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4 « A- * * a > â-  « â-  « I « I « « >> * â- â- %. * •t i < â- ^ » â- Â« lf -a s » « r & * ,» 1 •r t- ., » *« ^ *â-  ->â-  » « *> J « * ^ t. I ^ .* f 9 ^ \ i ^ p. % â- Â» » 4 ♦â-  «. A Jt • m m » * ^'Qr««a FliM, Powd«r«d Rhubarb, Ground Cuttlefish Bon«" BtudMiu at th« Ontario Colteg* of Pharmacy liv* in a world of gloity green fliet, powd«r«d rhu- barb, ground cuttlefish bont, Mid •omt 1,000 oth«r items which ar« Iht tool* of their i>ro{ession. The flies, laboriousry collected in Spain, are tor bUsteriiig plas- teri. The rhubarb is for tonics, the " cuttlefish bone for canaries. The undergraduate niusi become familiar with the Chinese beetle and many another insect; tree bark •uch as cascara wood and cinchona (which yields quinine) ; and a wel- ter of liquids, oils and chemical talts from which pills, emulsions, tinctures and infusion* are made. So conxplex has pharmacy become that the course now demands tour years of intensive effort instead of the three months considered long enough in 1882. The College ot Pharmacy is at- dliated with the University of Tor- onto. Curricula, admission stand- ards, aind examiners are under the jurisdiction of the University Sen- ate. Many lectures are given by Varsity professors. Located near the junction of Gerrard and Church, the three- •torey College is in a one-time "fashionable' area which has be- aome part of busy downtown Tor- onto, Students have a tight sched- ule of about 28 hours a week of kba and lectures. In addition to studies during the academic year, students must work 18 months in a store or a plant as "interns" (usually during the summer montha). After they graduate many will spend s«v«a or eigiit • years in retail store* before tihey can afford to start ki business for themselves. Women who graduated from the College in 1906 ar« still among Canada's 4,000 practising pharma- sists aeid SO women are enrolled this year. In 1948 tdia first and second prize winners were wcMnen, something malt graduate* of that year would rather not discuss. The College is proud of its high standards. At most of the 69 ac- credited colleges of pharmacy in the United States, the entrance re- quirement is junior matriculation. In Ontario it is third class honoure In senior matriculation. Students in pharmacy spsnd half their time in University buildings taking suoh sttbjeet* as botany, pharmacology, chemistry, physics, loology and Englt»ih. At the Col- lege itself trhey take Tarious course* ii^ pharmacy, pharmaaeutical chetn- 'istry and materia medica. The last it a grouping of courses in physiol- ogy, first aid, the study of animal and plant sources that yield crude drugs, and flu suidy of biological products. .'VIso taught, of course, is iht ab- breviated Latin that makes up the language of the prescription. The scrawled nott a Canadian doctor hands his patient makes easy read- ing for a druggist becaust there are only about 200 abbreviations to memorize. Orders from overseas ar«n"t so simple. A good many people >ii Central Europe are sending pre- scriptions for relatives to have filled here and Ontario druggists are having quite a time with them. .\nd in some Ontario communities tnid- Europeans buy as many as 100 leeches a month at $1.50 a leech from one store alone. The leeches (bloodsuckers) are used to reduce the swellitig in black eyes. Pharmacists fill prescriptions that may range in price from less than a cent to $4 for a single pili. Ingredients come froni all over the wocld and students arc taught to pick them out at sight. "No two humans look exactly alike and neither do any two of the sub- stances we use.' pharmacists say. though to the laymaa m«<kf o^ Ite bottles oarefully stacked side Iqr lid* seem to cootain iihe same mat- erial. After first becoming familiar with their materials, pharmacy stu- dents work in a lab where the bottles are nunibered. If a student isn't sure, he can cross to the other side of the room where a list iden- tifies the substances. However, the number system train* his power ot observation and after a while he knows at a glance what a bottle contains. The College museum has a fas- cinating display of old utensils, prescription books and preparajions. For instance, there's a packaged commercial product of the early part of the nineteenth centur>- known as "Electric Beans". The legend on