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* r: •:.* . "i •:Y$ . . >er?i. •w .-r •'w.-i--;. rp 6. 5ken*«tt» r- ^ vw. lew# gjjSSP «*; *V -'*% v 1 : " * PI r/.x^Tii HAT the Niagara river is not y<MQ furnishing sufficient electrical e!icr»~ ;r gy to meet existing requirement#-!:; t 1B evidenced by the Queenston** , ___ 'Chlppawa development now beln^j-•••>, pushed to completion on the Ca^ ^ £.j y//f nadlan side of the international ; <| stream. As recently described in e the Scientific American, the plan' is to generate at the start '210,000 horsepower and, later on, 472,50<l~ rasr horsepower. Recognizing the prospective greater demands for electrlcty in the course of the next few years, the projects discussed in the current lBsue are of timely Interest. In the order of their preference, they are first, a dam a few miles below the Falls which will mak4 ase of the full flow of tike river, and, second, an Installation at Goat Island which, of necessity, would have to absorb waters that might diminish the impresslveness of the present Falls. So says the editor of the Scientific American In an editorial note on an article in the Scientific American with the title "Making the Most of Niagara." Robert Q. Skerrett furnishes both the text and the diagrams herewith reproduced. As everybody knows, Niagara Falls is a natural wonder of beauty and power over which the nature lovers and the commercial Interests have been fighting for yeafrs. The article follow*: The Niagara river will Inevitably be utilized more extensively than now for the development of hydro-electric energy. The rush of those depcendlng waters must be put to greater practical service .wherever feasible without seriously Impair* Ing the scenic beauty of the Falls. Upon both, (of the governments concerned the people are mak|( Ing Insistent demands for bigger blocks of power,! and the authorities are listening sympathetically .because of the logical promise of vast savings - through the corresponding non-use of coal. No fewer than ten projects for water rights on the {Niagara rWer have been filed with the United (States federal power commission, and among them are two that are sufficiently matured to warran* discussion. Both of these contemplated hyro-electrlc propositions may well be considered /*s a single cotordlnated system, for they have been conceived and espoused by the same men, i. e., T. Kennard Thomson, C. E., of New York City, and Peter A, Porter, of Niagara Falls. The dual project em> tiraces first, the boring of tunnels through the massive foundation of Goat Island, so that water may be led through them to large turbo-gener* ators located near the river level on the downstream end of the Island, and, r«xt, the rearing of a dam 'squarely athwart the river at a point 4 2-3 miles below the Falls, thus submerging the present Rapids. The Goat Island tunnels would He wholly on American territory, but the dam would stretch from shore to shore In the Gorge and be International In character. However, the citizens of this country would benefit by both of these engineering undertakings. According to the existing treaty arrangement between the neighboring countries, it is not now permissible to divert for power purposes above (Niagara Falls more than 56,000 cubic feet of wa-, ter a second; and fofr certain reasons the American allotment of this is 20,000 cubic feet. It has been proposed that the combined total be raised ! ^ » *11 isssfci ^ - inn SSSS * aA/HA&c#VACf*u #c oArUBr.*O*Oe. *r0rMOmnc tbnt required for clearing out the forebay. To screen the tunnel intakes from logs, ice, etc., there would be built an L-shaped reinforced concrete Wall, rising from the ledge of the river bed to a sufficient height above the surface to divert floating objects Into the currents sweeping onward and over the two Falls. According to the engineering estimates, two tunnels can be cut and turbogenerators placed and made ready for service within an Interval of two and a half years. Today, In the vicinity of Niagara Falls It costsiBiywhere from $70 to $100 to generate by steam a horsepower year, 'if we strike an average, and call the outlay $80 per annum, it should be manifest that an economy of $120,000,000 in coal consumption may be effected while adding tremendously to the power available for industrial and other purposes. If It be assumed that a horsepower year In the run of steam plants calls for 3ie burning of 8 tons of coal, thep the' substitnon of hydroelectric energy will save each twelvrf months quite 12,000,000 tons of fuel which, otherwise, would have to be mined and transported from the nearest fields, those in Pennsylvania. It Is pertinent to emphasize hare that in Buffalo, ?ly about 25 miles