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SECTION 2- PAGE 1 - PLAINDEALER-WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBERS, 1976 INGS TOME- Northern Illinois' Good Old Days (Say About 10,000 Years Ago) (Fourth in a regional history series by Virginia Differding and Walter Wallace, prepared as a Bicentennial contribution from Northern Illinois University --Ed.) It's fairly common^ to hear Illinoisans talking' about French explorers who "discovered" our land in the 17th centruy. Actually, many people lived in northern Illinois and the rest of our state long before the French arrived, as evidenced by arrowheads and spearpoints that turn up quite frequently. For several thousand years, our region was a vast hunting ground. Considered as a continuum, archaeologists have divided the epoch of prehistoric Indians into four distinct phases: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississiopian. Each is defined by cultural characteristics commonly reflected by Indian tribes in their day to day lives. The kinds of tools used by Indians, the ways in which they were made, existing agricultural artwork, and the ways in which villages were laid out are taken by ar­ chaeologists as indices of distinct lifestyles. These periods tend to be arbitrary, with a degree of overlap, just as a gingerbread Victorian house may today stand in the shadow of a Mies van der Rohe highrise. The Paleo-Indians, believed to have lived here from about 10,000 to 6,000 B.C., relied almost soley on hunting for food and clothing. Distinguished by their use of arrowheads as both cutting tools and weapons, they had a common language and are believed to have roamed in small bands, usually staying only briefly in any one area. A distinctly different group, the Archaic Indians, are believed to have lived in nor­ thern Illinois from about 8,000 to 1,000 B.C., their time here overlapping that of the Paleo- Indians. Also a hunting and gathering people, the Archaics ap parently moved according to the seasons, living in groups of about 30 with a form of organized central authority linking the small bands into a cohesive society or tribe. The Archaics usually lived in forests in warm weather and around rock shelters in winter and are distinguished from the Paleo-Indians by the evidence they left behind. This includes different types of spearpoints, weaving utensils - which the Paleo-Indians had not developed, and other more advanced but still primitive tools such as mortars and pestles, awls, axes and drills. The arrowheads they used are similar to those found in the western plains states, notes Dr. James Springer, a Northern Illinois University an­ thropologist, who believes this may mean the Archaics moved into northern Illinois as part of an eastern migration. Remains from both of these early Indian cultures can be found almost everywhere in northern Illinois, he adds. 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Rte. 120 McHeniy, III. 385-4100 189 1656 9 In other parts of the world construction on the Seven Gates of Thebes went along smoothly, Moses led his people out of Israel and Babylon flourished while Woodland Indian culture developed over much of the American Mid­ west. Woodland civilization is divided into three periods -- Early, from 2500 to 500 B.C., Middle, from 500 B.C. to 500 A.D., and Late, from 500 to 1300 AI). The Middle period was marked by particularly high achievement including what is known as "the Hopewell culture." This extended from what is now Wisconsin^south­ west to Oklahoma andUll the way back east to Louisiana and north to New York. One of its major centers was the Illinois River valley. The Woodland Indians were the first to have pottery and in the Hopewellian societies, their pottery displayed aspects of dress and social and religious ritual. Sophisticated agriculture began during this period - Gourd and perhaps corn production may have originated then, possibly the ideas and techniques originating in Mexico. The Hopewellians had an intricate social system, in­ cluding kin groups, social stratification and elaborate religious rites. As the great civilizations of the Middle East were being replaced by the Roman Empire and a young carpenter was We Reserve The Right To Limit Quantities On Sale Items crucified, leaving behind a new underground religious movement, trade routes were established over North America for the purpose of securing costumes and other furnishings for the dead. The routes later were abandoned when burials became less eaborate. The Woodland tribes settled usually near major rivers and fortunately left behind at least some traces of their society for today's scientists and students to study. "If an area is particularly appealing." observes Springer, "we may go in in full force, carefully peeling back cen­ turies of debris which hide the bits and pieces of past cultures." Ancient campsites and small villages have been discovered in scattered parts of the nor­ thern part of the state, he noics, one such discovery occurring this spring on the John Snapp farm, three miles southwest of Oregon. II. Snapp was installing a fence, when he came across what turned out to be the bones of a Woodland Indian. Further study of the area by NIU an­ thropologist Phil Volkman indicated the bones were from 400 to 1.000 years old and the remains found nearby indicate two men, a woman and an infant were buried together. Effigy mounds found ii? northern Illinois' Jo Daviess county are also evidence of the Woodland Indians' burial practices. Formed in the shapes of various animals and birds, such mounds were built for nearly 1,000 years, begin­ ning about 200 A.D. A later group of Indians, the Mississippians, left traces of campsites in northern Illinois, but most of our knowledge of their culture comes from their massive earthworks, the Cahokia mounds near St. Louis. By the end of the Middle and then Late Woodland Indian eras in North America, modern Christianity had developed, the great feudal empires of the Middle Ages had grown and fallen off in Europe. But still, northern Illinois' rich land was devoid of permanent set­ tlement. Settlements in the La Salle- Peru area, 4n Cook and Lake counties in northeastern Illinois, and in Joe Daviess in the northwest, offer some of the only evidence we have of ex­ tended stays by early Indians in northern Illinois. While here, they did little damage to native vegetation and made no dramatic alterations of the land That awaited the white settlers in the 19th century, who we'll learn more about in future articles Keepin' Healthy Moving Around About 18 million people, five years of age and over, moved to the Southern part of the United States in the last five years During 1970-75, more than 40 per c*nt of all persons over age five moved from one place to another For the 25-29 year age group, it was 72 per cent For those 20 24 and 30-34, it was about 60 per cent. by Mary Richards During the Summer Olym­ pics, which recently took place in Montreal, millions of Americans were impressed by the strength, the vitality and stamina of young athletes from all over the world...many still in their teens Thousands of small children, watching the games, began to dream of being Olympic competitors themselves some day. While very few of today 's pre­ schoolers will become Olympic champions, they should nevertheless be encouraged to exercise and develop their physical capabilities. The Illinois Department of Public Health tells uk that, by doing so, youngsters could develop habits that can prevent obesity and heart disease when they reach adulthood. Health experts point out that achieving physical fitness is a way of life, not just a fad or a temporary change in daily routine. And, they caution, it is imperative to establish this way of life at an early age. This does not mean you have to rush your pre-schooler to the nearest gymnasium or swimming pool for professional training. Just the normal play activities of children can form the basis for a lifelong habit of physical activity. Simple activities such as cycling, hiking, running and MERCHANTS OF FINE WINES AND LIQUORS SEPT. 8 to SEPT. 14 4610 W. RTE. 120, McHENRY, ILL group competitive games, if enjoyed regularly during childhood, can help develop strong muscles, bones and hearts. In addition, most children who routinely par­ ticipate in these and other physical activities (swimming, skiing, skating) will develop a tendency to continue them in later life. By encouraging children to enjoy exercise, and the at­ tainment of physical fitness, parents can help them establish the health benefits of these activities while they are still young Urge your children to walk, whenever possible, instead of being driven . . .to use stairways, instead of elevators . .to engage in physical play, instead of sedentary recreation, such as w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n . Establishing these habits early may lead to activities which are beneficial in preventing obesity and lowering the in­ cidence of coronary heart disease among tomorrow's adults. 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