The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

'• ^ ' * "* „ r V ' V: A *r- ,'>0.«*, .vv, .-•»• ,,. TV „-:V~ v -'/ ;•'• *. '^«VC iir . ' v : • •">;. -'* - ^„.- ••.••..'•. -. •. ' '- •"'*;. v "' "•"'" *". •*..-••_ \ T&lf?* *fl7t ^ **** v< ^;/t s t1|tnrg ^Iaiu4fiilet 1. VAft SLYKE. Editor ar id Publisher. McHENRY, ILLINOIS Housing Speech by Congressman • Julius C. Burrows at Detroit. | |̂ 7hy the Republican Party Shonld • Be Continued in PowH ̂- ~ Dangers of Democratic Ascendeney- . The Record of a Great Wrong. MS: CHAXBMAN AND FEUXJW CITIZENS or DETROIT:- In 1$54 Kinsley 8, Bingham'was elected Governor <f this commonwealth . ^ He irasthijS ftfeit Republican Executive chosen ' to admtnisi er the civil affairs of this State. From tliat time till the present hour, a period of twf nty-etg-ht years, the Republican party v?'is responsible tor the administration 6f the | fe^same organization. And if we but turn ^he •*v ,Pa6'0 °* history back we will be surprised at t the marvelous developm nt of the State un- *' der Republican rule. Then your population •. numbered but 507,521 peonie; to-dav, by the ' census of ItSSO, your population has ifrown to Vbe ; andjit ls estimated to-day that •he ffcoulation at this commonwealth is mor ' than 1,800,000 of the bravest and freest people in the States. Tne nssessed valuat on '•J--of your property, -which then amounted to *125,000,<;0i», has increased to more than $810,- •000.000, while the estimated value of your real and personal estate aggregates more than $l,"Ji (>,000,000. Your *4.000 farms have in­ creased to more than 154,000, embrac­ ing the fairest acreage under the sun. Your manufacturing establishment'*, then ' numbering less than 2,000, have •grown to be more than 20,000, giving employment to labor and investment = of capita'. The products of your farms and mines, forests and la'ies. yield an annual revenue of m >re than $l~0,O(0, 00, while Michigan shares with but one power on the face of the giobd the honor of being the greatest copper-producing country in the "world. Your herds, th»:n but few und scat­ tering, have grown to b•> mprj than 4,500,000 head, grazing upon vour luxuriant fi Mds. Your charitable and educational institutions • are uns irpassed, the pride of the nation and the emulation of the States. Your public debt, wh ch then reached the sum of ne irly . $12,000,000, has bren fully discharged, and to-day the Republican party present you a commonwealth r>ra t callv out of debt. Its outstaui'.i g obligatioris 'amount to only f $D(H149 07, while vou have in the treasury t"> liqui late th*8 in ie tedies*, now not due, $1,212,0.10, which is sufficient to discharge the en tiro indebted-i em of the Statf*. and leave n your treasury more than $,50i),00). ' Your taxes, whici in 1881 amounted to •1 142,000, are' 14 cents upon every $100 of taxable property. THE COST OF THE WFK. - R'lt while we have thus met the obliga­ tions of the State Government it must not »>e forgotten that the Republican party was •called upon to meet extraordinary demands "upon the resources of that people. A civil war overtook the nation, and Michigan put into the army mote than 90,000 of as brave men as ever followed the stars of our flag « into tho night of battle. Thirteen thousand of these laid down their lives for the sover­ eign y of the nation and the honor of the State! In doing this work we paid out of •the State treasury 92,784,408. There were paid by the counties of this commonwealch $2,015,'000, and there was paid by th-; cities, towns and wards of this commonwealth f</i all war purposes SS. 157,000, while there was ^tjaid for the r'-!?? fjimilU'K )iv the act of the people of th s State $3,5Ul,0()ff, which aggregate the enormous sum, in addi­ tion to the running expenses of the Govern­ ment, of $16,584,000. What I have said of the State mlgfa ap­ propriately be said of the nation under Re­ publican rule. To recount the history of the Republican party and its administration of national affairs would be to recount th» his­ tory of the republic itself. And now at this juncture of public affairs, in the year of our liord 1 SSi, the proposition is made to turn the vast interests of this commonwealth and the interests of the nation overate a combi­ nation without a history and without a name. May I be pardoned the suggestion, without a future! # * # * # # # # WHAT IS IT? . My felloW-olt!zen«, what reason is assigned ifor reversing the derision of the people made two years ago. What has occurred since thijn*»o induce the good people of these XJuifd Sates to reveres their verdict? Ther., after full debate, the Republican party was intrusted with power, and James^ -A. Garfield elected President of the Uniied State-*. What has the Repub ienn party done since then to forfeit public regard? Why, •we are told, anU is tite only reason I have • heard assigned that we should go out of f power after one session of the national legls- I lature, because we have increased the ex- I penditures of this people by more than JfcjTO.OiJC^OOlt, that the Democracy appropri­ ated Tflfr the last fiscal year only $195,iHX>,000, I state it in round numbers, and that this Congress has appropriated ior the present year for the Support of the sam« Govern­ ment $205,000,000, an increase of several millions, anil because of this increase we should be deposed. Is such an opinion hasty? Does it not depend largely upon what this increased expenditure has been - for? Does it follow that because the ex­ penses of your business were greater this year than last, that, therefore, you are a bad business man? Does it not depend some­ thing upon the question whether you have enlarged your business? I«eti us inquire what the $70,000,000 of in­ crease was ior. First, $24,000,000 of it was made necessary to square the books and pay up the indebtedness of the Democratic par­ ty. It is proper, when it appears that $195,- ' 000,000 was not sufficient to support the Ooverument for the year into $24,000,000, e- that we should ad i the $24,( 00,000 to the $15l5,00i>.000-- thereby , ascertaining exactly what it dirt cost to run the Government last year. Adding that to the actual expienses and we have $210,000,000. Deduct that from #265,000,000 and it leaves an iucrease of $46,- 000,000, but what is that for? Thirtv-four millions of it was appropriated top.y the pensions of thu.poUlieis and WMIOWH and or­ phans of this republic. What person objects to that* We appropriated it out of the*public treasury, nnd now it is one of the legacies of the Democratic party, this verv year $10 ,000,000 to pay the defend­ ers »>f the republic. What more of th s in­ crease? The c aims of soldiers have been lying*in the department at Washington, not •OMe year, nor five years, nor ten years, but fifteen years, unadjusted because the help of these departments has been cut down. The Republican party WM brave enough to appropriate $1,742,430 to employ 1,200 effi­ cient men to put in the department and hurry up the settlement