distant from Niagara Falls, big public service electric company develops two-thirds of its current at present by means of •learn, and it Is obliged to do this because it cannot obtain all of Its energy from the comparatively near-by hydroelectric plants. Think of it, there within a stone's throw, so to speak, of the thunderous waters of the Falls, this concern has to rely upon coal to generate 80,000 out of the 100,000 horsepower needed by Its customers. Thirty years ago, the population of Buffalo was 250,- 000 and Is now 505,875, an increase of 108 per cent in three decades. The city of Niagara Falls, wben Incorporated in 1892, had a population of •bout 10,000, and in the interval it has grown 000 par cent owing principally to the influence of the availability of hundreds of thousands of horsepower in the form of electrical energy. Indeed, electricity Is playing its part throughout 1Iluimocu w * wlde zone around Niagara Falls--the to 80,000 cubic feet, and that each of the nations "* J* P,°Wer,™Syrucuse ,s drawing share equally. In other words, Canada would . m at po nt, 100 miles away, and the m*88 ln transmission Is less than 10 per cent at a voltage of 60,000. Using a potential of 110,000 volts, the Canadians are distributing current near- Ijr 250 miles; and by raising this pressure to 220,- 000 volts, the radius of distribution could be -lengthened to 5w) miles. Under existing conditions, the five pioneer companies located at the Falls are-developing 650,000 horsepower; and It la a matter of common knowledge what this has brought about in the realm of electrochemical industries. Visualize, then, what momentous evolutions In oyr productive capacity would be made possible If a million and a half more of motive Current were at hand! have 4,000 cpblc feet more than is the case today - while our volume of water would be doubled. Ifv the suggestion be adopted, the problem will reaolve Itself Into governmental selection of such of the proposed installations as would be apt least to mar the great natural spectacle, while giving the largest yields ln energy and involving the fewest engineering difficulties of a debatable sort. The Goat island scheme meets these desiderata In many particular*, and makes instant appeal to as. Inasmuch as It would be located on our side of the river. Goat Island wojuld not have endured for ages in the erosive sweep of the Niagara but for the " fact that it Is an Integral part of the massive ledge there underlying the river, and this has *a very Important bearing upon power development at that point. From the crest to the base of the Horseshoe falls Is a drop of about 165 feet, but the plan is to Increase this head to substantially 200 feet by lengthening Goat Island. From east * to west, along its major axis, the Island is today 2,800 feet long, but there Is nothing to prevent extending it 600 feet by raising above the surface of the river the slightly submereged area at the upstream end. By doing this It would then be practicable to drive the tunnels from water level to water level at a ir "(derate angle and so insure a difference ln drop of about 200 feet between the Intake and the discharge ports of the conduits. At the same time, the bores In their entirety could be cut through solid rock. Each aqueduct, when finished ' W|th a concrete lining, would have an Internal diameter of 20 feet, and the descending waters led by It would be capable of developing 100,000 horsepower through the medium of suitable turbo-generators. As now projected, only two tunnels would be excavated at the outset, furnishing 200,000 horsepower, but the physical conditions will ultimately permit a larger number. As can be seen from one of the opening page i Illustrations, in sinking the tunnels It would be a relatively easy matter to rear cofferdams to hold the river at bay during construction work; and the only subaqueous excavating of rock would be Four years ago, in the State of New York alone, Ae power requirements totaled something more than 3,000,000 horsepower, and the demand was then increasing under normal circumstances at the rate of 300,000 hofrsepower each twelve-month. Therefore, If the Goat island project were pushed tie completion, and equipped to provide a maximum of 1,500,000 horsepower, there would be a market for every kilowatt-hour of Its output within the span of a comparatively short while. It should be recognized, however, that this scheme would, of necessity, divert water from the Falls, and, according to the measure of this diversion, affect the volume and possibly the scenic grandeur of the cataracts. For this reason the proponents of this enterprise do not urge Its adoption first, bat advocate, instead, the construction