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<* Govenwr Osk*by to the General VhatHai BOM bySUto for the Past Two Ttan. ^Bcmmtaiaani for flw Fetwe to •alters #f Legiitatfe*. - Jp«M> or tongg, Baammta JtarAnrvniT, I a- - January 5,1887. ) To the General Aooembly: ./ ; Tour nninntlTi bodies, constituting the l>g- f /*' tislattveDoportmentof the State Government, % •-- - »--- "" '"v" * are~aeain IiTsessionto water upon the discharge - ^T3R«:.AS5£IET5 I A*!! attempt, briefly no ^oooible, to discharge WD* snort. always regarded as an event of unusual gravity ;laad dignity, and duly sensible, I trust, of the J*" serious responsibilities incumbent upon these 1 deportments at the State Government, I invoke "noon your deliberations the favor of Divine trinnniM. Z shall not detain you with an acoount of the •teen oral condition at the State. It is within the rslnow le< u ledge Of all men who take an interest in the public and gentrsl welfare. The exception- : vy al oondtttono and the state of die law appli ! cable to them seem to me alone to demand .... The public peace, and the usual and common K dray of the law, have been interrupted on sev- citl occasions since the adjournment of the f ? -j ' Thirty-fourth General Assembly, and In one in- ;>/i stance before. It is important to inoutre into auch occurrences, to bring them to the atten- ' , " * "tion of the Legislature, and further to inquire if any just excuse can be found for such lapses of • dny on the part of citizens, and !f not, how u"y * they may be remedied. For a long time discussion has been going on in l!6'H " this country by the public press, the stump ora- ! • ' tors, and political parties, aa to the condition of -1 "% laboring men, the relation of labor to capital, W- the wages of labor, labor organizations, and the V ,- aggressions of capital upon labor, organised or individual, and generally upon the -whole sub­ ject of the present state and condition of our "itical, social and economical relations. ore has been no recognised limit to the free- •• dom of this debate, ana apparently up to the present time no real approach to an intelligent suud satisfactory settlement of the supposed ; - : grievances discusst d, beyond the usual and , old-fashioned way of treating and dealing with those old subject! of universal interest. Many of toe extravagant ideas held upon these - questions, exjnpssed in equally extrava­ gant language and argument, have led . / unthinking men into the belief that one of the proper modes to be adopted to right supposed wrongs was to inaugurate methods of their own to redress them, and thus •- , allow Uaemselven to go so far as to appear to $'• defy the usual and lawful methods recognized V, - In this State for correcting any real or imagin- a]|.y eVJlg Strikes of any kind, individual or organized, are not unlawful; indeed, where the object is an honest effort to better the condition as to ' wages and hours of labor of the laboring masses of our citizens, to protect their rights in the ...... hope of bettering their condition, to remon­ strate against conditions which seem inevi­ tably to tend to narrowing the field and low- •ering the standard of labor, skilled or unskill- «d, in any civilized nation or community, are , the most natural agencies of self-defense. It is plain to any reflecting mind that a strike necessarily implies loss, although it maybe . limited and temporary; still it implies great in- oonvenience and loss to the interest, tho person, v i or the corporation against which it aims, and to " $ that extent would be a force to induce cornpli- '}£'w ance with the requests or demands which iit if." • snakes. It is but a natural emotion to sytnpa- ' thize with the earnest efforts of laboring men to 1 hotter their condition and to share liberally in '.rft £ *h. the> gains of labor in its vast field of usefulness, 'ip-1'-' And in the blessings it bestows upon mankind. No nation can ever rise to great distinction or * oommand an imposing place among civilized ® people without the aid of educated and enlight- ');•*> 'f enedlabor. Such a force in any country will tc • ; ultimately demand and receive the just recog- •ii 11 nition to which it is entitled in the moral and * political economy of the world. Potent as the -" strike may seem to be as an agency to bring / , * About a better understanding of the claims and . •'• the rights of labor, the moment it de- PA parts from the admitted power it wields as -y '• a peaceable remedy, and puts on the appear- ®nee of open resistance to law, or sots itself up to say who shall and who shall not work in the -vast Held of labor, it to a large extent forfeits . \ the sympathy of that large clasaof thinking ; people who believe in fair dealing and a fair field for the play of all the energies of man, and -will drive from its support considerate and * earnest men, willing advocates of all its claims ao long as, like other great interests, it seeks to . gain its endB by peaceable means and in accus- : ^ v -tomed ways. In this country the public ear is "> "j ->> open to the persuasions of reason; it is instinct- /i-fc' ively elcsed againBt force. And that cause will *.» flourish most naturally and inevitably which relies upon the support that reason and free dis- Oussion always bring to its aid. The foregoing w remarks were suggested from the fact that % strikes in every instance led to what seemed a -5# 'V necessity to resort to the military in aid of the - civil powers of the State. A - in April, 1885, the strike of the quarrymen of '• v • Will and Cook counties grew to such dimensions <>v and assumed such character that the Sheriffs, - respectively, of those oounties felt obliged to call upon the Governor for military assistance. - On the first day of May a force deemed suf- Hcientwaa oalled out and ordered to report. ' first to the Sheriff of Will, and subsequently to the Sheriff of Cook County. The men who went i ; , out on the strike, instead of standing on the justness of their demand for an increaso of C wages, and if the demand should be de- uied, retiring peaceably from the quarries v -and giving - way to suoh fellow labor­ ers as might be willing to take their places and wages, insisted on occupying the quarries and driving away all comers in their If'. . -• otaad. This course led to riot, the riot became a ~ ' mob, and very soon the mob grew threatening )m, and defiant. The oi&cers of the law were, as W# they Claimed, unable to preserve the peace. % 'tv The military force under the direction of the Sheriff of Will County soon dispersed the riot- ' ers, who reassembled again across the line in £ r the county of Cook, and became more threaten- & •. ing than before. The Sheriff of that county ^ directed the commanding officer of the military force to disperse them; they stubbornly re- - oisted, were fired upon, and three of them fa- tally wounded before the peace could be rfe- stored. In April, 1886, the strike of the switchmen on *11 the railroads centering at East St. Louis, in .(' St. Clair County, again oocasioned the use of ** the militia. On the afternoon of March '29,1886, , .y several gentlemen representing various rail- - 't roads at that place, called upon me and pre- *. nented a paper from the Sheriff of St. Clair •• County, which I take the liberty to quote here: » "Bast St Louis, March 29--11 -20p«m. S* "Tbere is an unlawful mob assembled in East | - , fit. Louis of fully one thousand men, which re- \ fuses to peaceably disperse when commanded * :r *^ 4 by me, as Sheriff of St. Clair County, in the ! name of the State of Illinois, to do so. I had wwith me my regular deputies and all the ' apeciala I could get; I called the posse, but it was of the mob; this mob kills engines, pulls - pins, sets brakes, obstructs the track, and pre- '!•: Tents the management of freight trains by * these means, and bf violence and intimidation. •fr: Myself and deputies attempted to make arrests, but were prevented by the mob. I and all my « oombined force and all the posse comitatus who < -would assist were unable to protect the Van- » dalia freight train a tew minutes ago. I am powerless to protect a single freight engine or ^ freight train which attempts to move, and am unable to disperse the unlawful assembly -which is interfering with this class of property I refer the matter to yon as Governor of the f • ' State, and ask your assistance to aid us to en t.w.3 force the law." " I did not feel such a communication, under the circumstances, without further inquiry. " ; would justify me in calling out tho militia I therefoco addressed the following inquiry to the Sheriff: "March 29,1886. pi ."Fred. Robiquet, Sheriff at Bt. Clair County, » East 8t. Louis, 111. "If pois iuie Miu prudent for you to leave, report 'f to me here in person to-morrow morning, leav- t'V-'ivi Eft8t St. Louis on first train. If you cannot g come, send me written communication giving '." toxact statement of condition of affairs in East fe; >«: St. Louis; state what you have done in dis- charging your duties as Sheriff; what number • you nave summoned as posse comitatus, and t/' . -what number responded to your summons and || ;; -were effective as such, and especially whether HFi!-" j yon summonea posse from other portions of the • ootuity than East St. Louis." 