of these claims. "Who objects to that? Then we appropriated $1,4J)K,116, made uocessary for the increased postal serv ce of the couiitry. To that add the u rease in the River and Harbor bill of $7,!W2,5<.">, and you have the aggregate of $45,500,000 countedior. Every i-ingle dol­ lar of this increase. Who objects to these itema? The only oritici«m ( have hear t ad­ duced upon any" port'on of this increase is the enlargement of the appropriation for the liiver and Harbor bid, and our opponents in some places have had the ill-grace to de­ nounce it as a steal. Last year there were appropriated $11,- 451,000. this year 31S,7;i8,0.0, an increase of over $7,090,000 What is it for? Running through the very center of the, mighty West is a great natural highway, which, if "it can , be controlled and kept within its banks, will make for itself a channel deep enough and br&fil enough to float the commerce of the world. A few years since a commission was employed for the purpose of considering some plan for the improvement of the Mis­ sissippi rivet That commission reported that $5,10. >,000 could be used at the Dcgin- ning of the work upon this great stream. Congress in this bill, and I am now specify­ ing the items of this increase of $7,000,00 !_ Congress in'this bill appropriated $5,388,500 for the improvement of the Mississippi river and its tributaries. Is that to be denounced as a steal? As a matter of economy, it is wise, for out of the public treasury this very rear we appropriated $400,000 to* save the lives of men, women and children whose farms were swept away by th« floods of the Mississippi. . .-v . Another • item of^a crease is #400,000 for filling up the Potomac flat*. Right under the shadow of White House lay these flats, exposed to the sun twice in twenty- four hours bv the operation of the tides and so offensive have thev beconv that the doors and windows of the White House ure com­ pelled to be closed, and it is neces-ary to re­ move your dying Pres dent >that his life anight be prolonged, if not saved. Who ob­ jects to the appropriation of $400,OCX) for fill­ ing up these flats and making the dwelling- place of the President of this great republic Inhabitable? Then we have appropriated #247,for future survey, which three items aggregate more than #fi,fK)0.000, leaving but #1,000,000 10 be accounted for. wuieh was ] appropriated for objects of a national char­ acter. One word about this UK, and I leave it I How was it framed* Fifteen of a" good ( honest men as I see before me to-night sat in committee, not one day or one week or ! one month, but six long months, examining every item of appropriation And let me f State three facts: First, there is not an item j in this liiver and Harbor bill that was not j recommended by Government engineers; ] secondly, there is no item of appropriation j in thai bill in excess of what wa- declared to be necessary for the work; nnd, thirdly, tho i sum total of the bill is not one-half the j amount recommended by Government en- ( gmeers as necessary to carry on the work ; during the piesent year. * j Michigan, of all States, should be the last j to comp ainof a liiver an! Har nor bill; Mich- i igau h is taken out of the public trea ury for i the improvement of her narbors and rivers j •.#(>,000,0*0 cf mono}-. These appropriations i are necessary. France expended in one year j $19,000,000 for the same purpose, and En-, j gland, with but ! oOOmi es of colist line, less by 3;X> tnan the 3-ate of. Michigan, alone ex- | pen e i in 1874 $15,000,000. Tue gopd people ! of this State, without distinction of party, | Should support a policy which has or its obr | ject the opening of our great national iii'-'h- ! ways, which give the people the cheapest means for transporting the surplus to the se.tboard. This is the only reason I have heard as­ signed why the Republican patty should go out of power May I be pardoned" i or assign­ ing some reasons why the Forty-t ig!ith Con­ gress t-houltl be Republican and the Repub­ lican par y rema n in power? It should be continued in powcn, tirst, for the purpose of : settling th * question of polygamy in this country. The Democratic party and the Re­ publican party cannot agree upon that ques­ tion During the war and immediately after the war this great crime was suffered to take root in Utah, and has grown and flourished until it has not only cursed the soil of its territory, but is spreading its baleful in­ fluence over the adjacent country. The Forty-fourth Congress, the Forty-fifth and the Forty-sixth wme under the control of the Democracy. During those years bu.. one measure was introduced upon th.- question of poiygamy, and that in the - House of Representatives. It was immediately re­ ferred to a committee, where it slept the sleep • f death. During all this time George Q. Cannon, a confessed polygamist, trampling upon the laws ot the United States, insulting tne intelligence and the civilization of this people, held a seat in the hitrh councils of this nation. When the Republican party resumed control of the lower house this same representative of this enormous crime demanded his seat, backed by 18,UX) majority of the people of Utah. The Republican party put to him the quest ion whether he was guilty of that crime, and he answered over his own signature that he was the husband of four women with whi m he lived as his wives, and dt nied that we had the right to inquire into h.s religious principles under the constitution] Our Dem­ ocrat c friends agreed with him that under the constitution a man had a ri^ht to wor­ ship God according to his own judgment, and if that was a method of v oi ship it was for him to decide. The Republican- party, staking a blow at this crime, said to this representative of th.s aiomination, "you shall p t cross over the threshold' of the House ot He preventatives, and dis.'iaje the American peop'e by your presence there." The Edmunds bill passed the K nate. It cam * to the House. To iay it upon the table or to refer it to a committee was to kill it. To take it irom the table and pass it was to make it a law. We moved, as Republicans to take the bid irom the Sprayer s table vnd put it on its passage, and instantly Mr. Con- yer-e. of Ohio, a Democrat, moved to ret>r it. usat mm cratic, the revision of the tariff will be on the bas s and the theory or free trade; if Repub­ lic in upon the theory of protection. Which of these two th 'orias d > you desire to adopt as n nati' n 1 policy? The issue is upon us nnd r mu t and will be met. One th'ng more and I am done The Be- pu lican p«xty mast be kept in pr>wer to s.