of the dam farther down the river. As an engineering undertaking, the dam proposed at Foster's Flats, a little less than live miles below the Falls, would be a much more ambitious enterprise, and would permit of the development of 2,000,000 horsepower of electMcal en* ergy. The plan Is to take advantage of the drop of 102 feet in the river level between the foot of the Falls and the site chosen by rearing a mass- ' tve structure from the base line to the crest of the spillway. This barrier would raise the water level within the impounding area high enough to submerge the existing rapids and modify, at the same tllne^ the character of the Whirlpool by making it larger and more Impressive. But the scenic features of the Falls, themselves, would not be altered In any way. At first blusbv the mere suggestion of building a barrier athwart the Niagara river, with Its minimum flow of 220,000 cubic feet of water per second, seems little short - of preposterous, knowing that the ceaseless flood must be allowed to pass steadily on while the proposed structure Is In course of erection. But nature Is ready to lend help which would make the execution of such a project far easier than one might imagine offhand.* The walls of the gorge above Foster's Flats rise sheer several hundred feet from the tideway, but contiguous to the Flats the gorge Is considerably wider and on the Canadian side, especially, the bank slopes at a comparatively easy gradient, termlnatlhg near the river in a fairly expansive low-lying area. At the same time, the river's path Is considerably narrower at that stretch of its run. Owing to this state of affairs, the Flats present a strategic base of operations from which to start the rearing of a dam. That is to say, something like 50 per cent of the contemplated structure can be completed on dry land before any of the work trespasses upon the present course of the Niagara at that point. Let us be more specific. As designed, the dam has a\ spread In cross section of about 650 feet at the base, and 30 feet or more of this lower portion will reach below the line of the riverbed and have Its footing on the underlying solid rock. With a total height of 140 feet, the dam will be of an extremely massive character. The bottom section of the dam--at least that half of it that will rise from Foster's Flats-- will be pierced by large temporary openings of culverts, and channels will be dug to them on the upstream side to serve as sluiceways for the entire volume of the Niagara when It becomes necessary to divert the river in order to bare the normal bed for building purposes along the line of the contemplated barrier. With this done. It will then be a relatively easy engineering task to dam the usual or natural water cours^ to facilitate excavating the rock and erecting that portion of the dam that will terminate on the American shore. When the dam is finished, then the sluiceways will be sealed and the waters Impounded until they accumulate and carry the surface level back from the crest of the dam to the very foot of the Falls. As most everyone knows, great-quantities of Ice are carried over the Falls and down the river during the. winter and the breakup of that rigorous season, and the Impact and the pressure of these flofs must be withstood by any rigid obstruction rising in their path. Therefore, It Is essential thft these stresses be minimised and that the currents be free to carry the Ice onward withea minimum of opposition while the bulk of the water is held ln check. To this end, the dam will be fashioned with long slope* on the up and the down-stream sides. The dam will serve the double purpose of Impounding the waters of the Niagara for a distance of nearly five miles and of housing the great tflrbogenerators that will transform the force of those waters Into 2,000,000 horsepower of electrical energy. According to the estimates, this undertak. Ing would Involve a total outlay of approximately $100,000,000; and from start to finish would take something like three years. On the basis of coal consumption previously cited for the development of. a horsepower year, I. e., 8 tons, this scheme would be tantamount to saving 16,000,000 tons of that fuel annually. At $10 a ton this would represent an economy of $160,000,000 every twelvemonth. But quite apart from these considerations, there would be that inestimable gain ln the matter of electrical energy that could be utilized for innumerable Industrial purposes. Not only that, motive Impulse at a moderate cost would be available for domestic services of many sorts. We have led the world in the varied character and the magnitude of our electrochemical lnduVtrie*, and we can maintain our position