the package says beans Create Rich Red Blood. Pills were potent in the old days; one patent medicine was labelled "Anti-Pill Cure." Then there's a poison regis- ter kept by a Toronto druggist in 1877. At the top of one page, in a long straight hand, is the sig- nature of Sir John A. Macdoaald. The " first Father of Confedera- tion bought an eyewash solution, one ingredient of which was a poison. â€" From Varsity Graduate Tree* That Weep Priceless Tears Perliaps the greatest dollar-earn- ing asset in the Empire it rubber, most of it from troubled Malaya, a British possession. There the rubber trees weep to bring in 60 million pounds worth of dollars a year. This most versatile and widely- applied of all the earth's natural products is indispensable to twen- tieth century civilization, and in a world plagued with shortages it is almost the only essential commodity of which there is an ab indant sup- ply. One can hardly count its present uses, or set bounds to its possible future use, so fast are wi finding new ways of employing it. During the war alone, several hun- dred new uses were discovered, ranging from "pHofilni." which pro- tected aircraft engines sent to dis- tant battlefields, to convsytr belts now used by the mile in up-to-dat» mines. ; The UiMted States uses well ovec- a half of tht whole world's produc- tion, for natural rubber is one of th* few commodities she has found it impossible to produce herself. The' rubber plant is not a native of British Malaya. It cam* originally from the New World â€" one of th* first products of .\m*rica to b* noted by explorers and one of th* last to be exploited. t'olumbus himself, during his sec ond visit there, was astonished to see native Indians amusing them- selves by playing with heavy black balls made from vegetable gum. In 17-tO a French scientist, Charles Marie de la Condaniine. sent back specimens of this amazing "bouncing gum." He called it "caoutchouc." a variation of the Indian name for "weeping tree." and caoutchouc it still remain* in the French diction- ary. Then in 1770 Joseph Priestley, an F.glish chemist invited attention to a material which he found to b* "excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the marks of a black-lead pencil." Englishmen tried it and promptly gave it th* name "rubber." Its or- igin they indicated by tht prefix "India" (meaning from the West Indies^, and thus th* label "Indian rubber" came into being. Samuel I'eal patented a process for making waterproof fabric by using rubber dissolved in turpentine then in the 1820's Thomas Hancock and Charles "Let's Set You Do This" â€" Fnm, th« daohsliutid ol tk* Ro\ Miller family tri«» doRRedly to make friands with tk* n*^v china bulldog hank bfloitgin|r to on* of th* Mi1l«r «hiidren Th« hftrd hMdvd bMlldo^ H*** *t*** 3 CaoS: irtf-rr- ^^ â- ' j[2 When qaiek the roadway is a skidway, beware of rapid accelerattoiv stops and sudden swerves. Also deadly are excessive speed, rsiiecially on turns, and uneven braking. To slow down, pump the brak* gently; don't hold It down sioadf. Under skid eonditioBs. never try t* atop suddenly, but ebeek i«m speed a little at a tinte. Macinio.-ih established rubber fac- tories in London and Glasgow. Everyone to-day associates the Scot's name with waterproof gar- ments. "Th* tree that weeps" became the most precious timber in the world, and Brazil. v\'here it had been first discovereu, still held th* monopoly of supply. But in that country th* natural rubber forests had been ruthlessly exploited. Many millions of trees had been "bled" to death, and the price of rubber rose steadily as it became necessary to penetrat* deeper and deeper into th* Amazon forests to tap new supplies. Th* Brazilians hung on gnnuy and rrfused to allow th* precious seeds to be taken from th* country la that plantation* could be laid down elsewhere. Several unsuccessful attempts: were made to smuggle seeds out. F'inally it was left to th* resource of an F.nglishmaii. Henry Wickham (who was afterwards knighted), to ?o through with it in th* good old llizabethan way. He undertook to procure by hook or by crook a sut^cient number of seeds to ensure the future of rubber. Chartering a steamer, h* succeeded in smuggling 70.000 seeds out of the country packed between leaves of the banana tree. Ha reached Liver- pool, where a special train was wait- ing to rush the seeds to Kew. There some of them germinated and th* plants were sent out to India, Cey- lon, and Malaya. Total cost of VVicknian's e.xpedi- tlon was £1.500. Out of it have grown 700 million trees, producing 800.000 tons of rubber annually. Even to-day we are far from ex- hausting the possibilities of latex or rubber "milk." .