The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

mm Hi ': w r-vi^ m?-. I im 3ll>£ 7tQZJJ3&rr CQCD1QO m&tzs vrrHour imcwjiŝ A iocofforrvE BZNr vaxxsAr apjtmsvi? or 7*mtzr 3HXIT --is*. **?•* •ift: • r HH credit for discovering the metallic element vanadium, al-. . most, but not quite, belongs to Andres Manuel Del Rio, professor of mineralogy in the Royal School of Mines of the City of Mexico. The honor would be wholly his had he not himself, repudiated his own discovery. Del Rio was born in Madrid, November 10, 1764, and graduated from the University of Alcala de Henares in 1780. On account of his extraordinary aptitude in the natural sciences, and particularly In chemistry, he was pensioned and sent by the government to study in Germany, France, apd Eng­ land. He spent about twelve years in those coun­ tries, principally in the study of mineralogy and mining, and was associated with the leading scien­ tists, among others Lavoisier. After his return to Spain he was named, in 1794, by royal order as one of the group of professors to establish the Royal School of Mines in Mexico City. The royal order named Del Rio as professor of chemistry, ' but on his request this was changed to mineralogy. • The school was opened in April, 1795. In 1820 Del Rio was sent as deputy to the Spanish Cortes, where he championed the cause of Mexican inde- * pendence. He returned to Mexico in 1824, but ih 1829 on the expulsion of the Spaniards he went to the United States. He afterwards returned, and died in the City of Mexico on May 23, 1849. The district of Andres Del Rio, in the state of Chihua­ hua, where the city of Batopilas and the mines of the same name are located, is called after the dis­ tinguished scientist. In 1801 Prof. Del Rio in examining some brown lead ores from the mines of Zimapan, in what is now the state of Hidalgo, believed that he had dis­ covered a new element different from chromium and uranium and this he named erithronium. It was in reality what we now know as vanadium. The discovery was a-genuine one, and had the matter rested there the name that Del Rio gave the new element would have been its name now, and he would have been the undisputed discoverer thereof. But unfortunately the Mexican professor was a little too much under the glamour of the French school, and so wfren Collet Descostils pub­ lished an article in which he stated that Del Rio's erithronium was nothing more than impure chro­ mium Del Rio accepted the French professor's judgment and in the Anales de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid in 1804 disavowed his former claim of discovery and stated that the substance was a lead chromate. Del Rio had been right and the French school wrong, for the element does not even belong in the chromium group. So the mat­ ter rested until in 1830 the Swedish scientist, N. G. Sefstroem, rediscovered the element among the slags of the Taberg iron ores and named It vanadium, which name it still bears. It is some­ times Btated that the name chosen by Sefstroem was in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vana- dls. This is not strictly correct. In the Norse mythology the gods were divided into two stocks, Aesir and Vanlr, or Asa and Vana. Njoerd. Frey and Freyja were of the stock Vanir, hence Vanadis. The word may be taken as the sur­ name of a number of gods and goddesses, al­ though perhaps most often used in connection with Freyja, the Norse Venus. Neither Del Rio nor Sefstroem, nor later Ber- zelius, obtained the pure element, although Ber- zelius published what he thought to be its atomic weight, 137 and the formlae for its oxides. The English chemist, Sir Henry E. Roscoe, in 1868 demonstrated that Berzelius was incorrect; that* he and other prior investigators had dealt with nitrides or oxides of the element; and that in­ stead of belonging to the chromium group of elements vanadium should be placed in the group with arsenic and phosphorus. Vanadium is a silver-white metal and readily oxidized. It has an atomic weight of 51.2, Is nonmagnetic, has a very high electrical resis­ tivity, and melts at about 1,680 degrees C. It is one of the most difficultly reduced and hardest of the metallic elements. Fortunately for Its use in the arts, it is not necessary to reduce the metal to its pure state. Such a reduction would be too costly. It can be reduced, however, quite easily as an alloy, particularly as an alloy of iron, ferrovanadium, containing approximately one part of vanadium and two parts of iron. Again, fortunately, this alloy has a melting point 1,300 degree C. to 1.340 degrees C., sufficiently low to further alloy with molten steal, which would be difficult in the pure vanadium having a melt­ ing: point over 300 degrees C. higher. Vanadium is one of the most widely dissemi­ nated of all the elements, although commercially available deposits are comparatively rare, ft