<ve the Government Unless tnere is a change in the practices of a portion of the people th ' day is not far distant when the r public fal s. You and I may not liv to seo it, i-u" I m:s ake th^ s gns of the times if °ur cliildren do i ot live to witness i he dawn- in of that sad day. Abraham L ncoln never uttered a . ruer sentiment than when li ? said, "Thi-i is a Government of the peon e, by the people and for the people." We h.we no' King snd no sov r-^gui under our ring, ex- cep. th - Kinas and sovereigns I see about me to-night, Every man in' the United Sta cs is a King. This Government belongs to you, and if it falls .t is because of vour Jack or interest or your lack of watchf d- ne 8 over its ."dminist ration Th(,*e is but one way provided uuder our con -titution tor the p ojile of this country to make their will Known, and that is through the ballot- box Destroy it and the will of this people cannot l>e made effective. When th- t me comes in this country that the ballots you (ie;'o-it in the ballot-box at sundown "are made to read something else at sunrise, when the will of the people as expressed »«t the ballot-box to-day is jierverted to-morrow and the Government you intended to flow therefrom does not result: I say, when that hour comes, if the abomination cannot t e corrected, not only are the days of the re­ public numbered, but it is your duty and my duty to overthrow such a government- It ceases to be a government ot the people and becomes a government of thieves. To-day, in one-half of this republic therO is not a government of the people. Every member of Congress at the opening of the session presents to that body his certificate of election. If it is in nue form and t;rr upon its . ace it entitles h m prima facie to a seat in that body. But the constitution - b»>s clothed both houses of Congress with the right to inquire into the qualification* and election of their own members. At the open- ingof the Forty-seventh Congress twenty-two men took their seats in the national House of Representatives ot whom it was said that they were no more entitled to legislate for the people of Michigan and the people of other States, no ^uore entitled to a seat in that body, than they had to a place in tlw British Commons or the Assembly of France. Their cases were referred to the Committee on Elections. They were investigated and ivported upon and then came the tuir of war. Every time tho committee reported that a sitting Democrat was entitled to remain in his seat every Democrat in the national House of Representatives vote t aye. Hut when­ ever tne report cainethat a sitting Democrat wa> not entitled t» nis seat, that tie was not elected, every i-b-ino r,.t remained silent and declined ,o \ ote. It tiad been given out from th" Southern Stat«'« that unless the Democratic party of the North .-tood by the men sent from the South, and forced upon this people Representatives who were not eucu'd, ritrht or wjong, HO far a.s, ti e Sont ftrn Democracy wou d be concerned, thev would abandon all effort to carry those S:aies by fraud or irii ker.v. So the'North- ern Democrat:v planted itself upon this ground, as I shad .-how yoi\ that the major­ ity o; the House of llcp esentativshould not cxerc'se its con-t tut.onal prero„at.ve; th <t the right of the House to iud«e o< the eJertion of its members should be . nnu led and denied, ami ibat without debate, w th- out discussion, witht ut pailev, ti.ey shouhl prevent us from exer^a.-iug that tigh con>titutiona| yrvib gi'. I ramemlie wh-n th» c se ot M tcke v against O'Connor, the lecord of which I hold .n my hand, was pre­ sented, and Mr. Calkins, of Indiana, 'aid: "Mr. Speaker. I am piepar- d to take up for consideration the contested-election case of Mackey vs. O'Connor'--or Mackev against Dibble as it had become by the death of O'Connor. Mr. Samuel J. Randall, the ex- Speaker of the House of Representatives and un aspirant for the Democratic nomina­ tion to the Presidwcy, lashed into the posi­ tion by the hand of the South, rose in his place "and said: "Mr. Speaker, I raise the question of consideration." This compelled the Speaker of the House to put the ques - tion, "Will the House consider this case?" And having put the question the yeas and nays were demanded by Mr. Randal:. The to the Committee on the Judiciary, where it would die, and every s.ngle Democrat m the House of Representatives but one voted io so refer it. 1 tavor, therefore, the continua­ tion of the Repub.ican party in pow« r, and assure you that it will not sleap untii this abominable blotch upon the face of our Ter- ritor.es is wiped out forever. There is another reason why we should continue in power, raid that is with refer­ ence to the question of taxation. During the war, you will remember, the Republican party taxed everything They taxed a man s income and his" outgo; what he had and what he had not. You could not make a note without stamping it You could not sell a piece of ground without stamping the deed, nor mortgage a piecg without stamping the mortgage. The lawyer was taxed upon his practice, and so we taxed everything to raise money to save the na­ tion, and nobody complained. But, when the war was over, we began relieving the people of the burden of taxation. One by one these burdens were lifted until at the opening of the present session of Congress the enly taxes remaining were the tax upon banks, the tax upon checks, tax upon matches and proprietary medicines, tax upon whisky and tax upon tobacco. The Repub­ lican party declared that they would lift a portion of these taxes from the people, and" so we introduced in the House of Repre­ sentatives, and passed., a bill relieving the people from $16,000,000 to $20,000,000 of taxation; but we passed it in opposition to our friends upon the other side. Because by the rules of our House we may bring members to a vote upon the question. It wt nt to the Senate. It did not become a law. These additional burdens are still upon the people, and they are there because our friends resisted the passage of the b 1L They entered hi a proceeding in the Senate which is familiarly known as '•talking a bid to death,'" tor a Senator has the glorious privilege of talking if he desires for six years, the length of his term. So they en­ tered upon a process of talking a bill to death, and talked UB into the middle of Au­ gust, and attempted in that bill to interft re with the tariff. For the purpose of doing it, ami by so doing,they d:d d feat action upon it, and left an unjust burden upon this p o- ple of from $ 10,000,000 to $20,<100,000. Is is n-cessary to continu • the Republican party that this'measure of justice may be enacted into law. j There Is another reason, and a great rea­ son. why i he Republican party should lie kept in power. The tariff question '8 again agitating the public mind and becom ng a distinctive pariy issue. The proper steps toward a revision of tne tariff nave already been ta'-cen, but the end has not yet been reached For several years the notion has been coining «round that by reason of cer­ tain incongruities aud inconsistencies which have crcp'j into our tariff code during twenty years of its operation, a general re- visioji'is*demand'd by consideration* of pub­ lic policy. The sentiment, becoming so well- nigh universal, at the last session of Congress all p irties were in substantial