1st ; 0» the 30th the SherifT telegraphed that on s sdt account of his health he could not go to Spriuc- field, re^eatlrtfe in substance the condition of Lf,V *ffatr«'ttnre R» r<j|»e80nted in his cotnnranica- 1-;^., tion of the i!)tb. , ® . I fen under the Circumstances I would be jus- ; •' titled in visiting St. Clair County and making , . personal inquiry and examination on the s? ' ground. Upon my arrival at East St. Louis I ' wuBd that although it was plain three or four • hundred men were on a strike, and were adroit- " 'T' in some instances openly, urging engin- - eers, firemen, and others not to run trains upon any of the raihroads against which the strike ^ woo aimed, and it was claimed, and aslbelieve . truthfully, were doing all they could to hindor A the use of locomotives and trains upon any of -the railroads, with perhaps one exception, run- v ning into Kast St Xiouis, annoying and aggra­ vating the officers and employes of all such rail- j roods, -and evidostly inflicting great loss upon K -tho railroad companies, and greatly annoying 1 legitimate trade on and over such roads, still it was equally plain that the Sheriff had not made . . nseof the ample means at his command to arrest ;the disorder that the law confers upon him. I felt an occasion had arisen when the civil powers of the State should be tested, and, if possible, fairly tested, before resorting to mill- tary power. Tte law of the State empowers the Sheriff of any county to appoint and arm deputies; to call out the entire: male population of the oounty and arm it. St. Clair County contains a population of mora than sixty thousand people. ' It would seem that if. evar tho posse comitatus of the county, or Indeed any county, was to be mfcdO mailable, an occasion had > .arisen 'In tho wealthy aad densely . And caU out _ . _. aad ai least make an earnest wpte, ps--erre the >sss>, ei lawoadAMrirtltssapromaoybofiQn tho Government to aid him with a (. The Sherifl asournd me ho won fctw, the besteflort be ooold, and also ropeafcklly ox pressed to me his opinion and gav« me fe^s m- suraiioo thatthei* would 1» no oocAsioa for calling out the militia. Upon such assurance I returned to Springfield, ah^r, however, direct­ ing tho Sheriff to keep mo advised by telegraph several times dally of affair* under his ehhrge. The Sheriff did increaso the number of his deputies, and did summon the posse of his oounty, and made some additional effort to re­ store the supremacy, of the law. Finally, on the Kh of April, after such effort as had been made to restore peace and order, he again made formal request toe aid, and I thereupon immediately ordered a neoessary militia force to report to trim. This force was from time to time relieved by additional force sent to supply the withdrawal of companies after a term at duty from ton to fifteen days each, until finally, on the lith of May. all we companies were relieved from duty there. During the interval between the Sheriff's first ana socond request for aid, the railroad companies, or some of them, advertised for aad secured at high rates of wages she services of men who seem to have come from other States, and who were appointed by the Sheriff of the oounty deputies to aid him in preserving the peace. This force, such M it was, felt called upon, on the 9th day of April, to fire upon a crowd of people gathered upon a bridge, some of whom probably wero annoying them, and killed and wounded six or eight persons. After the arrival of the militia quiet was restored and the usual mothods of trade under peace and order resumed. On the 7th clay of November, 1886, the Sheriff of Cook County personally oalled upon me, and urged the use again of the militia in that coun­ ty. He presented a formal request for such aid, dated Chicago, Kov. 6, which will bo found in the report of the Adjutant General. In that re­ port will be found, consecutively arranged, all requests for such aid, and ail orders, telegrams, and communications bearing upon or relating to the various occasions when the military forces of the State wore made available. Iu response to this request of the Sheriff of Cook County, I issued the nocessary orders for a sufficient militia force to assemble, and to report, to him and aid him in the execution of tho law in that county. On the 20th day of November the Sheriff informed me there was no further occasion for the use of such force, and the militia, under proper order, was relieved from further duty in that county. There were several other occasions of violence in Cook County and in the city of Chicago, somewhat formidable and threatening, but as no requisition was made upon me either by the Sheriff of the county or tne Mayor of the city, the militia was not called out to aid those func­ tionaries in preserving the peace. I think all considerate people must feel that whore the Sheriff of the county and the Mayor of any city believe themselves, with the aid of deputies. the posse, and the poiice, able to preserve or­ der and execute the law, and make an honest and earnest effort to do so, such course and such civil methods must be preferable to a call for or a reliance upon the militia to restore or­ der. Ours is a republican form of government. Such a government, if it is expected the spirit which created and animates it shall endure, must ever instill into the hearts of the people sacred reverence for peaceable methods, and an eternal reliance upon the devotion of the people to free institutions. The less such a people shall rely upon armies and militia to preserve order and execute law, the longer may we hope our institutions will stand. The many signB of willingness of a large portion of our people, especially of incorporated wealth, to impatiently demand the use of the militia in all cases of threatened or real violence, without an effort to secure the protection of the law through tho civil forms and procedure provided by law, is an unpleasant augury, and one to be constantly watched by the ardent friends of constitutional liberty. And the fact that such incorporated wealth can command a part of the preas of our country to malign, misrepresent and aim to intimidate any who feel it a solemn duty to execute law by observing law, is a potent indication of no common evil. I have presented the foregoing brief state­ ment of important.events because I wish to in­ vite the attention of your honorable bodies to the law bearing upon the subject, and to sug­ gest such amendments as may be necessary to make it more effective, definite and satisfactory. The Constitution demands that the Governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. Again it declares: The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces of the State, • * * and may call out tho same to exccute the laws, suppress insurrection and repel in­ vasion. And contains no other or further provi­ sion upon these subjects. Independently of his power to call out the militia, etc., no provision is made in that instrument, and none has ever been provided by statute, by which he is to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. After the provision of our Constitution, Article III-- The powers of the Government of this State are divided Into three distinct departments-- tho Legislative, Executive and Judicial; and no person, or collection of persons, being one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, ex- cevc as hereinafter expressly directed or per­ mitted--it would seem but reasonable, having conferred the power upon the Executive Depart­ ment to see that the laws be faithfully executed, that some provision should have been made for the execution of so grave a trust. It has not been done. The law has up to this time re­ mained silent upon this subject. If it is to be understood that the power to see the law faithfully executed resides in that oth­ er power that be shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces, and may call out the same to execute the law, how and in what cases and upon what conditions shall this power be exercised? Can the Governor, upon his own suggestion, call out the militia and send it into any county, township or city in this State at his pleasure 1 Can be, upon mere ru­ mor or the invitation of private citizens, do so? Or ought he only to do so upon olfiiial information laid before him by the Sheriff of a county or the Mayor of a city, and a request or demand from such official source for military assistance? And if upon such request or de­ mand from such civil officers he must do so, may he, in case of mob, riot or unlawful as­ sembly in any jiart of the State, decline to do so until such request or demand be made for aid by such civil officer? These are important in­ quiries, and in my opinion require legislative action for their satisfactory settlement. Es­ pecially do they become important when taken in connection with Section 15, Article II. of the Constitution, which declares: The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. If in any caRe the militia may be called out to aid the civil officers of the State to execute the law, how, I ask, in strict subordination to the civil power, in the absence of any statute upon the subject, can the military be used except it report to the Sheriff or Mayor under orders from the Governor to aid such civil power ? I do not object to this pro­ vision of the Constitution; on the contrary, I hold it to be a wise restraint upon the mili­ tary