is found in most of the rocks, in clays and shales, and in the ashes of plants. In addition to Mex­ ico, where it was first discovered, vanadium has been found in Colorado, Utah, Oklahoma. Ne­ vada, New Mexico, and other parts of the United States; in Peru, Sweden, Australia, Spain, Eng­ land, Turkestan, Chili and Argentina. The chief ores from which vanadium Is or may be derived are patronite, carnotite. roscoe- lite, vanadinte wad asphaltite. Coal is a source of vanadium. Ash from the Rock vale Colorado coal gave 27 per cent vanadium oxido. Coal from the Mendosa district in Argentina contains about Ave pounds of vanadic acid per ton. It Is .TV. Tuzmzz. ap£/Yura on /TAIN vgyjv PACKING CUV? FVR 77tAIf$PORT' TO TKg .. xailuvot* called rafaelite. At Talcuna, in the province of Coquimbo in Chill, vanadium is found as a yeHow earth in connection with copper ore. The principal and almost the only commercial source of supply of vanadium at present is from Peru. There are numbers of asphaltite deposits in Peru, among the best known of which are those of Yauli. When burned, the ash from these de­ posits yields 24 to 40 per cent vanadium oxide. Other mines are located at Matucan and Casapal- ca, on the Central railroad of Peru near Callao, at Huari, and at Huancayo, but the greatest of all deposits, as now known and worked, are at Mtnas Ragra. The Ragra mines are about fifty miles from the celebrated Cerro de Pasco copper mines and are in the same mining district. Minas Ragra had been frequently denounced and again aban­ doned as coal mines. The fuel was of so poor a quality as to be hardly worth the mining. Some years ago on the abandonment by C. Weiss ft Co. of Lima, Senor Eulogio E. Fernandini, who was engaged in mining at Cerro de ^asco and who owned the Quisque hacienda, about six miles from Minas Ragra, denounced the mines anew. Senor Fernandin! had a new process for making coke in which he proposed to use the output of Minas Ragra. Senor Antenor Rizo Patron was the technical director of the Fernan­ dini works, and on his attention being directed to a mass of black mineral which accompanied the coal he became interested and made a chem­ ical analysis. He thereby discovered that it contained vanadium in a greater proportion than any of the theretofore known ores of Jhis metal. The material looks like a slaty coal, is very hard, with 30 per cent or more free sulphur, 14 per cent silica. 4 per cent iron sulphide, and about 1% per cent each nickel and molybdenum sul­ phides, and about 40 per cent vanadium sulphide. After burning out the free sulphur the ore con­ tains about 52 per cent vanadium oxide. The distinguished Peruvian scientist, Senor Jose J. Bravo, made a very thorough examination of the locality and published the results in a bulletin of the Society of Engineers. The sul­ phide of vanadium, not having been theretofore known as a natural product, was named rlso- patronite by Senor Bravo in honor of the original discoverer of the mineral. This name it still bears, although ordinarily shortened to patronite. Riso-patronite, according to Senor Bravo, appears in the form of a compact mass, dark in color and some two meters thick (about 6 feet 6 inches), and in his opinion is disseminated over a large extent of country around Minas Ragra. The earth surrounding the ri^o-patronite veins is highly Impregnated with vanadium solutions, and in small catch basins this impregnated earth is being extensively worked. Until the recent development of vanadium in the steel industry its commercial use was more or less confined to ink making and coloring fabrics and leather. The ink is made of a mix­ ture of neutral solution of ammonium vanadate, gum water, and a solution of gallic acid. This ink is not destroyed by acids or alkalines, nor can it be bleached out with chloride. The ink, however, is not very permanent. It dyeing fab­ rics vanadium chlorides combined with analine hydrochloride form a brilliant and permanent black. In coloring leather a 1 per cent solution of neutral ammonium vanadate is used with leather which has been tanned with nutgall. The first recorded use of vanadium in steel was in 1S96, in France, in the production of aT- mor plates. Tests of theses showed that they were much tougher and more highly resistant AT 77i£TOOr Of 72f£ ZOOKMGBA&COVZR than like plates made without the use of vana­ dium. No immediate Results, however, followed' the French tests, owing perhaps to the fact that at this time no adequate supply of vanadium was In sight. • About four years later Prof J. O. Arnold of Sheffield in an address before the Brit­ ish Iron and Steel institute declared that vana­ dium was the master weanon of the steel metal­ lurgist. At this time price of vanadium alloy was very high and the supply uncertain. The greatest advances, however, made in the use of vanadium in the steel industry have followed the