accord in de­ manding a readjustment of duties <n imports. The only question about which there seemed to be any serious contrariety of opin on was i.s to the manner of revision. Our Democratic friends insisted that the work should be entered upon then and there, without deliberation or method, and strik­ ing afa random, slaughtering this industry an 1 crippling that, prosecuting an irregular warfare upon our unsuspecting und hit herto fostered industries, until partisan zeal should be satiated or appalled by the desolatic n, and the work should be aban­ doned The Republican party insisted that a matter involving so innnv ah I such diver­ sified interests demanded the fullest investi­ gation and the most considerate judgment, and that i>efore the work was undertaken Congress should take occasion to possess it­ self of all needed data to make the revision both comprehensive and complete. We held that oar tariff laws were so interwoven with a i theindusiries of this people that to touch one would be like touching a, single thread of a spider's web, the whole fabric would tremble. The antagonism between th;* p ir- ties resulted in the appointment of a com- mi-sion charged wi.b th? duty of investigat­ ing our national industries, so far as they might be affected by our revenue law, ana presenting the results of such investigation toCongress as a help and guide to an intelli­ gent revision. The discu-sion of the bill for the creation of this commission served to bring out the views of the Democratic party on the tariff question generally, and to C >n- firm the beli'u that the Democratic party was fullv and unreservedly committed to the doctrine' of free trade or its counterpart, a tatiff for revenue only. In my judgment tiie approaching session Of Congress will be too bfief to enable us to complete the work of rev'sion, and that work will go over to the Forty-eighth Congress, to be»performed by it If the Forty-eighth Congress be Demo- Iroii iB conco, ffiiu BBIICTCT trie mnm: oi A Republican is reached he votes ays. When­ ever the name of a Democrat is 'reached he keeps still. We said to them, "Are you go­ ing to vote?" They said "No, sir." "But," we say, "the rule's provide that you shaJl voje." Their answer was, "You may lead a htfrse to water but you cannot make biin drink." So they* declined to vote. When, the roll call was completed it disclosed 130 present, and we had to judge by the roll call who was present, ,,and al­ though the Democrats sat there silent and were present, they were to all appearances absent, and Mr. Randall rose in his place and said "No quorum " Being without a quo­ rum we could lioirproceed with the fionsid- erat oil of this case. So the Democr itio party, violating tlieiulcs of the House-- rules of their own making--sat dumb as the marble that shadowed them, day after day, and night after night, and compel ;ed the minority to send for their absentees, taking them from their business and from their sick­ beds to bring them to the House that w« might discharge our high constitutional ob­ ligations;. When the roll oall disclosed 137 present, Republican members, making a quorum and the consideration of the case was about to be entered u]>on, Mr. Sam­ uel J. Rand ail rose in his place and said: "I move that this House do now ̂ adjourn, and on that I call the aves and noes." Then Mr. Springer, of Illinois, another Democrat, moved "that when this House adiottrn, it ad­ journ *to meet day after to-morrow" Th>»n Mr. Blackburn,' of Kentucky interposed a motion "that this House do now take a recess." Upon each of thes^ motions the ayes and noes were called; and when the three hours n« cessaiy to consum­ mate this work have passed Mr. Randall again rises and moves "that this House -do now adjourn;" and Mr. Sprinarer repeats his motion and Mr. Blackburn his. Aud these gent emen announced that they proposed to go through with this farce until the end of Congress, to prevent the majority from pro­ ceeding, to prevent the people of* this coun­ try from* determining the question whether tlioy are represented by men who are elected or men who are not We were driven at. this juncture to say, "We must amend the rules of the House of Representatives in order to try this question " So we proposed this rule, that when the right of a member to a seat is under consideration a dilatory motion like a motion to adjourn or take a reecss sha'l not be in order. The Chairman of the Commit­ tee on Rules reported that as an amendment, and instantly Mr. Randall arose and moved "that this House do now adjourn." And Mr. Blackburn moved "that when this House ad­ journ it adjourn to meet. day after to-mor­ row. " And Mr. Springer moved u that this House do now take arecess " We as\ed them it they propose I to try tho same tac­ tics on the rules that they liad on the case, and they said that they "did Then it was that the Republican party, always brave, al­ ways heroic, said to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, it cannot be pos­ sible that a motion to adjourn or to take a recess or any dilatory motion is in ordr-r when a proposition is before, the body to amend the rub s to enable it to do business Then it was that the Speaker sod-cided, and the ru e was adopted Then it was ior the first time, when they had exhausted all the tactics known to parliamentary law. that we Wt re able to proceed with the* cons.deration of this case. In no single instance was a Democrat from a Southern State un eated bv Northern Democratic votes, but in every instance every member cf the Democratic pSirty remained silent and shicfied ai*l de- lend"e«i thejnen who had stolen the seats. Now what kind of a c-ise was this first one that was called up? Let us see what the Democratic party propose< to defe- d in this country. I will not wcaiy you with a recital of the case at lengta, but I will give you an account of what transpired at o"e polling place only. At Hope Engine po ling-house, in the city "of Charleston, the poll list- and thev ke-p lists of voters there as we do-- kep't by the Democratic managers of the elections, tne list kept by the Democratic United States Supervisor aiidthe list kept by tr e Republican United States Supervisor substantially agreed. One of them said that l"ix men had voted. The other two said that 1,214 had voted. This was the only dif­ ference between them Taking the name of evei v vote as he - eposited his ballot, the list dnlv differed four names. Eit ier 1,214 or 1,218 men had voted. Now, after every vote had been c i'-t you w uld Hud m that l»ox either 1 *il4 or 1,-18 ballot'. Bat at sun down, when the proclamation was mude, that the poll was closed, the box was opened, the ballots rut upon the table and count d, and tber-"* were found t> )j., just 2,280 votes. It was not much of ad:vv for voting either. Just 1,071 more votes in the box than there were vote's a 1 told. Tne Democratic party of this nation declared, "You shall not exercise your right to inquire into that