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Saving Ontario's Natural Resources G. C. Toner Ontario Federation of Angler* net Hunters (No. 48) HOW ROCKS ARE FORMED In thia apace I have talked of the plants and animals, told my readers something of the natuqal laws that bind them and of their relation* with one another. But there la another factor, the strata on which all creatures live. Geojo- gists tell ua that the earth it ball of rock, which judging from it* weight, lize, and motion, ia molten in the interior at a depth of about 60 miles. Outside thii hot and fluid core are the rocka u wt know them, In layera much like the skin of an onion. It li believed that the deepest down arc th oldest and those at t'je aurface the youngest. Unfortunately this holds true ef only an ideal aection and else- where twisting and folding havt displaced the rocks so that the oldest U often on the aurface. Earthquakea, volcanic action, lowering of the land surfaces and raking of the aea bottoms have, contributed to this displacement. Bo it i- often a puzzle to find out the different ages of the rocka at tl, aurface. However, the acience of geology has discovered certain ftatun-s of all rocks and formu- lated them into rules that when followed will identify any forma- tion. Different Types So much for the way we know the rocks. Now let us look at the way they are formed. Some rocka are volcanic, laid down as molten lavas, which were formed by pressure in the interior of the arth. Such rocks are never atratified but are just masses of atone. Other rocks have been de- posited at silt, Band, or clay in water, usually in layers. Sijll other rocks were formed by corals or other animals. These are usu- ally In layers, or strata, and both are uaually known as sandstonea T limestones. Often after they were laid down they were buried deeply and subjected to pressure, twisting the strata and changing their form. These pressure-chang- ed rocks are known as metamof- phic rocka. Marble, slate, and quartz ar example of metamor- phlc rocki. FARM FORUM (A Department conducted by Profenor Henry G. Bell of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guclph, M.i.tiil by various other Bemben of the faculty.) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. I have a field of aand land which I want to build up for potatoes and I have no barnyard manure. I aowed it to rye last fall and intend to let it get around 14 Inches high this summer, then plow It down, disk it in, let come np again and plow down, and 10 en. Then next apring I intend to BOW the potatoes. This land is pretty well run out and will you please advise if 1 am right? Per- hap* you can advise me of lome- thing better. Some advise plow- Ing it down when ripe. "A. S. Norfolk Co." A. I believe you are proceed- ing along the right line to build- up th organic matter of the Boil. Thia ia of preliminary Importance. One thing I would advise you against ii plowing under of the land ao that it lies bare all win- ter. Be aure to seed to rye or wheat 10 that the field may be well covered and proU-cled from the washing effect* of winter rain*. <J. I have used several times mushroom compost as a fertilizer for gardens. My ground is very light, and in fact, quite sandy. I am told that this compost ha little value as a fertilizer, and am inclined to agree with the statc- ancnt. Would you kindly advise? -H. P. B. York Co." A. You are correct in your conclusion that the exhausted mushroom compost does not sup- ply much plantfood. This com- post originally, no doubt, con- tained . considerable fresh horse manure which carried to the ton about 12 Ibs. Nitrogen, 6'/ Ibx. Phosphoric Acid and 15 H>N. I'o- taah. With the growth of the mushroom crop and the contin- uous watering of the compost heap, no doubt there was a vary large exhaustion of both Nitrogen and Potash. I would say about \ of the former and at least H of the latter. The healing up of the- compost was caused by bac- terial action which liberated much of the N'itropen in the form of ^Ammonia. I cannot MT that thia material could he of much value Death Stalks the Highway: Nazi Plane* Over Russia Nazi-censored caption on this radiophoto from Berlin says it ahows how the Luftwaffe smashes at Russian supply lines. German planes have just released sticks of bombs along 1 an unidentified Rus- fian road. Some of the missiles can be seen in mid-air others are axploding on the ground. THE WAR-WEE K Cnmmentarv nn Current Events "VICTORY MAY STILL BE FAR OFF" - CHURCHILL Aoceptlnx CanailH's golden "Torch of Victory" In a brief ceremony at his Ix>rulon, England, home laat week. Prime Minister Wlneton Churchill said of the war no* tagiriK on three continents: "The end may be far off. We can- not tell. It depends on the neray. How long that wicked iniui will torture and afflict nation*, how often or In what direction he will set his murder ineJiiiif In motion we cannot tell. One thing we aro assured. He and til* villainous crew will be deliv- ered to the doom and shame which la their due, and we ourselves hall have the honor of