powers of the State. Without legislation upon the subiect, however, the Governor of the State will always experience perplexity in en­ deavoring to execute the law by this agency. In the case of invasion, when a state erf war would exist, or of insurrection, which would mean & rebellion against the State Govern­ ment within the State, when the functions of the civil officers of the county or looality where the insurrection prevailed would be suspended, the Governor would not be restrained, and would not hesitate to use all the necessary military force as in case of actual war. But where neither of the exceptions stated exists, and the civil powers ore only temporarily overcome by a mob, a riot, or an unlawful assembly, as was supposed to be the case in the several instances to which I have referred in the message, when the civil officers of the law are in faithful performance of their duties, in harmony with and not in insurrection against the Government, how, in such case, shall the Governor be justified.in calling out the militia, independently of information or request from the sheriff that such aid will be necessary? And how, independently of the co-operation of the civil officers of the county, can he lawfully {>ut tho military force in action in any county or ocality in tho State? If the civil power could be suspended by a declaration of martial law. all difficulty in th« ™ovs!d be r«?sov- ed. . I know, however, of no such power under our constitution. I do not believe the people or the constitution over contemplated that the Governor could exercise such extreme power, certainly not in the ordinary cases of mobs, riots, or similar open and forcible resistance to law. It is plain enough the ample powers conferred upon sheriffs ana other peace officers of the counties and cities of the State to pre­ serve the peace, enforce and execute the law within their respective jurisdictions, was meant to avoid auy necessity of a resort to martial law, especially when taken in connection with the power conferred upon the Governor, as Commander-in-Chief, to order out the military force in subordination to the civil power to execute the law. In the absence, then, of mar­ tial law, the military forces of the State must ever co operate in connection with and in sub­ ordination to the civil powers. It has been uniformly held by mv predeces­ sors who have had occasion to use the military force of the State, that some official information, request or demand from the Sheriff of the coun­ ty ought to be communicated to the Governor as to the necessity of such force before it be called or ordered out to aid in executing the law, and I believe in every instance such force was or­ dered to report to the Sheriff, or other civil of­ ficer of the county, to operate under his direc­ tion. I respectfully submit to your honorable bod­ ies, in view of past experience in this State, that legislative action ought to be taken upon these important matters. An act which will provide when the military force of the State may be used to execute the law, and whether its use shall demand upon information or request from the Sheriff of the county, or, if ever, in what cases, independently of demand, request or informa­ tion from the Sheriff or other civil offloer, the Governor may order it out for such purpose; and shall provide what powers may bo exer­ cised by the Commander-in-Chief while such force may be necessary, as subordinate to or in aid of the civil power in executing the law, would, in my opinion, relieve the embarrass­ ments inseparable from an attempt to exercise „ _ the military power of the State under existing j nated sources of revenue, irrespective of wheth- law. Under such a law, the Governor would I er the burden is proportionate to that borne by State- ^ < SGFFISEKISRJI m<mt asdao longor remain a question of doubt and wwsrtatety, as a* proaont. Won m thx amvuiit oxnkral. In connection with the foroaoing subject I tajtto y<mr careful attention to the report of tho Adjutant General. R contains a full and faith­ ful account of the operations ot tho National Guard for the last two xeors, and of all matters in connection with and relating to the Mate militia; oopiea of all adders, telograms, and communications relating to several instances when any portion of tho National Guard was ordered to co-operate with the civil powers of the State; estimates of ap­ propriations necessary for the next two years, with suggestions of amendments to the military code; aad request -for immediate ap­ propriation to pay outstanding claims against tiie State for supplies furnished the National Guard while an duty under the orders of the Commander-in-chief to aid the civil authorities in executing the law, as well as for the pay of tiie officers and mon while performing such duty. I approve and rooommoad all the appropria­ tions and amendments proposed by the Adju­ tant General. It is not to be forgotten by tho people of the State that the Illinois National Guard, while duly organised as such by the act of the Legislature, and as an organized militia force is under the control of the Stat*, and a« strictly obliged to the performance of military duty as any military force can be, subject to p nalties and punishments for disobedience of orders or violations of discipline prescribed by the code, that it is still a purely voluntary forco. En'istment in this service cannot l>e com­ pelled by law. Being such volunt iry force, by which the old Clumsy system of general enroll­ ment of end reliance upon the whole unorgan­ ized militia of the State is entirely superseded, and the great mass of our people relieved from this public and sometimes necessary duty, tho dictates of prudence would suggest that such force ought to be reasonably encouraged by all peace-loving people, and suitably provided with comfortable clothing, camp and garrison equip­ age, comfortable quarters for drill, ex reise, and encampment, and ought to receive such pay at least as civil officers receive when, like such civil force, it may be on duty in the field, serving the State in the execution of its laws. BEVKXCE, Nothing seems more difficult than to define and establish a system of State, county and municipal taxation which will be satisfactory to the people. After the lapse of half acentury, our State Constitution again reaffirmed the old theory upon the subject--that all needful revenue shall be raised by levying a tax by valuation upon all property in the State. The theory is sound; the practice wretched. Complaints against our present law are either the result of foolish habit or they are genuine. If genuine, as they are believed to be, and based upon sound reason, thj Legislature ought to heed them and make an earnest and early effort to amend and improve our present law upou the subject. It is a notorious fact that since, with­ out exception, in every county in this State, assessors have departed from the rule of law to assess all property at a fair cash value, and have established a person­ al and vacillating policy of their own, by which property is assessed at about what they con­ sider would be "the fair thiny," not only has there been a growing dissatisfaction with the law, but advantage has been taken of the vi­ cious and unlawful practice in vogue under it, to lessen the value of all property, until the annual assessments have become almost dis­ graceful. Among oth< r excuses for low assess­ ments was the standing one--that if a fair as­ sessment in any locality was made, an undue proportion of the taxes collected would go into the State Treasury, because other localities would not make assessments equally fair, and county and municipal taxation was sufficiently burdensome without having to pay an over pro­ portion of State taxes. It, therefore, became an important inquiry if sufficient revenue for State purposes might not be raised from property not of a strictly local character. Could this be done, it might be rea­ sonably inferred that counties and municipal­ ities, relieved from suoh burden, in the man­ agement of their own local affairs would find increased encouragement to change the per­ nicious policy of low assessments with high rates of taxation for the just rtid sensible one of fair cash valuation and low rates of taxation. Twenty years ago it was,believed a board of equalization would cure suoh a state of affairs in regard to assessments as exists to-day, and for a few years such seemed to be the effect. It was soon disoovered, however; that where indi­ viduals made return at the effects at honest val­ uation, and generally others in the same locali­ ty did not, an increase cf the county assessment by th<j Stata Board of Equalization resulted most injuriously to the honest tax-payer. It was not long, under such unjust discrimination, before the whole people came to believe the on­ ly sure method of self-defense would be to fall into the universal custom of low rates of assess­ ment, and come what might they would be as well off as the rest Ineeed, men honest in all other transactions of life have felt obliged in the matter of taxation to protect themselves by evading a fair valuation of their property. Tho moral atmosphere of the whole State will be af­ fected by a system which produces snch re­ sults. It is vicious in the extreme, and if con­ tinued for any great length of time will show