practice." .' Arother peculiar thing about the count or about the ballots was th s: That of the 2,280 votes in the l>ox 1 ,<>•:' were straigh" Democr tic ballots. This was 465 more Democratic votes in the ballot lx>x than there were voters at t he polling place. Yet the Democratic party said: "You shall not iuquire into this matter." How was this accom­ plished? The process is the simplest in the wor d. Here are the ballots they cast (hold­ ing up specimens of the ballots used). I show you the Democratic ticket and the Re­ publican ticket. Each is plainly to 1h> seen and plainly to be distinguished. You will notice however one peculiarity about the Democratic balldts, that one is wider than the other and they always travel in pairs in that country. The process was simply to fold up the wide ticket until there was a single fold and then fold a narrow ticket or a dozen of them, if you please, inside of tlj<i_ first one, and drop ilio-e nto the ballet box Therebyou have your elective franchi-e fully satisfied By that pr >cess they put into" the box these fraudulent votes. "But," you sny to me, "d d they count the whole 2.289?" O, no. T at wo'u d be too bald They said: "We will not do that, we w 11 do tho lair thing and we will draw out the exces- to show the people that we take no unfair advantages." So they blindfolded a Democrat and told him to draw. That was not fair. Wiiai oiu ht to have been done in the case was to paralyse t'e Democrat so he could not feel. But" to make a show of honrtay they blindfolded him and then allowed him to ilraw oi.t the ba lots. Was it any wonder that h<; diew the Republican ballots? When put on the stand he tes ified that ho drt w out every Republican ballot except two. They asked him why he did not diaw taose 6ut. 'aud he sa d, he could no; find them. Yet for the first tiu.e iu the history of this country the national Democratic., party de lares: " You shall not inquire into such a case, you shall not consider it." At .mother polling p a'e tf» tr ek was played: There Wt re put Into tlawVox jusf. tony-six Deuinqnreic vot e --for it was a black district--and 1,037 Re­ publican votes. Tue poll-list tallied with the votes in the l>6x. There was no mistake about that. The po ls were closed and the box shut It was tied up aud sealed with s aiing-wax. Then it was given into the charge of a Democrat to take to the county scat to a Democratic Canvassing Board. WTien those ballots were Ciinvassed on the day for the Canvassing Board to discharge its duty, to the surprisn of everybody there were found to be just, forty-six Republican votes and 1,037 Democratic. '• The peculiarity about the Democratic vote* was that they were all clean and fresh, and had never been voted. Examination disclosed the fact that th- box had been twice sealed, once with red wax and once with gri'en. So the fraud was di« overed. When the will of the i>eo- plc h'id Iteen made khown at that polling place nnd had l>eeii declared in favor of the Republican party, in the darkness of night it was ruthlessly assassinated. And the Demo­ cratic party of th»s country stands by that outrage. I will not enlarge upon these cases: Let me sny in regard to this case That there.were cast fraudulent votes How long would the |H'ople of Detroit, how long would the people of this district ^submit to have their will stolen at night; to have a man foisted upon then whom they never elected? Suppose, when you cast your bal­ lots for member of Congress in this district, that he has a majority--.us he will, of 2,UK). Suppose- it should be counted H>r the other man and you knew it, would that be vour government? Would that be a government of your creation? Yet that is what is done throughout the South to-dav, and m-n . Are making laws for you who have no busi­ ness to exercise that high preroga­ tive Now, my fellow-citizens, here lies the danger to this republic. I want to say to you that if you put the Democratic party in the Forty-eighth Con­ gress the men who are clothed with certifi­ cates of election will hold their seats and leg­ islate for you and me, I cart* not by what method it is done. I remember a case be­ fore the last Democratic Congress, that of Risb*>e against Hull, a case examined bv a Democratic committee; they declared that their man was not elected; that the Demo­ crat had no business to be there, yet they refus. i to report upon the case until the ext nours of Congress, keeping him in h: ,oe to vote upon measures for you and lor me, and then finally declared unani­ mously that he was not entitled to his place My fellow-citizens, I repeat that here lies the danger to this republic. The Republic­ an party is determined to fight this coutes as it fought for tbe liberty of a race until every man in this republic, rich or poor, black or white, shall have cast one honest ballot and that ballot honestly counted. Until that is done the foundations of this republic are not secure. You may assassinate the head of the nation, but the country- will endure Ttvice our Executive has f&iien at the hands of the assassin. Abraham Lincoln fell J>e- fore the war of the Rebellion was scarce over, when chaos was upon every hand, and as we met in the streets, taking each other by the hand, we thought the Govern­ ment would certainly go to pieces; but so wisely had the machinery been adjusted that "it moved grandly on. Garfield was stricken down in the cap.tal of the nation, and yet the great republic moved steadily forward. But when you assasss.'nate the power that makes Presidents you kill the republic. Guitcau met the just reward of his crime; but that man who steals up to the ballot-box where reposes the freshest-born offspring of a nation s will and takes its life is an assassin whose crime cannot be expi­ ated. And the party that approves or de­ fends the practice is partirrpx rrimirii*. Then let me appeal to the Republicans of this city, let jne up.]<eal to the Republicans of Michigan, without distinction of party, to rally again around the standard of Repub­ licanism. If there is a young man here to­ night who is to cast his first vote le'. me plead with you to ponder well which of tliese l>arties shall receive your support As a young man votes in the beginning he is apt to vote all his life un ess there be some m'ghty upheaval of party or he is disap­ pointed in his aspirations for office. Those two thin>|K will unsettle htm. So, it is well to pon ier carefully with which you will be identifii d Whichever party you adhere to you must take up­ on yourself the history of that party, nnd as you look at the history of these two great organizations which commends i t-elf to your judgment and to yoUr heart? As wo ILLINOIS NEWS. THERE are sixteen distilleries In Peo­ ria. THE Hebrew people of Bloomington will erect'a fine synagogue. A THIRTEEN-AND-A-HALF pound sugar beet is exhibited in Quinoy. THE country roads in Rock Island county are horrible beyond description. THE Rushville fair hardlv paid ex­ penses, the total receipts