having luul omethlng to do with It." BOUND UP WITH RUSSIA The British press and public fully appreciated that a British victory wa* atrongly dependent HI-.III th success of the Soviet Union In beating the Nazi blitz- krieg, and conversely that n quick German win against Russia, would weigh heavily against Bri- tain. London's Immediate policy last week appeared to be three- fold: to waist K.I - M by maxi- mum day nd night air attacks on Western Germany; to make; Tory effort to Improve Britain's afaateiMc position abroad while Oermany wag preoccupied elnp- wtoere; to Increase the home effort to pile up reserves of armament. LONG-TERM CHANCES GOOD British military experts were agreed that Russia's long-term chancm for aucress \\ . . xood, Ten UK.'irii aevere defeats were ni-ienr-<i Initially. The Ger- man anipply protolom, they argued, ajhould become proprpSHlvely more aa a fertilizer. In no far as ma- terial carrii'g organic matter, It may ba valuable to a light aoil In providing a aoil with water- holding capacity. difficult and dangerous over the great distances Involved. It waa said In London last week In auth- oritative circles that Russia would not be In serious danger until and unless Moscow were taken and the German armies reached the Don and the Volga rivers. Even then, guerilla warfare would be a grave menace to the Nazi Invaeit and actual occupation of the Soviets would exhaust their forces. Upon the fate of the main Rus- sian armies hinged the course the conflict would take within the next few months. Strategic with- drawals, leaving a path of de- struction behind, could assure the safety of great masses of the Red army, which. If retired to strong positions deep In Russia, might organize a large-scale counter-of- fensive and bring Germany'a chosen war of movement to axi rod. WILL SURPRISE WORLD AVhile many people on this con- tinent last week took the gloomy view that a decision had already been reached In the Russo-Gor- man war, puiblc men In-tlie-know spoke the opposite opinion. Major General F, S. Beamnont-NeBbltt, military attache at the British KmibiiBsy at Washington, said It was quite possible the Germans would overrun vast sections of Russia In Initial penetrations, but that to knock out the Red army "would be one hell of a Job." He believed it was quite possible for the Germans to capture large areas of western and southern Russia and still leave the Soviet Union more or less Intact as a poli- tical enemy. A great deal might depend upon the unity of the Rus- sian people and their trust In their leaders. Joseph E. DwvU'S. United States HiiiliiiKtutOor to Russia from 1936 to 1!C!S, who l now uppclul assis- tant to the Secretary of State, commented: "It Is my opinion that the world will be surprised at the extent to which Russia will resist." ITALIANS WARNED On the other side of the fence, the Italian people were warned by Mussolini's mouthpiece, Vlr- gluio Gaydo, that they must not expect a lightning victory over Russia. "It would be a serious mistake to think that all Is easy and ought to speed in quick-step to the desired solution," Gayda wrote. "Russia is resisting the offensive not only with a gigantic mass of arms, and the more or less capaible arts of her leaders, but also with distance. That was the case in 1812 (when Napoleon failed to conquer Russia). It was the case if In a less measure from 1914 to 1917. It 1 still, In part, her chance today." In Washington It was admitted that the Russians had put up the atrongest resistance the Germans luul yet met But the Adminis- tration was not expected to give the Soviets much substantial aid until It became clear whether or not the Russians were going to aurvive the blitz. For the time being, technical experts only would be sent to the Soviet Union. "SHOULD STRIKE NOW" The President himself voiced once again a hope that the United States could keep out of the war, while declining to say that he believed that America could re- main at peace. One of Mr. Roose- velt's chiel lieutenants, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, had the previous evening made a flat dec- laration that "The time to use our navy to clear the Atlantic of the German menace Is at hand. Now to the time to strike, while Hitler r busy crushing Russia." PROBLEMS FOR CANADA Russian entry Into the war against Germany brought fresh problems to Canadian authorities, especially since the Soviet Union has never been recognized by the Dominion Government. The In- ternment here of many sympa- thizers with the cause of Com- munism creates an embarrassing Ituatlon, too. since Russia is now virtually an ally of Great Britain. I*ist week while making a tour <rf the West, Prime Minister Mac- kenzie King promised a two-ocean navy for Canada, pledged that the condition of the masses would be Improved In the post-war order. . . . But the^most Important move made by the Government at Ot- tawa was to call up 378,000 Can- adian youths from 21 to 25 years of age for military training, those found medically fit to remain in aervice for the duration of the war. VOICE Of THE PRESS THOSE EXPERTS! Where are those experts who knew Germany could not finance a real war? Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph) HESS: NEW VERSION LAst words on Hess: "Never was ao much concealed from so many by ao few." New Statesman and Nation) o AUTO OWNERS The people of the United States and Canada would own approx- imately eighty per cent of all tlie automobiles In the world If they were paid for. Kingston Whig-Standard. SHORTS FOR MEN Every year, about this time, wo uggost reform of men's clothing. We look at the girls and see how cool they are dressed and how coo) they look and then find ourselves enveloped In many clothes, all of them stiff and hot. Wo make our annual suggestion that men go In for shorts for business summer wear knowing of no one brave enough to follow the suggestion. Niagara Kails Review. It Requires Water To Produce Milk A cow's production is limited by the water she drinks, and if she must drink from dirty ponds or go a long distance in Summer or drink ice water in Winter, or gets all she needs for the day nt one time, the amount she drinks LATEST R.A.F. PHOTOS FREE! ?S':J 'Al(tA< Mail only two Durham Corn Starch label* for each pic- ture desired or one Bee Hive Syrup labf I. To start, select from the "Flying Torpedo" "Sky Rocket" "Lightning" "Defiant" "Spitfire" "Hurricane" or "Catalina" . . . the list of 20 other pic- tures will be sent with your first request. Specify your name, address, picture or picture* requested enclose necessary labels and mail to the St. Lawrence Starch Co., Limited, Port Credit. Out. Da DURHAM^5TAR[H will be inadequate to supply her bodily needs and to run her milk factory at full capacity. She will supply her bodily needs first and use what is left for milk. Plenty of clean, pure water avail- able at all times is essential to economic milk production. Helpful Hints For Dieters Serve Meals Minus Rich Gravies; Cut Out One Hour of Sleep So you're dieting? Keep it secret! Give up the temptation to chat about it to your bridge club and especially if you wish to keep him to your beau. Even your closest friend loses Interest after one heart-to-heart talk, writes Alice Wade Robinson, beauty editor. Nobody outside your immediate family really cares. Delightful as It Is to exchange recipes on foods you eat, it's a bore to hear you tell of the foods you refuse. If you diet, keep it quiet. But between us two. possibly you may like an arm up on your re- ducing pilgrimage. If so, here are auggestions to make the going pleasanter: A. Serve foods minus thei-r rich gravies or cream sauces. Place lat- ter in special dishes sr that non- dieters may help themselves to as much as they like. B. Cut out one hour of sleep. Put In that time at corrective exercises. C. Chew food to a creamy pulp before swallowing. That will give you every particle of nourishment. And as a result, less energy will be needed for digestion, less food will be required for nourishment. lees food will satisfy the appetite. D. If your diet ontains foods you dtalike<l as a child and still dis- like, tell your doctor about It. He may omit them from your list. E. Keep with cheerful friends when dieting. Go to amusing enter- tainments. That helps you avoid the martyr's role, enables you to ae that dieting Is a constructive nM to better health and spirits. Two Languages Held Necessary English and French ortould Be Taught in All Canadian Schoola, Official Say* Inability of the French and English populaces of Canada to speak in each other's Iinguage "is a reflection on our '.nte'li- g-ence," Alderman Esr-jlte B. Cuffe, of St. Catharines, aaid at a recent council meeting, advoca- ting that both English and French be taught in Canadian sohools. Alderman Cuffe represented St. Catharines at the sessions of the Canadian Public Health As- sociation in Quebec Citv. "IT'S COMMON SENSE" Alderman Cuffe, a former school teacher, said tha: luring the sessions she sst arounj a table with French- Canadians urubte to speak any English and ^be *ai unable to speak French. "'.: is a reflection on oar intelligence," she said, "that neighborir.i* Cana- dians would mett and no: >e ibla to converse. "It is common tense that our children should be tauglit two languages." _ Britain's Crops Hit Forty-year Record Britain has liter, mak. ig hay under war clouds and the 1941 crop may be the large*: in 40 years. Beside? hay the grain yield is expected to be satisfactory, arid fodder crops art describe;! as "extremely g-ood." Greenland's Icy Mountains The ice-coated i eriter of Green- land was supposed to be & lofty plateau, until sounding experi- ments indicated that the jot'tiness is mainly ice, and the land hol- lows down at center to a ; MW! no more than 2,000 feet above e level. LIFE'S LIKE THAT By Fred Ne-hier 'I wisK they'd go ... I'm tired o' ittin' here grinning at the'.-i ! ! !" REG'LAR FELLERS-Comforts of Home By GENE BYRNES IT* BEEN RAININ' /OR THREE DAYS/ X WltHT IT TOP/ LAV I WISHT THE BUN V/A% 3HININ' AN' t WAS IN MY BATHIN' SUIT DOWN AT BEACH .**> ,v I JOS' A Ml NIT AN' I'LL FIX YOU RIQHT UP > *