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PAGE 10 - PLAINDEALER-WFDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1976 INGS TOME- The French Move In On The Indians (Fifth in a regional history series by Virginia Differding and Walter Wallace, prepared as a Bicentennial contribution from Northern Illinois university. -- Ed.) Starting in the 13th century, Italian city-states virtually controlled trade between "Europe and the East. Traveling westward, ex­ plorers from other countries hoped to open trade routes to compete with the Italians and thus increase the power and prestige of their respective lands. But a continent stood in their way. From Quebec, French ex plorers ventured west into Canada, Michigan and nor­ thern Wisconsin, inflaming the French imagination for an American empire. One of the first to hear about our Illinois area was Jean Nicolet. In 1634,' French Governor Samuel de Champlain delegated Nicolet to explore a vast body of water to the west. Nicolet thought this was the "Vermillion Sea," as the Pacific Ocean was then called When the party crossed the "sea," rather than finding Chinese they came upon Winnebago Indians. "Wearing a grand robe of China damask, all strewn with flowers and birds of many colors," Nicolet, his party and the Winnebagos feasted and made peace, a contemporary of theirs wrote. The Vermillion Sea was later called by the French "Lac Mitchiganong, ou des Illinois." We know of it as Lake Michigan. From the Winnebagos, Nicolet heard of a great river further west. He was convinced that it was the doorway to the East A generation later, the 27- year-old fur trading son of a Quebec blacksmith set off to the Bay de Puans (Green Bay). Louis Joliet, a seasoned traveler of the region, met up with a Jesuit missionary who was anxious to pursue a mission among Indians, 36- year-old Pere Jacques Marquette. They departed from the village of Puan (the present day city of Green Bay) early in June, 1673, traveling down the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Within two weeks they came upon what they called the Riviere Colbert, named after French Finance Minister Jean Baptiste Colbert. The Indians called it the Mississippi By July 17, the explorers had ventured down the river to within "50 leagues" (perhaps 150 miles) of Spanish outposts. Fearing capture, for the French and Spanish were bitter enemies, Joliet and Marquette retraced their steps. Perhaps by chance, they ventured up the Illinois river rather than sticking to the Mississippi back to the Wisconsin. On this leg of their journey they came upon the Illinois village, a large Indian city. Marquette was particularly impressed with the Indians' openness to Christianity, promising to return They journeyed up the Illinois to Che-ka-gau, an In dian crossroads where the Chicago, Des Plaines and Calumet rivers formed a much traveled intersection with numerous foot trails and Lake Michigan. After a treacherous voyage up the Fox river to Puan. Joliet immediately set off for Quebec while Marquette remained behind They were excited about the Illinois country. Besides .the friendliness of the natives and the rich source of game and fertile ground for French settlers, they saw a great communications potential in the river network Joliet saw the possible link between a route to Asia from Quebec by way of the Mississippi and the Illinois rivers. He envisioned the construction of a canal between the Illinois river and Lake Michigan over 200 years before the completion of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship canal Joliet and Marquette were only the first of a long line of French explorers into the Illinois country. Marquette later returned to the Illinois viJlage, where he celebrated Easter Mass in 1675. He was followed by Robert Cavalier. Sieur de La Salle - whose vessel, the Griffin, in 1679 was the first sail ship to sink on a Great Lakes trade route -- and Henri Tonti. an Italian who first came to our region with La Salle as his chief military advise^. Hundreds of others whose names we don't know trickled in over nearly a century of French control of the Illinois country. Missionaries were the forefront of French colonization in Illinois A kind of earl> Interstate 55, the Illinois River served as the main thoroughfare, with the Des Plaines, Fox and Chicago Rivers feeding into it. The Rock and Galena rivers served as interchanges along the Mississippi. Sac trail (also spelled Sauk) is perhaps the most famous overland route, completely crossing the state from the convergence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, near Milan in Rock Island county, following the Green river through what is now Henry county. The traij;? continues through Bureau, La Salle and eventually up into Cook county before turning South to Indiana. The Marmech trail from Joliet to Cook county, the Kish- waukee trail from Ottawa to Wisconsin, as well as the paths from Galena to Che-ka-gau, and Des Moines to Che-ka-gau, were other great trails for both the Indians and the French. Up and down the rivers, mission stations were con­ secrated such as those at St. Louis, Che-ka-gau, Cahokia, Fort Massoc, Peoria and Des Moines, Iowa. Renaming the Illinois Village Kaskaskia, the French turned it into their spiritual and civil center. Small missions, often tem­ porary camps for wandering friars, were established. Numerous missions of this kind emanated from the short-lived , "Mission of the Guardian Angel" at the Che-ka-gau portage. French trappers and Indian traders may have ventured into our area before Joliet and Marquette. Foot-loose and fancy free, alone or with an Indian wife, those early settlers wandered far afield, living off of the land. As early at the 1690's, small farming communities were established along the bottom lands of the southwest. Villages were also set up in interior regions. Like missions, many of the.smaller villages have escaped historical record since they were often failures. Usually, they were built near rivers and forests with small, compact houses of wood and stones in neat rows close to one another Commonly held farming and pasture lands surrounded these towns of between 12 and 50 persons. Although strongly patriar­ chal, these small societies also practiced equality. Each village had a senate, comprised of all members of the com­ munity, which decided all issues affecting their lives collectively. As early at 1659, the French knew that Indians were ex­ ploiting ore-rich areas near the Fever river, now called the Galena river, in northwest Jo Daviess county. 