experiments and practical applications of J. Kent Smith of Liverpool. Mr. Smith's work has been principally in the ^production of the various grades of vanadium alloys, and he has supervised personally the Initial use of vanadium in most of the leading steel mills of England and the continent and some in the United States. About 1905 the supply of vanadium began to : Increase to a large degree, due to the purchase i of the Minas Ragra deposits in Peru by the American Vanadium company, also to the devel­ opment of mines in other parts of Peru, Spain and elsewhere. From having been a rare metal, owing to the large output, it became available in quantities claimed to. be unlimited, as a steel- making element. The claims made by its users are that it has accomplished wonders in crucjble steel and in open-hearth steel, that it gives cast iron greater strength and endurance, and that copper and aluminum are remarkably improved for certain purposes by its addition. It Is UBed in steel for engine axles and frames, In trans­ mission shafts and gears, in wire springs, in piston rods, hydraulic cylinders, tires, tools, boiler plates, bolts, guri shields, projectiles,. $rmor plates, gun barrels, watch springs, and 1» cast­ ings and forgings generally. The claim is made that in steel making it unites with the nitrides and oxides, and carries them into the slag. The quantity of vanadium that will remain in the slag is in proportion to the amount of scavenging thus done by it. In well-deoxidized steel it is said that the scaveng­ ing will consume about one-firth of the vana­ dium. The alloy, ferrovanadium, is introduced into the steel by a very simple process. In the cruci­ ble process the alloys are broken into small bits and put into the charge with the second addition of the manganese. Ih the acid open-hearth proc­ ess the alloy in larger pieces is dropped into the bath when the flame has been blanketed. In the basic open-hearth practice the alloy, broken small, is run through a spout that empties into the ladle in which the molten Bteel is being poured. A similar method is followed in the Bessemer and Tropenas practice and also in. the cupola process for cast iron. In the latter, the alloy is crushed quite fine. It'is claimed that vanadium increases largely the resistance of metals to vibratory disintegra­ tion, that the steel is stronger and tougher and tempers more uniformly and to a greater depth than steel without vanadium. One of the prin­ cipal advantages in the use of vanadium steel in the future will no doubt be that it will enable the steel man to reduce weight in such constructions as locomotives, cars, machinery, etc., through the use of a smaller amount of the stronger and tougher steel. The question of weight has be­ come serious not only in locomotives but in other forms of machinery. Another great economy claimed for vanadinm steel is its greater dura­ bility. If this can be established, it would of Itself tppre than justify its more extensive use. PAW'S EXPERIENCE. Little Lemuel--Say, paw, does every man have a bump of wisdom? Paw--He does before he gets married, son. After that the bump becomes a dent THE REVER8E. "A doctor reverses the usual order." "How?" x "He must exercise resignation when he lacks patients." CAU8E AND EFFECT. Hyker--Old Swiggs has stopped drinking. Pyker--Well, that is certainly to his credit. Hyker--Don't you believe it. It's due to his lack of credit. nA. RICHES LIE IN OURSELVES What thf Man Is, Not What Has. > Make* Him Wealth* or Poor. In my own life, as I wander farther and farther along the vagabond trail In search of truth and beauty, I find it easier aqd easier to find contentment without the riches of the world. Leave me imagination, and I shall still be rich; but give me all the wealth of the world and take from me imagina tion and you will plunge me deep into a bottomless hell of indescribable mis ery. We cannot own things without be­ ing owned by ttwm. Thoreau under stood this. His life was so successful that Emerson wrote of him. "Wber ever there is knowledge, wherever there is beauty, he will find a home." I cannot live Thoreau's life. But I can live my own. 'In the transmission of heavenly waters," savs Emerson; "every hose fits its hydrant."--Thomas Dreier. in the Nautilus^ TKj§ Limit *©f Conceit; "Vain, isn't he?" "Very. He even thinks he looks well in his bathing suit"' Musical Novelty. The latest musical novelty is de­ scribed by the New York World: "Along the two sides of the store are what look like telephone switchboards. Two telephone receivers hang from hooks and four numbered knobs wait only the magic touch to connect you up with your favorite selection All you have to do is to drop a penny In the slot, turn the four knobs until you get the number corresponding to the one you've choscn in the cata logue, and away yon go. It is the plan to add self-playing records to their equipment until it will be pos­ sible for one to hear an entire grand opera for, say, S7 cents. Or for 22 cents you can have an evening of Wagner, and so on." Just So. "Dad, what is meant by carrying coals to Newcastle?" - I t s a f i g u r e o f s p e e c h , m y b o y . Like trying to tell somothing to a graduating class that they don't know." Drink Denison's Coffee, For your health's sake. At a wedding men laugh and women weep--probably because they are not the victims. Danger in Delay The great danger of kidney troubles!