its effect in the broader fields of business as well as moral life. It is no answer to say, oneway or another enough money has been raised for all necessary purposes. There are other and graver questions than quantity. There must be fairness, uniformity, and certainty, as well as sufficiency, in any fust system of taxa­ tion. Consideration of tho subject induced the last General Assembly to provide, by joint resolu­ tion, for a commission of twelve men to propose aud frame a revenue code, to be of practical execution, to be just to all classes of property, etc., aud to report the same to the present General Assembly. Under such joint reso­ lution a committee was appointed, com­ posed of able, experienced, and responsi­ ble citizens, familiar with our revenue system and deeply interested in the subject. The com­ mission met and organized at the time provid­ ed in the joint resolution, and diligently ap­ plied themselves to a study of the whole sub­ ject of taxation and revenue, and have further complied with the requirements of their ap­ pointments by submitting a report, which has been made public and laid before the people of the State for such notice aud consideration as they might feel disposed to give to a matter of such gravity aud importance. I invite your serious and earnest attention to the revenue code submitted by tho commission, and to the address which accompanies and is made a part of it. It will be observed the com­ mittee, after a considerate examination of the subject, has recommended and provided, in the code submitted, for many and important changes in our revenue laws. It substantially divorces the §tate from county and all subordi­ nate tax-laying powers for purposes of reve­ nue. It leaves to all such local and subordl- dinate powers ample resources and means of taxation for all the purposes of local self- government. It enlarges and greatly improves the means and instruments for assessing and collecting such local taxes, and provides, as has never been done before by our revenue laws, for more certainly securing a fair casn valua­ tion and assessment of ali property in all local­ ities, and for bringing to light, listing and tax­ ing personal property, credits, shares of stock, and the various evidences of intangible and hidden wealth, and to that extent relieving real estate and visible personal property from the undue proportions such property has heretofore been compelled to bear. Whenever, for purposes of State revenue, the proposed code withdraws from those local powers subjects of taxation, it also, in con­ sideration of such withdrawal, relieves such subordinate localities from contributions of revenue to the State, aud to a larger amount than bus heretofore been received by such subordinate localities in revenue from the sub­ jects of taxation thus withdrawn. I desire in this connection further to call the Bpecial attention of the Legislature to tho pro­ visions of the proposed code looking to the di­ vorcement of the State from local taxation, by providing for the direct payment into the State Treasury of all the" taxes assess­ able, from corporations of a quasi-public char­ acter, and prescribing the method for the ascer­ tainment, levy, and collection of such taxes peculiar to the subjects of taxation to which they apply. Our Constitution (Sec. 1, Art. IX) provides that "The General Assembly shall provide such revenue as may be needful by loving a tax by yalustio!!, so thst -very person corporation shall pay'a tax in proportion to tne value of his, her, or its property--such value to be ascer­ tained by some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner as the General Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise; but the General Assembly shalt have power to tax peddlers, auctioneers, brokers, hawkers, mer­ chants, commission merchants, showmen, jug­ glers, inn keepers, grocery keepers, liquor dealers, toll bridges, ferries, insurance, tele­ graph and express interests or business, venders of patents, and persons or corporations owning or using franchises and privileges, in such manner as it shall from time to time direct by general law, uniform as to the class upon which it operates." By the second clause of the artiole quoted it is manifest that the framers of the Constitu­ tion, with respect to the classes or subjects of taxation therein prescribed, left the Legisla­ ture free of the restraint imposed by the first clause as to tho methods that might be adopted in their taxation. And there does not appear to be any constitutional objection to the adop­ tion of the methods provided by the Commis­ sion, While it has been ascertained that an equitable rule of taxation applied to such cor­ porations would, if the taxes should go directly into the State Treasury, approximate the usual annual expenditures of the State, it is not de­ signed to establish it as a rule or principle that the expenditures of the State must necessarily be met by the revenues derivable from the other sources provided. The designated sub­ jects of taxation, whose taxes are to be applied to State purposes, are to contribute only their fair share of the public burdens ascertained by fixed equitable rules, and if under the applica­ tion of these rules the product in revenue shall be less than the appropriations made by the Legislature shall require,then such deficiency is to be made up by assessments upon the general property of the State; and if the product shall be greater than required, then such excess is to be distributed proportionately to relief of the other assessed property of the State. It will thus be seen that there will be no force to the objection that the scheme contemplates the fixing of all State expenditures upon the dosig- , when it shall be oxtravacantappro- -• Qg same considerations which now toad to tlx •tralnt of extravagant appropriation* will apply with equal force. While I am unprepared to express definite opinions upon aU the details or methods by which the Commission has sought to attain tho •eMral roraltof effecting * separation of state tram local Uxotion, and the further result of freeing tho taxation of railroad property, par­ ticularly, from many of its present objection­ able features, I yet have no hesitation in com­ mending the general results so sought to be ob­ tained. .CMH VALUATION. An important and material feature of the pro­ posed amendments formulated by the Commis­ sion will be found in the provisions requiring the standard of oooh valuation to be observed in its Integrity by assessors, such valuations to be induced not only by stringent penalties upon the assessors, but by revoking the apprehen­ sion of the increase of the amount of taxes to the taxpayer Atom such increased valuation, by a restriction at tho rates ot taxation to corres­ pond with suoh Increase of valuation, and by removing all cause of apprehension through tho removal of State taxation, that full valuations might subject localities to a disproportionate share of State burdens through l«ch<'s of other localities to enforce like full valuations. The adoption of low rates would of itself force full valuations, as otherwise the necessary local revenues could not be raised, nnd as the taxes ther-.-by raised would be applied oulv to the benefit of localities paying the taxes' the i n- forcement of tho rule could not be obnoxious to objections heretofore prevailing to prevent such valuations. It seems to mo very clear that the law requir­ ing cash valuations should be either enforced or repealed, and, it it is thought that approxi­ mately cash valuation cannot be enforced, I would recommend that this requirement as it stands in tho revenue law be totally repouL d, and such a standard for valuation be legalized as will nearest conform with tho practice of as­ sessors in that regard. A further important feature ot the work of the Commission will be found in the provisions looking to the assessments for county and mu­ nicipal purposes to be made by a county as­ sessor elected by the people for a term of four years, and to whom Shall be committed the as­ sessment of all local corporations (exclusive of those whose taxes are to ̂ o into the St»,te Treas­ ury) as well as the other general property of the county. There is weight in the considera­ tion that a county assessor, with ample time and opportunity for investigating the taxables of local corporations, would, in all probability, make better and more reliable assessments than can be made, as now, by a board sitting at the capital, and who are strangers to the localities in which the property is situated. I commend to your favorable consideration the provisions tending to increase the efficiency of the office of assessor bv requiring more time and care for his work; providing him with bet­ ter facilities for ascertaining values, and giving better pay for his work. The sub­ stitution ot a county assessor, elected by the whole people of the county, and thus under equal obligation to do eqnal justice to all parts of his county, would obviate the evil growing out Of the comparative race between town assessors to make their assessments lower than that of their neighbors. To the tax-payers of a county tho office of assessor should be con­ sidered by far the most important in the county, and the position by right should command the services of the moot competent, judicious, and