , PatroU and work gangs malntala and candlestick-making of our 8reat- 1 ^^^^^.j^ ^^qq^ „,„g, „{ ,0^^, ,n can- gnuulmothers day. In view ot the de-i^^^ ^^ repair at an annual cost of crease in the size ot the family and ot ^^^^ Jl6,000,000. the smaller and more convenient ' * ^ hoiwes In which we now live, why lij CHARACTER | It that so many homemakers are still. ^^^ happlnew of wotnan, »• otj overworked? , ^, ., ,^ man, depends in a greater measure A iKirtial answer Is undoubtedly to individual completenees ot be f.nitid In th- regrettabi* fait that ^^^,5^,^. our i!re.'»t r.'-a'i'''ii>ther» were e'en ^ more overwoiied. ' The pen is mightier than the sword; â-  â- â€¢ i mci.- lni»>r' ••'», ;tarh.«*«, i» ^ut ia <i»ea jut M man/ (ooUsk thingt "Equal Partners" Christchurch. N.Z., Press: As long as our own Dominion d^pnds on the British Navy tor protection and upon British markets for the disposal ot its products, we cannotâ€" as of course w do notâ€" pretend to be an eual part- ner with Great Britain, and the same Is true, though in some cases to a lesser extent, of the other Dominions. No New Zealander will mind being told that the peace and welfare ot his country depend "on the maintenance ot stable governmen land wise states- manship in Britain." and neither will a Canadian or a South African if he takes his stand on realities rather thn on constitutional formulas. NON 8KI0 COMPOSmtttCcOVERS PLCORINQ IN ALUMINUM STREET CAR Interior view ot Hmt all alumlnuoi buiuittk««t ««.•»« flOMtruct.d ti world, which haa a noa skid floorln* and form fltllag seat% "y "A woman hue aunk prcttf whea iha has ts «w(ug f^ir It."