* that they so often get a firm hold before the sufferer recognizes them. Heal^ will be gradually undermined. Bacfe* ache, headache, nervousness, lameaM^ soreness, lnmbago, urinary troubles, dropsy, gravel and Bright's disease may follow as the kidneys get worse. Don't neglect your kidneys. Help the kidneys with Doan's Kidney Pills. It is the best recommended special kidney remedy- All Illinois Case Mrs. P. Mueller, 1456 Illinois Ave., East St. "fw?PM»r*Ttfc«a«r Louis,. 111., says: "When I worked hard I had sharp partn.s in my back and I was nervous and restless. I was almost blinded by dizziness at times and my feet and an­ kles swelled so badly I c o u l d n ' t w e a r m y shoes. Several boxes of Doan's Kidney Pills rid me of all these ailments and I have enjoyed good health since." Get Dtu'iii Amy Stove, SOc • Box DOAN'S "pVL'L"! FOai tK-MiUBUKN CO.. BUFFALO, N. Y. j Save the Babies. INFANT MORTALITY is something frightful. We can hardly realize that of all the children born in civilized countries, twenty-two per cent., or nearly one-quarter, die before they reach one year ; thirty-6even percent., or more than one-third, before they are five, and one-half before BLACK LEG LOSSES SURELY PREVENTS# by Cutter*# Btackie? Fill*. Low-priced, frash. reliable: pnaftrred Western stockmen, Ikvausu tfrcp protect where other vactiuet fa», Wrhe for booklet and te.itl.noalflJe. 10-dou pkse. Btackle* Pills $t.9t SO-data pkge. Pillt 4.H . Use any injeotor. but Cutter's tat TD9 superiority of Cutter products Is due to ow li year* of specializing in v&eeints and serum e*ly. I Mist eo Cutter's. If unobtainable, order \ Tilt Cotter Laboratory* Berkeley. C*J.» t DAISY FLY KILLER they are fifteen I "We do not h majority of these We do not hesitate to say that a timely use of Castoria would i precious lives. Neither ao of these infantile deaths are occasioned by the use of narcotic preparations! a we hesitate to say that many Drops, tinctures and soothing syrups sold for children's complaints contain more or less opium or morphine. They are, in considerable quantities, deadly poisons. In any quantity, they stupefy, retard circulation and lead to congestions, sickness, death. Castoria operates exactly the reverse, but you must see that it bears the signature of Chas. H. Fletcher. Castoria causes the blood to circulate properly, opens the pores of the skin and allays fever. Genuine Castoria always bears the signature of »Imc«4 »ETWli«r», t*- tnct* knd klllx Oi flies. Neat, clean, n*m«ntal. -- ebc*p. Lasts all season. metal, can'tfpitlorttp over; will aot loll ac i njnre emythla* Guaranteed iffMttab All d«al«rt»rlMl •xpretc patd for Hit IAH0LD »OMER». 1st D. Ktlh A*«.. Brooklyn. B. r. Barker'S HAIR BALSAM A preparation of Helps to eradicate d^ndrut For Restoring Color an4 Beauty to Gray or Faded Hair. S'V. and Si.00 hi I'rujrg-ists. UMBRELLA TO COVER ACRE Amusement Provider Asserts He Has Scheme Nothing Short of Stupendous. Tody Hamilton--the only, man who ever lost an elephant in Manhattan and would not be comforted--sayB-- snd i? Tody Hamilton (who once lost t^o Hons and a tiger near Forty-sec- ond street and Broadway) says a thing Is true, then it's true whether It's trhe dr not--Tody Hamilton says thst Luna park is about to raise an umbrella whicb no living man can bor­ row, let alone steal. The umbrella wfll cover ah acre of Luna park ground, so it was said by Tody Hamilton--who for years ^av to It that a baby giraffe was born an nually in Madison Square garden on the night Barnum & Bailey came to town. First of all, a steel umbrella handle will be constructed in Luna and the handle will be 140 feet high, so it was said by Tody Hamilton--who was the first man to reveal the news that Slivers, tlie clown, was the first man to strike gold in Alaska. The umbrella will be steel-ribbed, covered with circus-tent canvas, and will be raised and lowered by ma chlnpry, according to a statement is sued by Tody Hamilton--who once crossed hoop snakes with puff adders while with the. Barnum show and raised thereby a,crop of living auto­ mobile tires. Five thousand persons will be'able to enjoy the cool shade under the um­ brella. A searchlight with rays shooting for ten miles, an intermittent flash beacon, thousands of electric bulbs and things, aid stuff to taste will decorate th6 Steel and canvas umbrella at nighl^ the completed umbrella to cost $25, 000. according to Tody Hamilton--who added that he had just turned down an offer made by Colonel Roosevelt to stock the Luna lagoon with a corre spondence school of man-eating fish.