experienced of its business citizens. PENITBNTXABIt 8. It is not deemed necessary to transfer to this message the detail of. information contained In the reports of the Commissioners, Wardens, etc., of the respective penitentiaries, since these reports will doubtless receive the careful atten­ tion their importance demands. It will be noticed tbe prison at Joliet contin­ ues self-supporting. In addition to necessary and permanent expenses, the Commissioners were able, out of receipts from contract labor, to make many needful repairs and improve­ ments on and about the buildings and grounds, without impairing the fifty thousand dol­ lar contingent fund. The discipline and health of the convicts have been maintained at the highest standard. No appropriation is asked further than tho re appropriation of tho 850,000 contingent fund, as a precaution against possi­ ble but unknown emergencies, and a sufficient fund to construct a chapel r.nd school building. I believe you will find the reasons given for both sufficient to justify favorable consideration and action. The adoption of the oonstitutional'amendment at the last general election in our State, pro­ hibits tbe Commissioners of Penitentiaries, or other reformatory institutions, from letting by contract the labor of any convict confined with­ in such institutions. This radical departure from the existing contract system will im­ pose upon your honorable bodies the neces­ sity of providing by law how the labor of the convicts in our prisons and reformat tries shall be utilized so as not to become a standing charge upon the Treasury ot the State. Either such criminals are to be hereafter supported in all respects as criminals in civilized nations, with due regard to the moral and Christian sen­ timents of the age in which we live, in idleness, or they are, instead of becoming a charge upon taxes collected from honest people, to be made self-supporting. In August, lts87, 267 convicts at Joliet will be discharged from convict labor under the amend­ ment. Other oxistin* ocntracts for convict labor will not in that prison expire before an­ other meeting of the General Assembly. Con­ tracts for the labor of 406 convicts at Chester (the whole number under contract at that pris- om will not expire before the meeting of the next General Assembly. Should existing contracts continue and hold good, provision will have for the present to be made only for the excess of convicts in both prisons over demands for the same under existing contracts. The number may bs large or Biuall in either, as various and unknown circumstances may determine. It is of course impossible to foresee what such num­ ber to be provided for may be. It would seem therefore to result, that something like a con­ sistent and well-defined plan or system ought to be provided before the adjournment of the present sesaion, to meet such expected contin­ gency. It will not do to adjourn and leave the State without a plan aud without means to meet conditions liable to arise at any moment of such serious import as not unlikely to cause an extra Bession of the General Aesembly, if such plan, system, or appropriations shall not be available to meet such expected crisis. If there is any substantial distinction between the contract and the piece price plan, so far as the product of either is to be considered as com­ ing in conflict with outside skilled labor, and to be considered injurious and detrimental to such labor. 1 fail to recognize it. In one instanee the contractor provides the plant and material, in the other the State may do so, but in either case the product of convict labor is put upon the market, not by the State directly, but by the contractor, eitherof the convict labor by which it was made, or of the material after its com­ pletion in the prison by convict labor. It is not believed the piece price plan has received suffi­ cient recognition to commend it to universal cr even partial acceptance as a substitute for either the contract or State account system. As the contract labor plan is prohibited posi­ tively, and the piece price plan substantially, by the late constitutional amendment, it would seem the State account is the only remaining tangible and available system to be considered. The whole subject is beset with no inconsiderable difficulty, and will require the patient and considerate attention of the Legislature for satisfactory solution. I do not believe the people will endure for any great length of time any tentative or puerile system, or one which will be considered as excusing idleness in convicts, or great expense to the State. In any event large appropriations seem indispensable to inaugurate any new scheme. The fault of the lost attempt of the State to run competitor in the field of trade and commerce with individual enterprise for the sale of i(s manufactured products, it must equip itself with abundance of means to meet every contingency of trade, as every other manufacturer is obliged to do, or recon­ cile itself to constant and very considerable annual loss. Even under the most favorable management, it is gravely to be doubted if the State account plan can ever be made self-sustaining. The different views prevalent in the public mind as to definite, in­ definite or indeterminate sentences, conditional liberation or discharge from piison on parole, the separation of the young and unpracticed froza the olu wad hardened criminals, and other kindred and undefined ideas, will doubtless be brought to your attention one way or another. I leave for the present this vast and inviting field to the investigating and inquiring mind of the moralist and legislator, who may find time and iuclin&tion to give patient examination to these interesting and worthy subjects of thought and inquiry. LIVE STOCK COMMISSION". The wisdom of the last Legislattm in creat­ ing a Board of Live Stock Commissioners has been amply vindicated The live stock interest of the HtoJteis so vast and of such immense value, it seems high time to give to it tho attention and protection of judicious legislation. Contagious or epidemic diseases, unless carefully looked after and provided against, may at any time inflict incalculable injury and loss u]»on this great industry. The ample police powers of the State afford a sound basin upon which to fix all needful self-protecting legislation, oven tuough in the interest of the general welfare of the Stato it may seem to grate harshly upon individual interests. It will not do to suffer fatal contagious diseases to find permanent lodgment within the borders of the State, if by prudent fore­ cast and sound and just laws such calamity may be avoided, or if not entirely avoided, so regulated, restrained and confined as not to spread to any seriously injurious extent, Timely appropriation of money, though seem­ ing large, wisely expended under prudent and gron tho sadstence of the «Megrio disease. Dealers in Hve-etoek ore loath ta admit that dis- oasjs exists at any time, and especially such to know more, about suoh fatal diseases, and as a general rule are willing to sacrifices to moot and desl with them- Shs evidences ?"£iait*ed In the supplemental import establish' I think, beyond reasonable qaMHon, that oon- Ug ous ph uro paei mTni* t xists today in Cook County; that it has prevailed there since Fop- tember last to an alarn lng extent; that it has been imported n'o this State from oitt de sou roes; that it did not ori inate here, and that many other Stat-s and Territories, •aklng alarm from its existence hir \ have taken the usual steps in such cases to fortify against its introduction into their territories, nnd to that extent have limited and embar- rassed the livestock trade in this Stato. It is plain enough sueh trade has been most injuri­ ously affected here. It would seem to result as a dictate of com­ mon prudence thnt our Stato ought to take tno' earliest practical steps to eradicate the disease and to restore this valuable trade to our people. Chicago is the center of the live stock--certain­ ly of the cattle and pork trade of tli - wor d. Every reasonable i ncouragement should lw» given to support and sustain that great cential market. I do not doubt but that as a matter of safety and precaution it would be proper to make the appropriation of S^KJ.OO > sucsested by the Live Stock Board. It is of course nn le stood such appropriation is to be con litional and con­ tingent, not to be drawn against except upon unforeseen conditions which may sriso to make su h appropriation needful ami indinj ens a >le. The mode of appraisement of stock should be more clearly defined. The power to establish end maintain quarantine, and to prescribe ref ­ lations in relation to "the saute, ami the extent of territory to be included within fixed limits for such purpose, should be clearly defined. In view of the several suggestions submitted by tho Board a careful review and rec< nsi 'erati< n of all laws upou the subject would be most ex­ pedient. I respectfully recommend that - appropriation be made to pay the Commissioners a reason­ able compensation for ths timo actually givm by each of them to the performance of tue deli­ cate and perplexing duties required of them by law. BOI.DIEB8' HOME. The act of 1985 for the establishment of tbe Soldiers' and Sailors' Heme has been carried into full effect. The Commissioners