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HOW IGNITION PLAYS ROLE IN LIFE OF AUTO. It is a great puzzle to a lot of folks The current from the battery is just how the automobile geta its ul.il- ' usually of six volts pressure. Thi Ity to go ahead. To many it is a deep pressure is not sufficient to cause the mystery how gasoline from the fuel electricity to jump the gap in the tank is taken into the engine and spark plug. Consequently the current translated into the power that enables is led from the battery to an induc- a car to move forward or backward, tion coll or transformer, which builds In the automobile engine power is its pressure up to perhaps ten or obtained through producing heat by twelve thousand volta. This pressure burning gasoline. The gasoline flows is sufficient to cause the electricity to from the fuel tank to the carburetor, jump the gap. where it is measured out, broken up i n the coil are two windings called Into a fine spray and mixed with th the primary and secondary windings, proper quantity of air to provide a The current from the battery flows sufficient amount of oxygen to give through the primary winding and rapid and complete combustion. energizes the coll When the current This combination of gasoline and from the battery is suddenly caused air goes into the engine in the form to etop flowing a current will flow of gas, not in liquid form. On the sue- from the secondary winding to the tlon stroke of the engine the engine spark plug for a brief instant cylinder becomes filled with this mix- tire. The Inlet valv* then close, and STRSNOTH GIVEN SPAWC. the gas is compressed into a small It Is, of course, necessary that the space at the top of the cylinder by the spark occur In the cylinder at a cer- returning piston. tain specific time. To effect this an U.J to this point no power has been interrupter la provided, which, fensi i ted in the engine. On the con- through the medium of a cam and a trarj a small amount of power has movable point, Interrupts the primary been consumed in drawing in and com- circuit at the moment the spark is pressing the charge. This explains desired In the cylinder, the need of cranking the engine, over As Interrupting the flow of current 1 wh*n it is desired to start it ] tends to draw an arc or create spark- raeDUcriON or POWER. . Ing at the interrupter points, a con- In order to produce power this com- denser is provided which absorbs the pressed ch&rge must be burned. To "park and Increases the strength of Ignite it there is a spark plug placed the spark at the plug. Not only is it In the top of the cylinder and an elec- necessary that the spark occur at the trie spark about 1-32 of an inch In proper time, but it must be sent to length is caused to occur between the & cylinder that is ready to receive it two points of the plug on the inside Therefore the igniter which houses of the cylinder. This spark ignites the the interrupter point also includes a j compressed gas and as it burns Ita rotating switch called the rotor, which j temperature greatly increases. This distributee the sparks to each cylinder ' causes a high pressure that pushes the in '^ turn. piston toward the bottom of the cyl- It takes a fraction of a second to inder and turns the crank shaft This ignite the gas, get it thoroughly burn- In turn rotates the driving wheels. j ing, and have it produce power. There- in the modern car the electric cur- fore a setting of the spark timer that rent for causing the spark is obtained would cause the spark to occur when from a storage battery. This battery the piston is at the top of the cylinder is also used for supplying current to would be all right for slow engine operate the starting motor, for lights speed, but as the engine is speeded up and other electrical accessories. The the piston might easily travel half current used from the battery is re- way out of the cylinder before the placed by the generator when the en- gas has become sufficiently burned to gine is in operation. I give power. FAIR BUT FOOLISH My step-niece Is a beauty, the fairest In the land; the young men call her CuUe, and she's In great demand. She drives around with Willie in Willie's gauily wain, and all she says Is silly, and all she does In vain. You never see her reading the works of E. P. Roe; you never see her kneading a lump of wholesome dough; you never see her sweeping, or making windows bright, or diligently keeping the house fires all alight. And yet she has, dodgast her, her suitors six or eight; I weep when I contrast her with my step-cousin Kate. This latter Is a winner, the kind I most respect; and ihe can cook a dinner that's gorgeous and cor- rect. And she Is always dusting, or darning things of mine, she keeps the spoons from rusting, and makes the windows shine. And she would be a treasure as any young man's wife; she'd fill with wholesome pleasure the struggling workman's life. But Kate, whom I've respected since childhood, long ago, Is lonesome and neglected, and never lands a beau. Her chances still dimin- ish, as go the days so fleet; we'll see her, at her finish, In some Old Maid's Retreat. And now the motors tooty come honking to my fate, and young men call for Cutle, and bless her as they wait Where and How Insulin is Made Now Autumn Wanes. Now autumn wanes Amid the swirl and slant of chill gray rains, And we must say good-by To th* bright panoply Spread the far reaching slopes and heights along Good-bye to song. Around glooms Melancholy; Only the flr and holly Persist In their green bravery to cheer The rustling footfalls of the passing year. Heap high the logs and let the flames suspire! There still are dreams, fair dreams within the fire; Visions of vanished days for you and me; Visions of coming April ecstasy! Clinton Scollard. Canadian's Gift to Imperial Unity. Colonel Leonard's gift of No. 10 St. James' Square to