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52 WINNETKA: TALK February 12, 1927 Mr. and Mrs. Douglas H. Bell of Wilmette entertained Mr. and Mrs. L. McClure, Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Mac- Farland and Mr. and Mrs. C. O. Stimpson, of Wilmette, at a dinner and bridge party last Friday evening. Mrs. Bell is entertaining at a dinner and bridge next Tuesday evening. a Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Reichmann of Barrington, formerly of Kenilworth, left Monday for New York where they sailed Wednesday on a Mediterranean cruise on the same boat with Mr. and Mrs. P. B. Eckhart and their two daughters. STUDIES CIVILIZATION OF OLD CLIFF DWELLERS Northwestern University Expert Finds Dwellers Constructed Great Inland Empires A thorough study of one of the most interesting spots in the United States. --the region in which centuries ago the Cliff Dwellers prospered and construct- ed an inland empire--has been made by Dr. William H. Haas, professor of geology and geography at Northwest- ern university, and has just been pub- lished in a scientific journal. The Northwestern professor's study, like some other contemporaneous bits of research, explains and accounts for the development of the Cliff Dwellers and shows how they reached the civil- ized state they did. Because of the very nature of the work, his exposi- tion concerns the character of the country, the geological aspect the na- ture of the early Indians, their ability to live on small amounts of water, and other details which, summed up, are OWN the road it trav- els, one of the most efficient things on wheels. Coils of wire are stored in- side. Tools are lockers. Pike polesandshov- els are in their racks. A big winch is bolted to its frame and there are pipes of steel from which to dy derrick. Sometimes trailer loaded straight poles. Sometimes it One Policy - Efficiency in the snug form a stui- bears a heavy reel of cable. Often its load is men. The telephone truck gets many a glance as it passes. For whether on the peace- time job of construction and maintenance or bound to where snow and sleet have made for it a battle ground, it means power, speed, efficiency, economy s WA -- it draws a in the task with long, and human loyalty, united of making tele- phone service better, broad- er, more dependable. ILLINOIS BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY BELL SYSTEM One System - Universal Service Tm : cited as causes, in part, for their mar- vellous evolution. Dr. Haas shows that the pre-historic Indians of the Southwest, out of a great area of country, now shown on the map of North America as the United States and Canada, selected a region which now would seem most devoid of all the necessities for easy and progressive living. His study in all of these respects is unique and s resses the unusual obstacles this ear- ly civilization not only met but appa- rently conquered. Had Own Organization "In the Southwest," he writes, "of which the Mesa Verde is a part, a cul- ture sprang up which was markedly different from that of the other re- gions, such as that of the plains, or of the eastern woodlands. In this region the people depended more on their own crops than anything else. With little native vegetation, and that which did exist protected by thorns or bitter taste, there was little or no game, and consequently little or no food for the nomadic Indian. .. .. After the Indian had once established himself, he was fairly well protected from the raids of other nomads, because, lacking trans- portation facilities, other than his own back, it became a hazardous under- taking for the raider to travel several hundred miles, or even a score of miles, not knowing what the outcome of the raid might be." Dr. Haas thus indicated that one rea- son for the consequent progress of the early Indians, including the Cliff Dwellers, was the very series of ob- stacles which, primarily, they had to overcome. He also declares that the Pueblo culture of the Southwest, to which the Cliff Dwellers belonged, was only a part of a larger group of an ad- vanced type. "In Columbian days," he writes, "we know there were at least three im- portant plateau culture centers in the New World--the Inca area, with its center at Cuzco, Peru, in many respects the most advanced of them all; the Aztec area in Mexico, and our own Pueblo area in the Southwest, cover- ing New Mexico, Arizona, and extend- ing into Utah, Colorado, Texas and Old Mexico." However, apparently there always were barriers separating these great centers of early culture--ground which Dr. Haas in his recent travels in South America and Old Mexico has covered by burro, automobile, railroad and afoot. He states that in general their governments were the same, highly or- ganized on a communistic basis, leaving little or nothing to individual initia- tive. This would indicate, then, that communism was experimented with, for a time successfully, in North America, although that ancient system and civilization is now extinct. Were Agriculturists "The system then was based on the family group," Dr. Haas declares. "They were agriculturists--not only growing crops, but supplying them with water and fertilizers. . . . . The Incas had domesticated the I.lama and the aplaca, and our own Pueblos domesticated the turkey. Although the Pueblos had the dog, they did not use him in transportation, as did the Indian of the plains." Professor Haas writes in detail of the utilization of smelting of metals, their technique in metal working, par- ticularly in copper and in the prepara- tion of turquoise. He c'aims as well, that while the Cliff Dwellers undoubt- edly presented evidence of skill in these respects, "yet their culture was not of the same rank as that of the Incds or Aztecs." He claims that the modern Pueblo Indian doubtless is the descend- ant of the Cliff Dweller, although there is evidence of retrogression. A vital contribution to the early Indians' com- fort, Dr. Haas states, was his develop- ment of maize, or Indian corn.