appoint nl under the act selected e site for the home in Adams County, near the city of Quincy, on the bank of the Mississippi Itiver; a beautiful and commanding location well adapted in everv re­ spect for a home. The building will be ready for occupancy as soon as appropriations shall be made for th» care and support of the worthy oblects of this State benefaction. The report of the trustees gives information in detail upon all matters .con­ nected with the subject. Provision is mode for the comfortable accommodation of 'AM, and temporary accommodations cau be provided tor about 150 additional inmates. ILLINOIS AXD MICHIGAN CANAL. The Illinois and Michigan Canal continues still to be the property of the State. The gen­ erous offer of this valuable commercial artrry of trade by the people of the Stato has not been accepted by the United States thus far It continues to have a fair share of the car­ rying trade of our country, and contributes largely toward the regulation and cheapen­ ing of railroad transportation. It greatly benefits the region of country penetrate,I l>y it' in this respect, and, although the minimum ot tolls has been about reached, it still continues to afford revenue sufficient from its earnings to relieve tho State Treasury from all charge on account of necessary maintenanc e and repairs. For the year just closed the receipts from the canal and river show a balance over all expenditures of S">(\ >47.'25. Notwithstanding this creditable showing the Commissioners ask and I recommend that the usual annual contingent fund be appropriated as a safeguard against unforeseen and not im­ possible contingencies. educational institutions. • The report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction embodies all the informa­ tion necessary to a full understanding of our free school system. The University of Illinois continues substan­ tially to meet the hopes and purposes of its establishment as a State institution of learn­ ing. It may not be practical to carrv into full effect tho extravagant expectations of its earlier and more enthusiastic friends. It was never intended, as some crudely supposed, to become a school for farmers and mechanics. It is only intended to teach branches of learning akin, and as nearly as possible rel .ted, to these prac­ tical industries. This it does most faithfullvf and, besides, encournges the pursuit bf knowledge in all other departments o, learning. If properly sustained, I see no rea­ son why it may not at an early day become really a university in all respects honorable to the State and to the friendly public opinion which supports it. The State and Southern Normal Universities present evidences of substantial usefulness as institutions of learning. Both are adding to the army of teachers so needful to the j o<ith of tbe State, fulfilling to some extent, in this rc- spect, the purpose of their creation. The Southern Normal will in a few days be comfortably re-established in the new building erected upon the foundation of the old oue de­ stroyed by fire in November, lt)83; and, what is moot gratifying, is in a more flourishing condi­ tion than over before, notwithstanding the many discouragements encountered after the disas­ trous fire which drove faculty and students out in early winter. Under the judicious manage­ ment of the Board of Trustees, the appropria­ tion of the last General Assembly lias been found sufficient to complete and f utnish the new school building. department of agbioultcke. Agriculture is the favorite pursuit of our peo­ ple. It will always command attention from any department of the State Government, The recommendations and suggestions of the Agri­ cultural Board will, from their conservative character, enlist your favorable consideration. I will favor increased appropriations for extend­ ing the benefits both of agriculture and horti­ culture, whenever in your judgment suoh appro­ priations become necessary. RAILltOAl) AND WAUKHOUSK COMMISSION. Under the intelligent and efficient manage­ ment of the liailroa.d and Warehouse Commis­ sion the laws applicable to and c ntrolling th > railronds, State inspection of grain aud ware­ housing systems have been made completely effective. No complaints are made ot railroad extortion; none of unfair or impartial inspection of grain, and the few instances where complaints aro mads of unjust discrimination were all settled without the expense or delay cf lawsuits. The authority of ttie t-.tate is fully recognized by railroad companies; a better and more har­ monious feeling exists between such corpora­ tions and the commission than ever before. Even where "pooling" is resorted to, the rateB fixed are always below the maximum rates fixed by tbe Commission. The suit pending iu the Supreme Court between the Stale and the O. & M. K. R., involving new but interesting questions arising under our railroad legislation, In which the Commission is seeking to enfor e the full vigor of the law as to the power of the State to control, not only rates, but tbe man­ agement of such corporations to a greater ex­ tent than has ever been attempted before, will probably be dt-elded before your final ad­ journment. The financial condition of the State will al­ ways be found by an examination in detail of the reports of the Auditor of Public Accounts and tue State Treasurer. I herewith submit a general statement of the receipts and expendi­ tures for the last two years, with estimates of appropriations for the years 1887 and lti88. KKCKIFTS AND DIBBUBSKMENT8. The amount of all funds in the State Treasury Oct. 1, 18H4, was as follows: General He venue Fund .$3,127,960.67 State School Fund lSi.2aj.61 Delinquent Land Tax Fund >31.0# .-r -i>' Unknown and Minor Heirs'Fund M8J.41.' . Local Bond Funds 679,600.93 lawful regulations will doubtless avoid in the end large sums to care evils which may be re­ strained, it not wholly eradicated; by prompt action. You will notice in the annual report of the Board that prior to September last" it was thought contagious pleuro pneumonia had en­ tirely disappeared from the State. The supple­ mental rnport, however, discloses an alarming state of aftai- s in connection with that pest. The Board, with the means at hand, has dealt vigorously with the disease, and seem again to have it under control. Large expendi­ ture of money became necessary to meet the critical conditions which have existed from Septeniber up to tbe present time. The Board had to contend with a mixed public opinion upon the question of tho contagious character, WNSTHRTW. For Illinois State Normal Univer­ sity, for current expenses, includ­ ing one-half interest on college and seminary fund 43,000.00 For University of Illinois, for ord­ inary expenses and salaries 41,060.00 For ordinary expenses and mainte­ nance of inmates of four State Hospitals for the Insane, the Deaf and Dumb, Blind and Foeble- Minded Asylums, the Soldiers' nri.bHiis' Home, the Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, State Re­ form School and Soldiers' aad Bailors' Home . 2,000,000.00 For State school purposes 8,000,0^0.00 Estimates of contingent appropriations-- For Illinois btate Penitentiary <60.000 For Southern Penitentiary 10.0J0 For Illinois and Michigan Canal 40,030 For State Board of Health 40,000 For Illinois National Guard 50,000 For Board of Live Stock Commissioners. 200,000 The death of General John A. Logan, Decem­ ber 2U, 1886, United States Senator from this State, creatcs a vacancy in tbe Representation from this State in the Senate of the United States. It will become the duty of the present General Assembly, under the laws of the United States, to elect a Senator to fill such vacancy. The death of that distinguished oitizen, pa­ triot. soldier and statesman, honored and loved by his comrades aud countrymen, casts a gloom over the entire country! His eminent services justly entitle his name to official rec­ ognition, and an honored place in the memory and affections of a grateful and admiring peo­ ple. In conclusion, gentlemen, allow me to express the hope that our joint labors may be product­ ive of substantial and lasting good to the people of the State. The powers briefly intrusted to our care are of the gravest character, and de­ mand the exercise of the greatest caution aud prudence in their execution. KICHABO J. OGLE8BY. Spbingfield, Jan. 6,1887. THE one place in the country where the most railroad trains pass is said to be the Union Depot, Elizabeth, X. J. A man was pat on for ihe purpose last week, and counted up 3,^5 as the total, and in one day of twenty-four hours, 600. It is « crossing at the street level, too. IT Is a very easy thing fig fe aum to be wise for other people. Solemn 8cenM at the Ftmeral ' of ln ̂ aior Logan in the Senate Chamber. > - the of a Be*. Br. Hemaaa's Eloqaeat Ealegy. Tke ttwmafai Intoned in Seek Oemeteiy and a Quard Plaoed Over Them. mm,: «*N jrtiaomn, sport Qk* a Bio crfeC wm voteraia. Hi* m tain on era. He i mirroring the ovetbaaffcas Mtae* banks. Hie agttottaM were HkO: rents, leafiiag, doiMaii tbandoc) mo placid tfiat a little oblid might sacT thereon, but wften agtlated tte groat doop was tnmbled, tbe heavens growled, tfrirflftT tmror ed thundaff. Tho etbotval Iroo gbttUM and "™£3SA SL .liVl <(7 . « \ ' *> « • r." •! v. »'-X „ Solemn and impressive funeral sarvtoes over the remains or Senator Logan