the British Empire for the British Institute of Interna- tional Affairs, with his further contri- bution towards Its remodelling- and maintenance, will mean an expendi- ture of at least 1500,000 by this patri- otic Canadian. That this splendid contribution towards Imperial unity and co-operation was timely,- is seen from the following excerpt from a let- ter from a Canadian in London: "This gift of Colonel Leonard's has created a very remarkable and favorable Im- pression upon the people here, as there was a very uncomfortable feeling as retards Canadian views on Imperial matters. This can be attributed to the official attitude of Canada, which has been summed up many times as "be- nevolent aloofness." This famous old mansion has ben the residence of three of Britain's greatest Prime Min- istersthe elder Pitt, Earl of Chat- ham, the younger Pitt, and W. E. Gladstone. It was from the first of these came the name Chatham House. No more noteworthy gathering hag there been In London In many years than that which accepted this splen- did contribution to Imperial unity. Lord Qrey presided, and those who poke were the Prince of Wales, Duke of Devonshire and Viscount Curzon. Colonel Leonard stated that "to me the British Empire Is the greatest of human achievements. To se(ve it rightly Is to serve mankind. After tome months spent here. Including an extended visit to the continent, I want to say simply that In my opinion the people of this country are carrying a load heavier than any other which fought on the same side." Running No Risks. The hospital nurse smoothed the sufferer's pillow. He had only been admitted that morning, and now he looked up at her pleadingly. "An' phwat did ye say the docthor's name was, nurse?" he asked. "Dr. Kiipatrick," was the reply. The sufferer winced and pulled a wry face. "That settles it," he said. "That docthor won't get no chance to oper- ate on me." "Why not?" asked the nurse, In sur- prlae. "He's a very clever man." Distributing Pickerel Fry. The lakes and rivers of Ontario and Manitoba have been enriched to the extent of over 211,000,000 pickerel this year, as that number was distributed by the Department of Marine and Fisheries from their five hatcheries at Belleville, Sarnla, Colllngwood, and Kenora, in Ontario, and Gull Harbor In Manitoba, This Is an Increase of nearly 20 per cent over last year. "A wise or educated man might al- most be described ae one who keeps his eyes open." I want you to learn to read the great book that is not printed, the book of nature; for God makes this book and there are no mis- takes In it and there Is no end to it; learn to look steadily and close'.y and as It were Into things. Improve Human Race. "The character of a child can be moulded In the Impressionable years between Infancy and manhood. Edu- cational direction, wholesome environ- ment and moral training are forces to which every normal child will res- pond 1 hope the same laws which I discovered and demonstrated In plant life will be applied to the improvement of the hitman race. "--Luther Burbank. Charged Often Enough. "That bootlegger's a live wire." "Well, he's been connected with ce'.la onough In his time!" "Master of human destinies am I. Fame, love and fortune on my foot- steps wait Cities and fields I walk; I penetrate Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by Hovel, and mart, and palace, soon or late I knock unbidden once at every gate." John J. Ingalls. He Will. Bug "My, I wish I were going on a long trip!" Game Increase In Jasper Park. The manner in which big game ani- mals are responding to sanctuary con- ditions in Jasper National Park In northern Albert Is one of the gratify- ing features of a recent report of the Superintendent. Exceptionally large numbers of elk. deer, and caribou have been found feeding In the Buffalo Prairie region and guides in the habit of grazing their pack-horses in that section report difficulty In finding suf- ficient feed for their animals. As many as one hundred elk have been seen feeding there at one time, while sheep and goats are also reported numerous. Conscience is an inner voice that warns us somebody may be looking. Tucked away in an obscure corner of the University of Toronto grounds, I overshadowed by the new electrical I engineering building and flanked byj a row of venerable elms, s,tands a t^jo- ' storey, red-brick building formerly occupied by the University Y.M.C.A. A year or two ago it was planned to remove the building, as it was not suitable for any university purpose. To-day, housing, as it does, the only "Insulin laboratory" in Canada, the; building, together with its recently! installed equipment is worth upwards of $35,000. The Insulin laboratory is one of the' latest chapters in the romance of In-! sulin. It stands as a confirmation of! the success of the research of Dr. P. G. Banting and his fellow-investiga- tor, Charles H. Best M.A. It* man- : agement and operation are in the cap- 1 able hands of Mr. Best who has, from i the beginning, been in charge of the large-scale production of insulin. The laboratory is operated as a division of the famous Connaught Anti-Toxin I laboratories, of which Dr. J. G. Fitz- 1 gerald is director and Dr. R. D. Def- : ries, associate director. The business administration is in charge of Dr. j Fitzgerald and Dr. Defries. Mr. Best j is assisted in the new laboratories by; 'j D. A. Scott M.A.. as assistant direc-j tor, and a staff of r.venty-six people' working night and day shifts. Withj the exception of three trained chem-l ical technicians, under direction of I Mr. Arthur Wall, who was the first technician to assist Mr. Best when the manufacture of insulin was begun, and four chemists, the staff is largely technically untrained. During the, summer months five medical students were employed in the laboratories and ' during the winter two students are; engaged in