In this respect only by continuing to provide great blocks of low-priced current to meet the Increasing demands for the commodities now manufactured at or near Niagara Falls. Finally, let it be recalled that the two projects might prove exceedingly valuable sources of energy for that great superpower zone which Is to embrace a far-flung section of the states of our northeastern seaboard. Isn't It woltli our while to have at our disposal 3.500.000 horsepower without burning a single pound of coal? Can we be Indifferent to undertakings that will enable us to Increase vastly our productiveness while cutting the fuel MH by hundreds of millions of dollars yearly? NEWS OF ILLINOIS Duel Ended in Friendship Happy End bag of CIsyvRandolph encounter la Among the Meat Noted In American Annala. ' One of the most famous quarrels arising from hot language used In a ^debate In congress resisted in a cele- ' fern ted duel fought between Henry pi«y and Senator John Randolph of Virginia, -tear Georgetown, an April 8, 1826. Bach duelist fired two shots. Clay's first bullet passed through the skirt of Randolph's coat, but he missed on the second shot. Randolph fired his second shot straight up tothe air. • / ; The quarrel grew' out of a heated debate In the senate over an appointment of representatives to the congress of American republic* at Panama. Randolph. In a speech called the administration of John Qulncy Adams a "Puritanle-dlplcraatle-black-legge<L administration." Clay, who was the secretary of stare, regarded Randolph's speech as a personal Insult, and challenged him to fight the duel, which happily turned out to be a bloodless one and, mofeover, cemented the opponents In a cordial friendship. Falcons are all ropk dwellers by •tam * > Raw Bones Become Qlue. {taw bones are pow being made Into glue by treatment with sulphur dioxide, the fat being removed with benzine and the mass being boiled In water under a pressure. The resulting substance Is a very good glue. How Artesian Wells Qot Name. Artesian wells take their name from Artesium, the Latin fot Artots, a province in northern France whew this system of boring for water was $m practiced Chandlervllle. -- Bandits robbed the People's State bank here of nearly $50,000 in cash and Liberty bonds and escaped. x Springfield.--Representative Philip M. (Jeisler of Chicago obtained incorporation papers for the Chicago Council of Gold Star Mothers. * Springfield.--Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, Chicago, president of the Illinois State Historical society, and all other officers were re-elected at the annual business session of ,the society at .Springfield. Urbana.--Soy beans will be more popular in Illinois this year than ever before, planting extending to both southern and northern Illinois, according to the Extension Messenger of the University of Illinois. Chicago.--The offices of the Illinois public utilities commission, the state fire marshal, and the game warden have been moved to the twentieth floor Of the City Hall Square building from the Insurance Exchange building. Aurora.--Rev. C. B. Bowman, mayor of Napervllle and superintendent of Du Page county schools, has accepted the pastorate of Zion Evangelical church of Pittsburg. He has tendered his resignation as mayor and school superintendent. Chicago. -- Charging " conspiracies which have doubled the price of certain building materials In Chicago, the federal grand Jury returned Indictments against 110 individuals and firms in the sheet metal, plumbing and steamfittlng lines. Gibson City.--Central Illinois may become a rival of Kentucky ln the cultivation of tobacco. A farmer of the vicinity of Gibson Cityj who experimented with three acres last year, has Just computed that he realised $400 from 3,400 pounds. Roche lie.--"I like the old songs, the old amusements, the old way of living," said Mrs. Ellen Carrlck, who recently celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of her birth. Mrs. Carrick was born in England ln 1821, but has lived ln America (J6 years. Urbana.--Woodchucks are being gassed In Kendall county, reports the agricultural extension messenger of the state university. A hose attached to an automobile exhaust and run Into the woodchuck hole Is credited with unquestionable results. , Peoria.--Springfield will have the 1622 convention of the State Dentist society, the executive council of Illinois denlsts ln session at Peoria decided. Officers elected are: Dr. E. F. Hazel, Springfield, president. Dr. R. H. Daniels, Peoria, vice presldeht; Dr. A. Q. Smith, Peoria, secretary. Cairo.