^.part from it* well- known uses, patents art out for its use as a perservative for eggt, fruit, and plants. It it also extensively employed for upholstery, flooring, road surfacing, wallpapering. The tapping of th* rubber trees for this precious latex still remains a simple process carried out by man ual labour. It is useful to reflect how many of our great iiidu.stries. which in later stages depend almost en- tirely on giant, complicated inach- iue|, rely in the first place on the work of on* man th* unskilled Malay labourer, for whom there can be no mechanical substitute. \\\- work con^i-in of cutting the bark and setting a cup to catch tiie white latex which runs betweaa bark and wood. At the end of the day he collects thes* cups and pours their contents into a large tank â€" a primitive form of labour which can in no way be mechanized or hurried. Calcium Spurs Milk Production A 46 per cent, increase in milk production as a result ot supplying •sufficient calcium in the ration of dairy cows is reported in a 16-year study of R. B. Becker, dairy hus- bandman of the Florida Experi- mental Station. Cows given rations containing too little calcium pro- duced an avcu-age of only 4,856 pounds of milk in 213 lactations, whereas cows getting siilticient cal- cium yielded an average of 7,092 poitnds of milk in 73 lactations. Florida and other states where pasture* and other feed crops arc grown on acid, sandy soils may be inadequate in lime, which supplies calcium. To overcome the shortage, Beck- er and his co-worker. P. f. Dix .Arnold, added two per cent, of finely ground steamed bonemeal to the dairy concentrates. In addition, th* heavy milk producers received a limited amount of alfalfa hay. These supplement* afforded enough calcium for Jersey cows in commer- ciai herds. More recently, howevor, one per cent, each of bonemeal and kalsit* (niarble dust) replaced th* two per cent, of bonemeal. Deficiency of calcium may be corrected by spreading lime o<i im- proved pastures. Then. too. lately, manufacturers of mixed dairy feeds in the Southeast are making up for th* lack of calcium by iti- cluding bonemeal and linely ground limestone in their feedstulfs. â€" I ountt'v Gentleman. Mrs. Brown; "For moiilhs I couldn't discover where my husband spent his svenings," Mrs. Smith; "How did you find out?" "VVslI. on* •v*uin| I went home ,Tiid there h* was." Where "Holy Cow" Isn't Slang "Holy cowl" exclaimed my .Amer- ican friend casually, not realizing that in India this expression would not sound tunny, for to most Hin- dus the cow is a sacred animal. Yet it is surprising how quickly a young Hindu, when away from home, starts eating beef and thinks nothing of it. Miles away from the influence of his orthodox elders, he views the cow as a very useful animal, but fails to see the halo about its head, writes Chaturi Vas- wani in The Christian Science Mon- itor. In America, the cow is pastured on farms and dairies. In India, it has as much right to walk on the crowded streets of a city as any person. It is not uncommon to see a cow holding up traffic while it nonchalantly crosses the street or forces pedestrians to detour off the sidewalk while it gazes at the store displays â€" window shopping as it were. The cow even wanders into the crowds at the food market and helps itself to the food. • • • Now, why does the cow in In- dia have privileges that even a human being cannot claim in any country? Jaywalking, food steeling, and becoming a hindrance on the man street are illegal acts. However, these man-made laws do not affect the cow in India. But there, the cow is "sacred" and the man is not. Economically, the cow and the bull are the two most valuable ani- mals in India. Th* cow furnishes milk and all its by-products. Farm- ers harness the bull to plow the land. India, therefore, depends en- tirely on the cow for its food supply and so treats the cow with a rever. ence due to the mother who pro- vides food for her children. In fact, the cow is often called' 'mother cow." However, the idea of reverence has