were bold tn the Benate Chamber at Washington on the last day of the year. There was a great throng of people present. The Rev. Sr. Newman preached the funeral sermon. The President was not able to attend, but Mrs. Cleveland was present, as well as the members of the Cabinet and their wives. All the branches of the Government were rep­ resented. Among the pall-bearers were Gen­ eral Sherman, Roscoe Conk]ing. Postmaster Gen­ eral Vilas, Fred D. Grant, and Senator Stanford. To the bugler's soft good-night strain. Just as darkness was gathering, the remoino of the civilian soldier were consigned to the vault, un­ der a guard of army comrades, by the family of Gen. l AigB.il, It was a soldier's burial, but with­ out the pageantry of war. The cemetery which had been chosen for temporary interment lies under the shadow of the Soldiers' Home. Thither the casket was borne, under military escort, from the Capitol down the broad avenue through which one summer's day more than twenty years ago Gen. Ix>gan had led 6U.G03 men. fresh from the field of war, to their final dls- bandment. After th» honors due General Lo­ gon's public career had been rendered in the chamber where he sat for fourteen years as a Senator from Illinois, about the vault in Bock Creek Cemetery gathered the official represen­ tatives of that State, Governor Oglesbv and staff. With these mingled Congressional repre­ sentatives--not alone from Illinois but from every part of the Union--as well as those from other branches of the Government, the Cabinet, the judiciary, the army, and the navy. There, too, gathered brothers in Masonic ties and tho HO in whose presence was reflected the sorrow of the great mass of the private citizens of Gen. Logan's city and State. More impressive than all was the mingling of the tears ot the old soldier comrades with the tears of the be- reaved family. As the funeral cortege wound its way through the snow-covered mounds of the beautiful cemetery the air was filled with sleet, and rain, and snow. About the white marble vault in which were to be placed the remains had been banked countless flower emblems. Standing near the head of the casket. De­ partment Chaplain Swallow began to read the burial service of the Grand Army of the Re­ public. The scene was very impressive. Sur­ rounding the casket stood members of the Cabinet, Senators, Representatives, army offi­ cers of high rank, and grwy-haired veterans of the war, with uncovered heads, while in a low but distinct voice the chaplain read the simple but solemn service. When he had flhished, Bev, Dr. Newman stepped forward and, in an impressive man­ ner, delivered the Lord's prayer, and concluded with the benediction. The band be­ gan to play softly as the pall-bearers stepped forward and bore the casket into the vault. Sounds of lamentation were heard from the mourners' carriage. A trumpeter standing at the entrance of the tomb raised the instrument to his lips and broke the dead silence with "taps'" (lights out). The casket was then uncov­ ered. and some of tbe dead Senator's relatives and friends passed through the entrance and took a last look at his features. Af­ ter a few moments the cover was re­ placed, and tho case inclosing the casket fastened with thumb-screws. Meanwhile many military organizations had taken up their home­ ward march, the carriages following rapidly, with the exception of that occupied by Mrs. Logan and her son, which remained long enough to enable her to give some directions to Deputy Sergeant-at-arms Christie regarding the dispo­ sition of some of the flowers. The remainder of the floral decorations were then conveyed to the tomb, completely covering the casket, tho key grated in the iron door, and tho illustrious dead was left in solitude. After the ceremonies at the tomb were over Deputy Sergeant-ata-rms Christie called upon Gen. Hunt, governor of the Soldiers' Home, and suggested the propriety of having a guard of honor over the remains. Gon. Hunt at once called for volunteers from the residents of the home, and in short time a number of the vet­ erans responded to the invitation. The volun­ teer guard will be maintained day and night in two-hour watches until a force of regular sol­ diers is detailed for guard duty by the Secre­ tary of War. On the day of the funeral Bolemn memorial meetings were held by citizens and Grand Armv posts at various places throughout the country, Logan's Character Knlogised. [Extract from Rev. Dr. Newman's funeral ora­ tion.] Some men have the Sower of language; Logan had the flower of thought He had the elo­ quence of logic, and could raise metaphor into argument. He resembled not so much the beau­ tiful river whose broad stream winds through rich and varied scenery, but that jrhioh cuts a deep and rapid channel through rugged rocks and frowning wilds, leaving the impress of its power on the land through which it passes, which but for it would remain desolate and barren. His was not the music of the organ, with its varied stops and mingling har­ monies, but rather the sound of the trumpet, waxing louder and louder, piercing tbe caverns of the eiirth and resounding through the enolr- cling heavens. It is a venerable saying ot Borip- ture that the "dny of a man's death is better than the day of his birth." When, in the still­ ness of the holy Sabbath, his noble soul left our 'presence, Logan was the foremost statesman of the mighty West, and herealter, and forever, Il­ linois will have her illustrious trinity of nation­ al greatness : Lincoln, greatest of statesmen; Grant, greatest of professional soldiers; Logan, greatest of volunteer Generals produced by this country. But wherein consists that strange charm of his personality that falls upou our spirits to-day like a holy enchantment? Whence tho magio spell of his presence'! Whence the searet of the power of that one life upon 50,00j,000 ot people 1 Is it sufficient to say that his parentage was honorable; that his intellect was rich in its acquired treasures; that he was ttie foremost statesman of the West? Is it sufficient to say that he was a great soldier, who proved himself equal to every command; that he was never defeated; that he defeated defeat and achieved victory when all seemed loot; that from Belmont to Atlanta, and from Savannah to when, at the head of the victorious Army of the Tennessee, he marched through the ave­ nues of the capital ot a redeemed country, he gave evidences of bio martial prowess? We must look deeper and search with keener in­ sight for the secret of his immense power over his cotintrv. His was a changeless sincerity. He was never in masquerade. He woo trans­ parent to a fault. He had a window in his heart. He was never in disguise. He was as you saw him. Never did geometrician bring proposition and demonstration in closer proximity than was the correspondence between Logan's character and his aupearance. He was Logan every time. His woe the soul of honor. Ho had an innate contempt for everything low, mean, Intriguing. He waa an open and an honorable foe. He had a triple courage, which imparted to him im­ mense strength. His physical bravery knew no fear. His moral heroism was sublime. But above these was the courage of his in­ tellect. Some men have brave souls in cowardly bodies. The cheek of others is never blanched by physical danger, but few rise to the highest form of courage. Logan never committed treason against his intel­ lect. He thought for himself and spoke what he thought. He was loyal to his own conclusion. Friendship could not deter him ; enemies could not make him afraid. A great name could not daunt him. He bad more caution than was ac- nrnrded to him; hnt. it w« the oaution s£ intel­ lectual courage. He was the soul of honesty. He lived in times of great corruption, when the otrongest men of both parties fell, either blasted by public exposure or by ignorant denuncia­ tion. But Logan was untouched. He was above suspicion. The smell of fire was not on his garments. Others made fortunes out of the blood ot their country, but after five years in war and twenty-five "years in Congres­ sional life Logan was poor in purse but rich in a good name, To his only son, who bears the image and name of his honored father, he could have left ill-gotten fortune, but he left him that which is far above rubieB. Like Aristides, Logan can say : "These hands are clean." He had a self-abnegation which asked no other reward than the conscious­ ness of duty done. Loyalty to duty was his standard of manhood. When another was appointed to the command which his merits and victories entitled him to have he did not sulk in his tent of diBapointment, but fought on for the cause which was deurer than promotion. When duty demanded the exposure of corruption in his own party he preferred his country to partisan ties. When he was convinc­ ed that a distinguished officer was unworthy of a nation's confidence he did not hesitate to incur the displeasure of friends and the de­ nunciation of enemies. When In 186U his friends in Illinois urged him to leave the army and re­ enter Congress he made this rephfci- "So.; I am a soldier of this republic, so to refaain change­ less and immutable until her last and weakest enemy shall have expired aud passed away. I have entered the field, to die if need be for this Government, aud never expect to return to peaceful pursuits until the o >ject of this war of preservation has become a fact established. Should fate so ordain it I will esteem it aa the highest privilege a just dispenser can award t# sheil the last drop of blood in my veine for the honor of that flau; whose emblems are justice, liberty, and truth, and which has been, and, aa I humbly trust in God, ever will be for the right" There were times when his ardent tempera­ ment mastered his self-control. He was a sensi­ tive, high-spirited, ohivalric soul. He had pride of character, and power of passion. He knew his power, but he was a stranger to vanity. His passionate nature was intense. His emotional ijwoa storm. This io the key to the wannth «| Ma friendship and tbo bitterness of bis enmity. , logsa'i Courtship nnd Marriage. ; , i [Murphysboro (111.) Cor. Chicago Tribune .