--Not more tlmu 3 per cent of the usual acreage of corn at this season of this year in southern Illinois has been planted, according to statements of agricultural authorities. This is due to adverse weather condl Uons. The advisors were reticent regarding the probable total production. Edwardsvllle.--An Investigation at Madison revealed an unusual circumstance. Foreigners there are in the habit of repairing broken fuses by to serting a penny ln the aperture, closing It with a solid contact which does not break, the* circuit as a soft fuse would. This permits powered' current to enter their homes and has resulted in the death of one resident and in- Jury to several. Springfield.--Formation of a statewide farmers' insurance company for Illinois Agricultural association members Is being considered by the finance department of the organization. Automobile, fire aud lightning Insurance are being investigate^. It Is believed by officials of the association that such an Insurance company would be of aid to the farmers' mutual companies that operate over a limited territory. Harvey.--At a special election ln Harvey three propositions submitted by the city administration for the betterment of the public health and welfare were, defeated two to one. One proposition provided for $100,000 bonds for public parks and playgrounds, another for $25,000 bonds for a garbage Incinerating plant, and the third sought to establish a city court to do away with delays and expenses Incidental to having Harvey's cases tried ln Chicago. Chicago.--Plans for the twenty-sixth annual convention of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, to be held at Chicago May 24 to 27, were completed at the final meeting of the program committee. A thousand delegates from all parts of the state are expected. "Service to the Community," Is to be the theme for three days' conference. Special emphasis will be laid on this phase of club work. An open forum on "American Citizenship,7 with Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, a former president of the General Federation bf Women's Clubs, as leader, will be one of the features of the program. She will also speak at the banquet on the opening ntght, at which Mrs. William H. Hart, state president, will preside. Urbana.--Jhe faculty members of the department of electrical engineering of the University of Illinois will co-operate with the Illinois State Electrical association in a qliort course in electrical engineering to be held ut the University from June 13 to 18. The work will Ite attenedd largely by employees of utilities of the state. Peoria.--The Illinois Grain Dealers ended their convention at Peoria by adopting a resolution asking a general reduction in grain transportation rates and repeal of the 6 per cent guarantee on rail Investments. Petersburg--Several hundred peogla including state officials, beaded by Gov. Len Small, member* of the general assembly are ex;>ected at Petersburg to attend the dedication of a new building at the Old Salem State park on Thursday, May 19. The governor has accepted the Invitation to be .present. Belleville.--Figures compiled by the city clerk for the last twenty years, show that during the last eighteen yeurs permanent improvemeuts totaling $1,076,10443 bave been made Belleville. WASHED ASHORE Mrs. Dingman Teiis of Adventure of Childhood When Father's Ship Was WreckoL < RELATES LATER EXPERIENCE Declares That the Way Tanlae Rertor*< Her Health Is Mora Re- (Nfjficable Than Anything She v"'Has Ever Had Happen > to Her. Tva had some remarkable experiences in my life, but none more wonderful than the way Teniae overcame my troubles and made me gain twenty pounds," was the statement of Mrs. Christina K. Dingman, 1216 Alice St.. Oakland, Calif. One of the experiences to which Mrs. Dingman refers Is well known to her friends. When a child of three years, accompanying her father, a noted sea captain, on an ocean trip, the vessel was wrecked, but she wa: almost miraculously saved, the small box into which "she was put being washed ashore. According to her Statement, Mrs. Dingman enjoyed the best of health until ^ three years ago when she began to Ruffe* from a bad form of stomach trouble and later from rheumatism. How she was completely restored to. health Ip best told In her own words:' "Nobody knows how I suffered for the past three years. No matter how carefully I ate I would endure agonies afterwards from smothering and sinking spells. Sometimes they were so severe I would fall to the floor and would have to be carried to bed. 1 went for days at a time without eating, as I dreaded the misery 1 knew would follow, no matter what I ate. Then rheumatism set in and uiy shoulders and arms hurt me so 1 couldn't comb my hair. My back felt llkty It was breaking ln two. 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