part-time work. Thj erection of such a completely equipped plant was made possible: through the Ontario Government's grant of $25,000, the remaining $10,- 000 to $15,000 being secured from funds of the laboratory and from pri- vate donations. The plant is now pro- ducing in the neighborhood of 250,000 units a week for distribution through- out Canada, Ireland, South Africa, Central and South America, New Zea- land, Australia, and other countries where plants have not been establish- ed. The average dosage for the dia- betic patients for whom such a large quantity of insulin is being prepared varies from 15 to 20 units a day. The price for which insulin is dis- tributed is, as with other products of the Connaught Laboratories, governed entirely by costs of material and of production. The Connaught Labora- A PARADISE FOR BLIND CHILDREN The Ontario School for the Blind at Brantford, where more than a hundred and fifty children are taught to view life from the cheerful standpoint of independence and education, is a veritable paradtee for the unfortunante boys and girls who are bereft of one of the most essential senses. At the upper left-hand corner of the picture is W. B. Race, B.A., the far-seeing superintendent of the institute, and in the lower right-hand corner Is W. B. Dor- kin, the totally blind manual training teacher, who Is a living example to his pupils of the triumph of the Intel- lect over physical handicaps. The other pictures show the girls at a sewing class, and also In their pretty club room, and In the oval, the boys and girls on the "junglegym," where they indulge In healthful exercise. The In- stitute was founded in 1S72. tories are not engaged in mmerclal business but constitute a department of the University of Toronto, ilr. Best has called attention - the grad- ual fall in the price of 1 ', -uliii. la. May, 1923, the material was sold at 6 cents per unit, in June at S cents per unit and now at 2 cents per unit. The distribution of insulin is ef- fected through two channels. Th first is hospitals which have organ- ized departments for the administra- tion of insulin. The second is through physicians trained in the use of in- sulin. For these latter a special short course of instruction was provided at the University of Toronto last July under the direction of Professor Dun- can Graham. The preliminary stages in the pre- paration of the health-giving extract are conducted in a large laboratory in the north-east corner of the insulin building where beef and pork pan- creas (sweetbreads), fresh from th* abattoirs, are first minced in a large meat-grinder, dissolved in vats of alcohol, and then placed in a largo basket centrifuge. The liquid is dr-nwn off from the centrifuge and further clarified by filtration through paper in glass funnels. This liquid, con- taining the soluble constituents of the pancreas, is reduced to a small volume by evaporation of the alcohol and water content in a large vacuum still. The residue contains the insulin. The solution is purified in two chemical laboratories, one on the main floor and one on the second floor, by chemical procedures known as "fractional pre- cipitations." The purified product is then sterilized, standardized, and flllad into vials for distribution by the Con- naught Laboratories. But the equipment of the Insulin Laboratory embraces more than thi mere processes necessary to produce the serum. A distilling room on tin main floor contains a large rectifying still, vacuum pumps, and condenser! by which the used alcohol is reclaimed, An oil-burning furnace in the base< ment supplies steam for the vacuum still and a refrigeration machine cools the alcohol condenser and manufac- ture's cakes of ice for small refriger- ators. A large electric fan is kep running continuously to ventilate tin laboratories and clear the air of al- cohol fumes. On the second floor, in addition to the purification laboratory, there is a laboratory in which two chemists are employed on research work in con- nection with insulin. Clean, well- ventilated rooms are provided for the animals used and a small operating room is near at hand. The preparation of insulin is con- trolled by patents applied for in var- ious countries of the world by the original investigators. These patents have been assigned to the University of Toronto and a committee, appointed by the Board of Governors, is respon- sible for the administration of patent and other rights and for the promo- tion of efficient production and distri- bution of insulin in all countries of the world. The original investigators. Dr. Banting and Mr. Best receive no financial benefit from the patent but desired to prevent the filing of other patents which might restrict the pre- paration of insulin. In Great Britain complete patent rights have been as- signed to the British Medical Re- search Council and in the United States the Ely, Lilly Company of Indianapolis has been licensed by tha University of Toronto to manufacture insulin. The licensing of other firms in the United States is at present! under consideration. Rights in all countries except Great Britain have been retained by the University of Toronto. The patents for insulin have been obtained largely through the efforts of C. H. Riches, a patent lawyer of Toronto, who has given his services to the University without charge. In addition to carrying out his du- ties as director of the Insulin Labora- tory, Mr. Best is continuing the fifth year of his course in Medicine, which he interrupted in 1921 to collaborate with Dr. F. G. Banting in the re searches which led to the discovery of the insulin treatment of diabetes. To the Death. "How the rival mosqiiltos fought duel for their lady love!" IN RABBITBORO POCTOR WHlTE-Y'S BIRTMDAV IS NEXT fWDNDAY, FANNY , AND LIKE. TO GVE Hin A f WELL , WHY DON'T - YOU ? r ~ WHAT WOULD YOU 9 JUST TELL Hin YOUR REAL A GEM