being only $1,900.. , * PEORIA'S new union depot will be ready for the accommodation of trains on Sunday. THERE are 700,000 pupils instructed by 22,300 teachers in 12,000 school- houses in this State. A NUMBER of farmers in Adams coun­ ty have the Dakota fever, and talk of selling out and emigrating. JOSF.PH GARRETT, near Beason, Logan county, has struck a gas well of wonr derful energy and productiveness. FOUR HI NDRKU acres of land, without improvements, adjoining Lincoln on the north, were recently sold for $60,000. ; THE Peoria distillers used 353,650 bushels of grain in September and pro­ duced 1,379,962 gallons of proof spirits. OUT of a membership of 1,000 in the building and loan associations of Peoria fully one-fourth are railroad men. , J OF" BLACK, a Veil-known merchant of Pekin, is said to be a defaulter for $15,000, and to have sailed for Ger­ many. THERE are 1,421 prisoners in THE pen­ itentiary at Joliet, including twenty-five females. Chester reports 525 convicts on hand. THE mother of Hon. Lewis Steward died recently at Piano, Kendall county, where she located in 1838. She leaves eight children. STEPHEN VAX DCSEN.^of Milledge- ville, Carroll countv, was chloroformed in his residence, the safe blown open, and $1,600 taken. *f THE City Council, of Chicago has passed, an ordinance providing for the punishment of minors who shall pur­ chase liquor in saloons. THE Peorin water-works well has reached the depth of 1,378 feet, and it will be necessary to bore 400 feet deeper before striking pure water. GREENBERRYB. LARRISON, the second Sheriff of McLean county, died recent­ ly at Bloomington, having been para­ lyzed while looking at the comet. THE Peoria^ Fair Association has been offered $45,000 cash for Jefferson Park, comprising forty-one acres, and has re­ fused to take that sum for the property. ABRAHAM SWEARINOER, of DeWitt county, is 87 years old, has 17 childr'«m( 100 grandchildren, 157 great-grand­ children; and 3 great-great-grandchil­ dren. THERE are 6,300 j[>ersons in Peoria county who have personal assessments made against them this year, of which number 1,900 are residents of the city of Peoria. CHICAGO is putting up works to pump 420,000 gallons of w^erV-mipute from the south- branch of its enrer into the, Illinois and Michigan canal, to get rid » J.U [j! | of the sewage THE Qnincy Exposition project is meeting with encouragement, and the gentlemen pushing the matter have se­ cured a large number of subscribers to the capital stock. A NOVELTY in milling at Bloomington is the grinding into flour of the seed of broom-corn and sorghum, which are said to make wholesome and palatable flour, resembling graham. FRANKLIN L. CHASE, a prominent lawyer and politician of Chicago, is shown to have appropriated to his own use nearly $50,000 intrusted to him by different clients for investment and, other purposes. HENRT HEAD, the Private Secretary of Vice President Davis, had the honor to be one of the jurors in a case in the County Court at Quincy, the othei* day, to decido the ownership of an old hen and ten chicks. A QUINCY society is to give a "hard- times" ball. No man with the evidences of a bondholder upon him, such as a collar, necktie, etc., and no woman as­ piring to anything more elegant than a calico dress, will be admitted. As for jewelry:--fle, fie! THE boiler of the engine in Steven­ son Brothers' sawmill, near Petersburg, Menard county, exploded with such force as to throw fragments a quarter of a mile. Stephen Stevenson and James Hopimer were instantly killed, and two others fatally injured. .."WHILE Sidney Wright was unhitch- stand to night upon the he ght, after twenty ' jng a team from a sulkv plow near ward for a^momen^over Oiefo^g Ihif o^oSr ! Bl°"™ington, the horses ran away, and, march, described by bivouac, battle field and camp fire's gleam. See how grand l.ave been the achievements of -this great Repub­ lican party. I remember when it inokc camp in lSVi that it was in the interest of free soil; and the first march it made ami the first victory it won, it gave to the re­ public a domain forever consecrated to fiee speech, free homes and free men. It saw tne bond of national unity broken in pieces. It resolemnized the nuptials of nation.d uni­ ty, lighted by the torch of war, and ma<1e tire effort of any State to IK; divore» d there­ from as impossible as it is iniquitous. It lifted up the fallen and insulted banner of the republic, and, carrying it into the very van of inarching empire, c .mpe led its ene­ mies, foreign and domestic, to uncover in the majestv of its presence. It laid its bond upon the iaitering. wavering public i redit, and to-day it stands erect in tne conscious­ ness of its" strength, peerless among the na­ tions of ihe worid Then let us rally again and let the command be " Forward," and let there be no wavering or faltering in tne line until we plant our sttui- lards on the enemies' breastworks and unfurl our banners in the sunlight of victor}-. The Ways ofCetewayo. „ When anything pleased Cetewayo (such, for instance, as the pretty trim­ ming of a lady's dress), writes a Lon- i Wright being knocked down, the plow cut a piece out of his skull, making, probably, a fatal wound. One of the horses was stabbed to the heart by run- Ling against a fence post. A BLOOMINGTON paper says: Tile drainage is going on more generally and extensively than ever, its merits having been amply demonstrated by the experience of the season, when for weeks the rain fell almost incessantly. Every tile factory in the vicinity is over­ taxed. One factory, with a capacity of two and a half miles of pipe per day, is behind its orders, and its owners are putting up machinery for a capacity of five miles a day, making it one of the largest drain-tile works in the world. THE late rains which have prevailed pretty generally throughout Central Illinois, says a Bloomington correspon­ dent, have been of good effect in ren­ dering farm work less difficult. The land was too dry for fall plowing until •ft number of heavy showers had falleh. It is now in prime condition, and the fields are full of plowmen. The winter don WsP„„,he j when any question was asked him that required thought, lie took a pinch from his eternal snuff-box and settled into a gravity that contrasted most remarka­ bly with liis ordinary broad smile. I asked the K'ng what he thought of our Queen. He said: "She is born to rule and is flourishing admirably. The farmers are greatly encouraged by tlieir success with wheat, especially winter, the past four years, and year by year are seeding wider .acreage. The frost has done no great injury to men. She is like me. We are both | coru" ^rulers. She was verv kind to me, and I j THE people of this State have a ques- sliall alwavs think of her." jf-^e spoke j tion of appropriation submitted to them of Bishop Colenso, and the lille roused at the election this fall. This question him to instant vigor. He rolled on his | is the approval of an appropriation seat, and