'In 1690, and again in 1699, Nicholas Perrot visited the Indian mines, initiating trade with them. Philippe Francois de Renault organized a party consisting of miners and black slaves from Santo Domingo in 1721 to prospect for lead deposits. For several years this band went up and down the Mississippi valley, exploring Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri, as well as Illinois. Mines were started outside of Dubuque and throughout Jo Daviess County. Working four to five months a year, the mining parties scratched the earth, collected ore. and smelted it into ingots of 60 to 80 pounds. These were then shipped across the Great Sac Trail to Che-ka-gau, down to Kaskaskia, or directly to New Orleans for final shipment to Europe. By the 1740's, the French had tenaciously stabilized their hold upon the Illinois territory. Their predominant influence was constantly threatened by the Indians, the Spanish, and finally th£ English. We shall turn to this part of our story next NEXT: The French Struggle To Hold On CONSUMER GUIDELINES Pool Saves Money Depending on the dis­ tance you commute, what size car is used and how many persons are in your car pool, you can reduce your commuting costs by a tew hundred dollars annu­ ally to as much as a thou­ sand dollars The out-of- pocket money you save could go into a savings ac­ count. be used for install­ ment payments or used to extend the family budget. Car pools make sense! Cereal Breakfast Muffins Disappear Before Last Pajama Party Giggle ^DofninicQs cordially invites you tojoin our It may be called "sleeping over," but a children's pajama party usually results in very little sleep. All the better reason for a complete breakfast: the kids will need a good, nutritious start to help them through the day.*. Offer a selection of cereals, milk and different fruits to top the cereal or eat out of hand. Sleep Over Muffins make this a special party meal. These muffins are made with shredded whole wheat biscuits, sugar or brown sugar-cinnamon frosted, for interesting taste and texture. If you decorate them with favors, the party won't be over until every last morsel is gone. Sleep Over Muffins '/« cups shredded whole wheat biscuits, sugar or brown sugar-cinna- % mon frosted 1 cups unsifted all-pur- 1 pose flour V* cup packed hrown sugar teaspoons baking powder teaspoon salt egg cup milk cup salad oil Crush shredded whole wheat biscuits by rubbing between fingers to make 1 cup. In large bowl mix crushed cereal, flour, brown sugar, baking powder and salt. In small bowl beat egg with milk and oil. Make a well in center of dry ingredients; add liquid mixture. Stir just until dry ingredients are moistened. Spoon into lightly greased muffin cups or cupcake liners. Bake in 400° F. oven 20 to 25 minutes or until cake tester inserted in center of muffin comes out clean. YIELD: 10 to 12 muffins. Tips For The Novice Automechanic % -- By Don B. Wilson, Member, SAE Get Out And Get Under Are you one of the grow­ ing number of people who hate the hassle of making an appointment that is timed to accommodate the conven­ ience of someone else's sched­ ule to have work done on your car? Do you hate to wait in the rain for intermittent public transportation to get to work, while your car is being serv­ iced? Do you resent the charges being made for the quality of work you must sometimes ac­ cept? Do you wish that you did not have to let someone else touch his cottonpickin' hands to your car, because some­ thing else always seems to go wrong with it just after you have had it in for service? Well, join the club! It's a growing one, made up from the great number of people who have become competent citizen mechanics and are able to perform increasingly complex repairs and adjust­ ments to their cars. According to a recent Automotive Parts &. Acces­ sories Association study, 60.5% of car-owning house­ holds perform at least some of their cars' maintenance and repairs - nearly 20% do virtually ALL the work their cars need. They all started out with performing relatively simple tasks, such as changing oil, fil­ ters, adding battery water, brake fluid, checking trans­ mission levels and the like. With each successful ac­ complishment they gained confidence in themselves and a new knowledge of how to go about doing things in a realm where they had pre­ viously feared to tread. You can too! You may feel that you just don't have the aptitude, the tools or the place to work. These are mostly excuses, if you'll pardon me, and each can be overcome by honestly addressing them objectively. Aptitude is developed through exposure to a sub­ ject. Reference books and a knowledgeable ally at your side while you tackle the first hurdles will show you con­ vincingly enough that you CAN do it! Commit yourself to the concept that you are going to do your own work, and build from there. Doing so will take you out of the shadows of Not Knowing What You Are Doing. Buy or make some fender cloths, so you don't inadvert- ' ently make extra, unwanted work for yourself re-doing a scratched fender or cleaning an upholstered seat. Ap­ proach the Citizen Mechanic concept from the viewpoint that you will be as profes­ sional in your efforts as any­ one could be. If you have no immediate place in which to work, in­ quire around for someone who will rent or let you use space in his garage. Clean up after yourself and you will have little diffi­ culty in obtaining its use again. Dispose of all waste products and parts properly. Don't litter or pollute. It takes just a little bit of extra effort, but it's profes­ sional. 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