-- New York Sun. Russian Soldiers Wear Paper Shirts. Shirts made of paper In Japan are in regular use in large quantities for the Russian army. They proved their worth during the winter, cam­ paign in Poland and Bast Prussia. The paper used Is made from mulberry bark. Paper clothing known as kamike has long been In use among the Jap­ anese Such clothing Is not only cheap, but most serviceable. Its only draw back being that it cannot be washed. The paper Is very soft and warm, but has little "size," For this reason a thin layer of silk wadding Is placed between two sheets and the whole quilted when it Is to be usef for shirts or other clothes. A young woman named Gold and a young man named Ring were married in Minneapolis the other day. A court commissioner did the molding. Canada's acres. orchards cover 403,596 HOUSE HELP AND THE WAR So Many People Are Staying HoNfe, That It Is Hard to Get Good Servants. "Well,** snapped a New York la>f£ as she came out of an intelligence o^ Hce, "I don't think the war in Europe would make any difference to me bi my daily affairs, aŝ l dou't run over to thte other side every few weeks as some do, and miss it ever so mucftt when they don't, but 1 am learning that it is really a great inconvenience. "You khow usually in summer good servants are not nearly so hard to gft, but now so many people are staying home and keeping their servants it is almost impossible to get a good one. One agent I saw yesterday toM me she had had 12 calls in the morn­ ing from ladies who wanted house help of one kind or another and she had ab­ solutely nothing to offer. I understand that 200,000 people will not be going abroad this year and every one eC them, or their families, are exhausting the summer servant sdpply. I always did think war was dreadful, and amm I think it is worse than ever." j. • • The Suburban immuiMM. 4Cnicker--Any mosquitoes? "MV SubbubB--They stay out of hoaess that cost less than the architect's m- timate. , ifeS •• m. The worst thing about friends t| the ease with which they are conwt> ed into enemies. A SURE CURE. "Physicians have demonstrated th%t rattle­ snake venom does not cure epilepsy." "It wiH cure it all right if the physicians will permit the rattlesnake to administer it" INDIAN GOES TO WCST POINT x • -> • * 1 eylveetar Long-Lance, Cherokee, Ap> \ pointed to Coveted f^tioa by ^, V.. - / iW»e Preside?*. - * Sfhrester Long-Lance, the flrtt Ytfll- ^iilooded Indian to receive an appoint- : , fnent to the military academy at West vl*oint, is a member of the class which ' jvaa graduated this year from St. John's school at Maniius, N. Y. Long- Lance has been a student at the school -ifa* fchree years and stood high in his • Voi<fc> end was also active in athletics. lie is'a graduate of the Carlisle In­ dian school, which he entered when be waa. twelve years old. Some time ago he determined to become an army officer. President Wilson became Ipr-^ teiested in him, and several weeks ago l9ong-Lance received notification that he had been selected as one qf the president'^ appointees to the mili­ tary academy. Tie first Indian to receive an ap­ pointment to West Point was David Mcgiac, a Creek, the New York Sun remarks. He was born In Alabama, and was a cadet of the military acad­ emy from September 18, 1817, until July 1, 1822, when he was graduated and appointed a brevet second lieuten­ ant in the Sixth infantry. On the expiration of his graduation leave on December 31, 1822, he re­ signed from the army to become a cotton planter in his native state. Dur­ ing the war in Florida in 1836, against the Seminoles, Moniac became cap­ tain In a regiment of mounted Creek volunteers and became a major in that regiment November 16, 18St. He was killed In the buttle of Wahoo swamp. Housekeepers Paradise. A housekeeper's idea of parafltse is a place where hashed-brown potatoes will grow in the garden; where cherry pies will grow on cherry trees; and where the woman at the head of the table may wave a wand and say: "To the infernal regions with the un­ washed dishes."--Louisville Couriei Journal. •• "Gee, I never tasted any Flakes like these New Post Toasties They're absolutely new--made by a new process that brings out the true corn flavour and tha t keeps the flakes firm and crisp, even after cream or milk is added. New Post Toasties are made of the hearts of selected white Indian Corn, cooked, seasoned and toasted; and they come to you FRESH- SEALED--as sweet and appe­ tizing as when they leave the ovens. The little puffs on each flake are characteristic of the New Post Your grocer has diem now--get a package and give appetite a treat M-T v A>et your % Si ?• £ * if: 'frhra* * -t