showed his very gums in his | made by the Legislature in 1877 of eager talk, while his hands waved in j some half million of dollars to com- the air, and he took snuff violently. "The Bishop," he said,"loves all Zulus. His heart is as big as all London for my nation. I love him, and he lias done everything for me." Sentiment apart, I fear I must say that Cetewayo is a thorough savage. One little trick of his amused me much. A lady gave liim a splendid rose. He smelt it; turn plete the State House at Springfield, It will be remembered that the consti­ tution of 1870 provided that the Legis­ lature should not make appropriations for building or furnishing the new State House to exceed in all $3,000,- 000, unless the act appropriating such money should be submitted to a vote of the people and be approved by them. ed up his nose, said, "Agli! ugh!" and ; The Commissioners of the State House, crumped the poor flower up. It was j however, carelessly allowed the ex- no more than a tuft of gfrass to him. ' penditurg to reach the limit, leaving about $500,000 additional necessary to complete the building. In 1878, at the election of that year, this appropriation failed to be approved by the people, and now, after four ytears, the same act is again submitted to a popular vote.-- Chicago Tribune. TEMPERANCE people,as is well known, are just now advocating in a most earn­ est manner the submission to the vote of the people of an amendment to the State constitution prohibiting the man­ ufacture and sale of spirituous liquors in the State of Illinois. According, to the constitution there are only two methods prescribed by that instmment. First, through a State Convention clected as members of the Legislature, and em­ powered to revise, alter or amend the constitution; second, by adoption of amendments submitted in a constitu­ tional manner to a vote of the people by the Legislature. Each of; these methods requires a two-thirds vote of the members of each house of the Gen­ eral Assembly. Here is the formidable obstacle which the friends of prohibi­ tion must necessarily meet. At no time since the adoption of the present consti­ tution has either party had a majority of two-thirds, and under the minority scheme no such occasion is likely to oc­ cur situation is one' which the j opponentsx of prohibition can contem­ plate with perfect satisfaction.--Chica­ go Times.- . ; «% . • Illinois CongreitsloniU Kinrinatioi^;'^^ We print below a list of the Illinois Congressional nominations. The polit­ ical complexion of ' the nominees is des­ ignated as follows: R., Republican; D., Democratic; G., Greenbacker; P., Prohibition; I., Independent; A.-M., Anti-Monopoly. The asterisk is used to designate present incumbents: » FIRST DISTRICT. D.--J. W. Doane, Chicago. R--R W. Dunham. Chicago. A.-M.t-A. J. Grover, Chicago... , SECO!FI> DISTRICT. D--Henry F. Sheridan, Chicdjii ; L--John F. Fjnerty, Chicago. I.-- Sylvester Artlev, Chicago. • A.-M!--J. J. Altpeter, Chicago. THIRD DISTRICT. R--*George R Davis, Chicaga t D.--William P Black, Chicaga FOURTH DISTRICT. R--George E. Adams, Chicago. A.-M.--Cnris Meier, Chicago. ' FIFTH DISTRICT. ' R--Reuben Jlilwood, Sycamore, De Kalb county. G.--B. N. Dean, Belvldere, Boone county. SIXTH DISTRICT. - R. --Robert R Hitt, Mount. Morris, Ogle county. D.--James L. Ticknor, Rockford, Winne­ bago county. N. B.--[Mr. Hitt has also been nominated on the Republican, and L, G. Johnson, of Morrison, Whitesides county, on the Demo­ cratic side, to fill out the unexpired term in the Fortv-seventh Congress caused by the death of Maj. R M. A. Hawk, of Mount Car­ roll, Carroll county. 1 SEVENTH DISTRICT. R--*Thomas J. Henderson, Princeton, Bu­ reau county. EIGHTH DISTRICT. . R--*William Cullen, Ottawa, La Salle county. D.--Hiram J. Cody, Napervllle, Du Page countv. " G.--Lewis Steward, Piano, Kendall county. NINTH DISTRICT. R --*Lewla E. Payson, Pontlao, Livingston county. D. -- E. B. Buck, Kankakee, Kankakee county. G. Barnard, Kankakee, Kankakee county. TENTH DISTRICT. R H, Lewis, EaossiHe, Eass countv. D.--N. E. Worthlngton, Peoria, Peoria county. ' G. --Matthew H. Mitchell, Fulton county. ELEVENTH DISTRICT. ! R--*Benjamin F. Marsh, Warsaw, Hanoock county. D.--William H. Neece, Macomb, MoDon- ough county. G. and P.--The Rev. Richard Haney, Mon­ mouth. Warren countv. TWELFTH DISTRICT. D^-James Milton Riggs, Winchester, Scott county, t I--'* James W. Singleton, Qnincy, Adams county. P.--The Rev. Philip N. Minear, Merritt, Scott county. THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. D--"William M. Springer, Springfield, San­ gamon county. R--<'Dietrich C. Smith, Pekin, Taaewell county. FOURTEENTH DISTRICT. p.--Jonathan H. , Howell, Bloomington, McLean county. * D. and .G--Adial E. Stevenson, Blooming­ ton, McLean county. P.--D. H. Harto, Lincoln, Logan county. FIFTEENTH DISTRICT. R--'Joseph G. Cannon, Danville, Vermill­ ion county. D.--Andrew J. Hunter, Paris, Edgar coun­ ty. G.--J. C. Borner, Tuscola, Douglas county. SIXTEENTH DISTRICT. D.-- Aaron Shaw, Olnev, Richland county. JL--E. B. Green, Mt. Carmel, Wabash county. L--Kev. Daniel B. Turney, Bird Station, Lawrence county^ ' SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT. ' D.---*Danlel W. Moulton, Shelbyville, Shel­ by countv II--Wiiliam H. Barlow, Effingham, Effing­ ham county. G. --W. F. Corley, Shelbyville, Shelby county. EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT. R--William C. Kt^ffner, Belleville, St Clair county. D.--'William R Morrison, Waterloo, Mon­ roe county. P.--The Rev. Thomas W. Hynes, Green­ ville, Bond county. NINETEENTH DISTRICT. . D.--*R W. Townshend, Shawneetown, Gal­ latin county. R --George C. Ross, Benton, Franklin county. TWENTIETH DISTRICT. • R --'John R Thomas, Metropolis, Massac county. D.--William K. Murphy, Pinckneyville, Perry county P.--John F. McCartney, Metropolis, Massac county. Ancient Mexican Worship. Of the whole system of Mexican wor­ ship by far the most prominent feature was its astonishing ferocity. It was drenched in every part with human blood. Its priests were an army of sturdy butchers, whose highest func- fiou/was to cleave the victim's breast with the sacrificial hatchet and pluck out the palpitating heart; its devotees are cannibals who devoured the victim's flesh in saeramental feast, and, like the priests of Baa'l, cut themselves with knives and lancets. Each month had its festival of slaughter, and in the capital alone 50,000 human victims are said to have beeu annually offered. From slaves and criminals, from pris­ oners captured in wars undertaken for the purpose, from troops of children purchased for sacrifice, was the ghastly death-contingent Continually recruited. Some were fatted in the sacred cages, others loaded with honors and sated with sensual delights to make tliem the more acceptable offerings: sopie perish­ ed on the altar by the fatal ^roke of th i>i'iest, others in the mockery of gladiatorial combat; some were flayed alive, others flung headlong into sohontain whirlpools and lakes. Hiever ware nperstitiou so sickening with in- mlat>tble horrors. JX " • • • PAUL BorroN figures up that ha has saved seventy-two persons from drowning in his day, and the largest re- wdrd ever offered* liim'was a silver-plat- ad watch "worth about '98. A. STORY OP A" KMluitt That w bat Practically a Failor*. [Berlin Letter to San FmnaJMo (TlmtliHe 1 *: Chicago and I, having made tbe ao» quaintance of a German medical aMt- ent, accepted an^ invitation, to attend a lecture on physiology. We entereq a room twenfy-five by thirty, and found it already occupied by. about' seventy- five other people. All the windowa were tightly closed--double windows at that. And every one who came in opened the door just wide ^potif h to allow his body to slip in, and haifil closed it.