̂, , .Mrs. Logon ioawomanof national note,and this not only beoonooof her being tbe info of the distinguished General, but more bone use of her own wonderful ta)onts tasbasiagand forwarding the aims of her kUtsaL Mrs. Mary Stmmeroon Logan, the otfirt child at Cap4. John M. Cunningham, waa boctt |n 1*QS. Her parents moved from Bocta* Ceoaity, Ifia- oonri, to Williamson County, IWnoia, Whett aha woo but fifteen months old. and settlad in Marlon. Here other children wars bm tsGni Cunningham. Next to Mary was ™Tr*T***'T When Hannah grew up she martM 11 «X Campbell, one of a prominent family e< early settlers. Hannah died early intteWk, and Mr. Campbell subsequently married fljftwis, a younger sister, who U his prooout Wife. Mr. Campbell owns a flourishing store in IhHoo, IU, and has a comfortable dwelling-hpaso a few doors off. The present Mrs- CamjAell la ten years younger than he* sister, tb*, Logan, and is a slight end graoefal little woman. Mr. Campbell it sturdy and intelligent, a successflu businoso farmer, and an active Democratic When John-General Logan, I met sister Mary" said Mrs. Campbell, tn th* course of a chat, "John woo about j®, Ond slster u little thing of 7 cr 8. It was at tbe timet John was going with father to the Mexican war. Ton see, father hod been Sheriff erf tbis oounty sev­ eral years, and was Representative in tho Legis­ lature in ISM and l§*S, or thereabouts ̂ He woe well acquainted with Alexander JUL Jankina. who b ad been in the Legislature, also," and who was a very prominent lawyer. Mx. Jenkins was voung Logans uncle. John had tried to enlist for the Mexican war in his r own oounty--Jackson County-- but the company was made up without wm, Then he raised some men himoolf and got a letter from his uncle, Mr. Jenkins, to my father, Cnpt. Cunningham, who was raising a company here in Williamson County. Father had sorved in the Black Hawk war, and when tho call came for troops for Mexioo ho at onoe est to work. Capt Hamr in the Black company in this county, Williamson County having promised two companies. Father had his company filled when John got bore, but Capt. Hampton had only forty-three men. In the loner John had Mr. Jenkins asked father to get John a Captaincy if poeoible, and in any case to do what ho could for him. John had thirty- seven men with him--all young fellows lika himself whom he had gathered in Jack son County. Father said it would not look wall ta give John the post of Captain--John woo a strip­ ling of 19, and quite slender and young-looking-- because he was too young, ana that Captain Hampton, who wss on old soldier, should have the post, It was then agreed that John's thtitr- seven men should go into Cut. Hampton's com­ pany and John be made First Lieutenant. Sla­ ter Mary, who, I say, was then a little thing of 7 or 8, was wonderfully bright, and father was terribly proud of her. She woo tbo smartest girl at the school. While the comnaniea were getting ready to march John stopped sometimes at father's and sometimes at Mr. Campbell's. One day father had Mary on hife knee when John oame in, and father says, in tbo joking way he had: 'John, if you distinguish yourself In the war, I don't know but what FB let you marry Mary here.' Some jokes passed about Mary being John Logan's sweetheart, and some months later, when fathor and John «va uv mm vuoo ivv w Hampton, who had alio fought Hawk war, waa also raising a were with their regiment in Mexico, and fath got a letter from Mary, ho gave it to John to read, saying; 'Here's a letter from yoor sweet heart, John.' "Father and John wore mustered oat together in 1817," continued Mrs Campbell. "John went to studying law, and father, who had 1 his very poor by the war. soon afterward went to California to dig for gold--that was the time of the gold fever. While father was gone Mary was a great help to mother, helping her ta sup­ port the family. Mary did the household wcrt and helped tbe neighbors, and sewed at night and attended school daytime--and though only nine or ten years old. was the best worker over was. Father came back from California no better off than when ha Wont away, but soon afterward was appointed Kegis- trar of the Land Office at Sbaw- neetowu. We moved there in IWt Meantime John had been made Prosecuting Attorney, and moved to Benton about tho sams timo we wont to Shawnee town. An old friend of John's, Sam­ uel K. Casey, lived at Benton, urf lnduced John to go there so as to be near.ttte eentor Judicial district, John used to ocsno to noetowtt' always only " and i istnur. In vent I buttta) where and i two ftai. saw In this oi stay long if she had marry Vacations of business Probably ho be was at h< when John you promised you will be ' marry her.' father's eye, rlage anynow J o h n , a n d a s ' youiu 'anted •»w. -»o .vyjnxnww to marry M wedding came off within three months. corot circuit and 1 gusso Mary, though she was was Clerk of tbe Court beolde Land Ofice Reg- " him in his writing. to St. Vinoont Con- were all Protestants, place in the country advanced education-- convent 1 think She might hava t got lovesiek. I Mary gradaatad at didn't She didnt Id have graduated was in a hurry to t saw her daring had a good desl an thooe times, i Shawneetown as Mary was one day: 1 "ary, ana I word. I want to was tho^avptoot "They wore married at father's \ ] Shawneetown. W. J. Allen, known s Allen, and now as Judge Allen, who moved to Springfield a couple of years ago, and who waa John's partner in the law business for a white, was best man, and Miss Ann Hall, now . Dobbs of Mount Vernon, was bride maid." The Cause of Gen. Logan's Death. - • . [From tho Medical Reoord.] The case of the late. Gen. Logan apposro to bo one of those rare ones in which acute rhea- matism causes a ranid and fatal Issue. On Dee. IS Dr. J. H. Baxter of Washington, D. C , waa oalled (o see him, and found him suffering ftrom acute rheumatism, involving the right wrist He improved until the 17th, when he had a relapse, the hips, ankles, feet, and both wrists becoming involved. Brain symp­ toms also appeared as this time. Atbough iheie was some temporary Improvement on the Slst and SU, the symptoms on the whole beoame gradually more severe, tbe intervals of fall ooaaoioasness shorter, until early on tho morn­ ing of I?ec. 26, when he became comatooe. Ha died twelve hours later. Tbo cerebral symp­ toms wore those of congestion of tho brain. Acnto rheumatism u so rarely a cause of death that some complication is expected aad almost always found in fatal cases. When death does ocour it is, as a rule, with cerebral symp­ toms, as was tbe case with Senator Logan. Such symptoms are most liable to develop in persona whose nervous system has been subjected to tremendous straina to tho toxic effects of nar­ cotics and stimulants. No doubt tbe ex­ hausting political and literary labors of the de­ ceased had made it possible for the rheumatto poison to attack and paralyze his nervous cen­ ters, thus bringing to a fatal issue a disease that ih97 per cent of eaoes is perfectly'ftaa tWK danger to life. V Convicts' Wbims. "The boys adopt various methods for passing away the time," remarked a ^nSvII vsssvva. vmvaou ww ciuit who with three other prisoners escaped from the institution last summer by scaling the roof of the south wing, bat was captured, has hit upon an idea which apparently interests aim greatly. He is imitating Harry Janninga, anvl is raising rats. He has got about half a dozen at present. It is to see him as he passes to and from nis oell to the shop where the men stftj during the. day. His rodent companions, which are quite large, put their heads out of his pockets, and if there is no one very near they will run up on his shouldar and even on the top of his head. Thej are very tame, and seem to affection* ately regard the convict, who is certaiB* ly proud of his pets. He is learning them to perform several interesting feats. "When Harry Jennings was a resi­ dent at the institution, nttder Warden Haynee, he bred mice, and had at one time in the cellar, under the clerk's office, about four hundred of thee* little creatures, some of which were white,, some black, some brown, and some a mixture of these colors. De­ scendants of Jennings' mice are quite numerous in the prison, not a lev ot the convicts having one or two speci­ mens. The men en oy the companion­ ship of these vermin, and prise thest highly. The prisoners, however, who . are the fortunate possessore of «aw birds do not take kind ly to the miei* Boston Glob*, y. A' > < > / . . • * ' J V . I m . . . . . . , • / WW f