in some cases been carried too far. Temples have been built for the worship of the cow. Many religious ceremonies include the feeding of the cow as one of the important items of the ritual. Hindu women often start their day by feeding the cow. Any stray cow is welcome»in their back yards. The real motive behind this rever- ence has been forgotten. Being a useful animal, the cow has to be perserved for its practical value. Reverence is one way of protecting the animal from physical harm by men who might kill it for meat. That is why beef is taboo among the Hindus, most of whom do not eat any kind of meat anyway. But to believe that it is sacri- legious for a Hindu to use anything of the cow. including the milk, is a misconception. Milk is widely used when available, th* cow's skin is used for leather, and its horns ar* carved into beautiful fig'ires for living-roo'm decoration. ♦ • » The only real offense against th* cow is killing it for food or for anything. In some parts of India the penalty for killing a cow, ev*n by accident, is a few years in jail. People have established homes for the aged cows where they ar* well taken care of. That is mor* than they done for human beings. Bj; tiie ti:..es iiav« c'.ii?' ;;e.i s .i the old custons cannot cont::-iie f ir long. The pop'.;!ation of the com, as or (.eoplc. rr.s increased i-.nitieii sely in India Not enough fodder is grown. Moreover, the modern ma- terialistic Indian works his aniiual to the bone and tries to get as much out of it as possible. One criticism levied against the Hindus is: Why can't they let some of these miserable-looking creatures b« slaughtered and fed to millions of starving people? The answer to this criticism is that it is hard to change traditions. For a people brought up in the tradition of respecting the cow, it will be years before any change of attitude it brought about. However, some daring young men have broken away. They have seen better cattle and better tanning me- thods in other countries and wish India would adopt similar practices. They no longer consider the cow a sacred animal. Their prejudice against beef-eating has vanished, too. for they eat beef as willingly as any otiier meat when away from home. For this they have to ac- count to their elders on returning to India. But they get away by saying, "We were eating American cows. They aren't 'sacred.' are thev -" " Expert Advice Visiting tiie farm for the lirst time in her city-bred life, little eight-year-old Rebecca, the daugji- ter of a filling station operator, was thrilled by the many things iier grandfather showed lier. The big turkey gobblei-, soon to be killed for Christmas dinner, frightened her: and she was astonished to dis- cover that the ice on the pond was thick enough to bear her weight. Mo*t of all. however, she waa fascinated by the cow. Several afternoons she went with her grandfather to the barn and sta.'-ed wide-eyed as he milked. On a nippy December day when she was anxious to return to the warmtii of the farm house, she ventured to tap him on the shoulder and sugge-ited, "Grandpa, if you'd put alcohol in her radiator, you wouldn't have to drain l^r faucets every night!" 'Wool" from Rocks British geologists engaged 'w re- search work in the Hawaiian Islands found a fluffy fiber made of the same substance as the rocks on the slopes of the volcano. Since this fiber was probably produced from lava during a volcanic eruption, the British scientists concluded that "wool' could be made from otiier rocks too. .\iter two years of eic- periments a: the Matlock, England, works of a British limestone firm, a method has been evolved whereby limestone and other silicious rocke are trailS'OllUSSt .into J f*'l» W9i)lr Iul)statl01 w'liicn is a tirst-cTass ir«aC and sound insulator and is fire- proof and vermin-proof. The wool will be used primarily in heat in- sulation, but it is probable that It will also be used as a heat conserver in all building construction. .Au infallible way of impressing paopi* favourably is to let them *•• how much they impress you. Boy Electrifies Farm â€" .After running the gaimii of l6-yeai-old Johnny Williatns' duating and counting; niachiii«, giadiolua bulba ait carried up bv belt conveyor and dumped otjto tht icr^tg in tore<?roimd. Johany, wtt ont of 35 winners in the "Better Methods" electric cotiteM. JIITER By Artimr Pointer Xi