- But even the small amount of air thus admitted filled the souls of the previous comers with a great anx- iety, causing them to regard each "suc­ cessive unfortunate with ; di??avor. There was a combination of most pun- gent and searching smells in that rooln, besides that coming from the sweltfering bodies and laboring lungs of the-people present. The fumes of carbolic acid predominated; but iodofonie was only a little way behind, and made the acid bestir itself to keep in the lead. Then came a lot of unsorted smells--from sulphurated hydrogen to mnm^ia-- varying only in their different degrees of offensiveness. And then, came the smell of the air which had been con- fined in that room since the windowa had l>een last opened--probably a year or two--and which had been breathed^ rebreathed and breathed dvfer again daily by from seventy-five to a hundred pairs of good, strong, vigorous-German lungs. I make no mention of the Ger­ man cigars and long German pipes that were adding their smells to the already overburdened air, because I smoke once in a while myself, and to acknowledge that tobacco smoke is offensive under any circumstances would be giving the enemy a point. Therefore, to kpe.j/'^» appearances, I must, say that this .to­ bacco smoke was rather agreeable, the course of five or ten minutes tit* Professor--I beg pardon, the Herr PK>- fessor--came in. And as he came the pipes and cigars went out. but tne foul air did not. The Herr Professor began to talk. His subject waa toe cireulatfon of the blood through the lungs and its purification ther£, described the process in detail. He spoke of the impurities emanating from the human lungs at every . expiratieo. He waxed eloquent over the black hole at Calcutta. Then he came dowp to facts and figures, affirming that eveay adult person exhaled foul air-enough at every expiration to render such a room as the one we were then in unfit for Ira­ nian habitation in a very few hours. He spoke of the many evils of foul air, and impressed it upon his hearts that fresh air is a necessary adjunct of perfect health. And all that time ttib four score pair of lungs in that room were working most vigorously, and things were becoming decidedly inter­ esting for Chicago and me. We began to perspire profusely, our heads began to ache, our ears rang, and we felt diziy and saw double. All this time the Herr Professor was dilating' upon tiie benefits of pure air and the deleterious effects of the foul article. ,13! »~ Finally Chicago, who was sittipg 4ie$r the door, ceuld stand it no longer* but, aided and abetted by me, reached oyer and softly opened the door an inch so. We drank in the life-giving oxygfcA, ftuu x^iv no viu ruutT iuv\m wvwu have felt had he found the fountain of youth. Chicago was so-deft with. Ms door-opening that he attracted no opjas attention. But the effects of fresh air soon began to show themselves. The students who were sitting near the door began to revive and wake up.; Jlhey stopped yawning and arubjiiiig' their eyes. They visibly brightened, and began to take a little interest in what the Herr Professor was saying. Fin; one of them looked around, and covered the crack in the door. He astonished and could hardly beliey eyes. /As soon as he fairly took in f&e situation he turned up his coat collar and tried very hard to deceive himaalf into the belief that he felt cold. <$£e endeavored to shiver and look, uncom­ fortable, and tried various little expedi­ ents to make himself feel so. It. was not long before several Other stud&its in the vicinity noted the turned-Hp ofll- lar and distress of the first one, abdifcfe- gan to look around for the cause o£f(t. They saw the door, turned up their Mo­ lars, and conducted themselves just lute the original ^discoverer; though if'it had not l>een lor the fresh air they would have been unable to discoAftr anything. Chicago tried very look unconscious, intelligent and uncon­ cerned, and made a miserable failure, of it. lie developed an unusual interest in what the Herr Professor was Baying. I never saw him take such an interest in anything before or siiice, and tri<tf|o appear entirely absorbed in the lecture. But it.was of no use; those students actually succeeded in making fclWaa- selyes believe that they were cold, aiyl kept looking around at the door ^o often that Chicago could not stayd it long. He closed the door; the coat- collars were turned down; the slifvrtr- ing ceased, and everybody became Pa­ tented, soporific and happy. We per­ spired. felt sick, and suffered until Uje lecture closed. Then we bolted fpr fresh air, and registered a solemn VQW not to pass through such another ot- deal. Yet the. lecture was a model out. It was full, complete, illustrated by- numerous experiments, aud under or­ dinary circumstances would liave been very interesting. In short, itj was theoretically perfect, but practically^ was not a success. ' ' 7 - ; - •*** A Country Where Baths are § A letter from Bio de Janeiro savs; "Godliness and cleanliness are said to be closely allied. I talked' to a' man who told* me that he had never taken {a bath in his life! He is a Portuguese* over 50 vears of age, and a mechanic occupation. Upon my expressing, tonishment, he said that bathing-places and water were scarce and expensHNfe, and that only the rich could atfontto bathe .^Apropos of cleanliness, such a thing as house-cleaning, except in tbe mansions of the wealthy or well-to-^p, is unknown here. The rooms of coun­ try hotels and of fazendas or farm­ houses are never cleaned. The fioo&rs are occasionally swept--that's all. T&e walls are covered with smut and eek- webs, the furniture--a cot, a woodfltt stand, and two common chairs--js dusty, and unless you sleep with a handkerchief over your eyes the inhabi­ tants of the ceiling will drop ugtiRt thenu" - ^ : - ' • • 1 . r swt THE' annual production of Canada malt is about 60.000,000 pounds. Qf this nearly 23,000,000 pounds are ex­ ported to the United Spates. The im­ ports--almost wholly confined to Brit­ ish Columbia--barely exceed 150,060 pounds In Toronto • alone there are l.SOO.OOO gallons of brewed, while the capital emploved amounts to $3,- OOO.OOL j , Nat. .'