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2 THE COLBORNE EXPRESS, COLBORNE, ONT., THURSDAY, MAY 5, 1927/ HOW SOILS WEAR OUT Plan to Keep Them Producing Maximum Crops. BY W. H. STEVENSON. study of a practical soil, the problem of s management program, should i icidity in a busl-srgetic fashion. Any inderstand clearly that soils wear other pten v/ill result in smaller crop out: by this, we mean that soils tend yields and increased costs of pro-to produce smaller and smaller crops duction. with the passing yours, unless they j improves the soil. are fertilized. Every farmer knows > Soils wear out because they lose that this is the case, but many seem organic matter rapidly when they are determined to ignore this great law cultivated. The importance of organic of nature. Their reward is found in j matter in soils is due to the fact crops of low yield and high cost per | that it contains much plant food, proton, bushel or bale. | vides bacteria with conditions which Soils wear out because crops are are necessary to make the plant food "not made of nothing." The fact is, constituents available for use, and all of our crops remove definite quan- improves the physical condition of tities of plant food front the soil, and the soil. thus constantly reduce the store of • In order to make and keep soils plant food elements in the soil. For highly productive the organic matter example: A 100-bushel corn crop, supply must be increased in light col-grain and stover, contains 148 pounds ored, light textured soils and must be of nitrogen, twenty-three pounds of maintained in darker colored types phosphorus and seventy-one pounds and in the heavier types. All soils, of potassium. Likewise, a fifty-bushel whatever their color or texture, must wheat crop, grain and stover, con- receive regular and ample supplies of tains ninety-six pounds of nitrogen,! organic matter if their productive sixteen pounds of phosphorus andi capacity is to be kept on a high level, fifty-eight pounds of potassium. Onl Three natural fertilizing materials this basis we know that each year an may be used on the farm for this pur-enormous amount of plant food is re-' pose. They are manure, green ma-moved from the soils of the. country nures and crop residues, by crops. Statistics worked out for j Farmers find the problem of pro-Iowa show that the total value of the ( viding an adequate supply of organic . principal elements, nitrogen,! matter one that keeps them on the se* out HOW TO VARNISH A FLOOR The Right Way to Perform This Task. BY BERTON ELLIOT. : !( The Senate Chamber, Ottawa, the "Red Chamber" of the Parliament buildings, in its renewed and graceful proportions after the rebuilding following the incendiary fire during the war. THE ONTARIO GARDEN transplanting is necessary. | Unless plants grown inside are' transplanted at least once before be- tuce i= ^!!\wmlnnnLP?™i: not be\ltowelto pause"from the time through the soil until it keep lettuce moving. The secret of growing tender let- keep it r normal soils, where a hose and water are not avail-1 Chinese cabbage. It is self-blanchi luring effect, able. The hoe and scuffler break up, though a little assistance is apprecT-well inoculated it does not the surface of the soil and thus pre- \ ated, and it is easily grown. A little any nitrogen from the soil, vent the sun from drawing up and chicken wire or rough lattcce work will protect lettuce from the birds. This crop requires rich soil, should be sown only a fraction of an inch deep and for best results should be the best' addition of nitrogen ) green phosphorus and potassium, removed jump. On many live stock farms the tlon* in tlle garden they will become ( in one year by the nine leading crops supply of manure rarely meets the Jeak and spindly. This thinning out r6ad for the tab-fe Qf course w^ is in excess of $136,000,000. In this demand; then green manures are *™ ™vlng+ ,f ou> hardens them, the head lettuce ig started ingide and case, the nitrogen constitutes about often used as a supplement. This ™akef the stalks sturdier and devel- moved out in the open lat there ls eighty per cent, of the total value practice is sound enough, but gener-OP8 the root growth. When they are a ,ittle ge foilowin„ the trans-of the plant food removed, while the ally involves considerable expense for Put out after one or two transplant- plantin„ but this wiu not amount to phosphorus and potassium make up: seed, labor and rent of the land. j and esP«cia}!y,if are hur' much if'about a third of the leaves about ten per cent. each. These are | On the grain farm, crop residues «*» along with a little nitrate of soda., arfJ . d off after mM am} .f significant facts. They mean that and green manures must be depended ™v will make far faster growth the Kround is well fertilized and one even if most of the nitrogen is re-' on for the needed organic ma"- than turned to the soil by the use of legu- j Here, again, the real problem is .... minouft. green manures, commercial j of expense/labor and the difficulty,j Of course this only applies to Bpoonful digoived in a gallon of water materials must be bought to supply; experienced by many farmers, 0fi those plants such as tomatoes, cab- flnd gprinkled around the plants is " deficiencies in phosphorus and potas-; growing successfully, the right greengages, cosmos, zinnias, marigolds and sufnc-ent for one square yard of gar- a j manure crop. !Tl IT" wi** T * " l" d™> ™» be f<>ima very useful to keep1 plant food returned. Red clover grown in the rotation; «d mdoors When sweet peas, mel- aU of Tettuce moyi = The plant food in the crops which' often serves as a partial green ma.; ons cucumbers and plants which are ghoul^not run awav with the idea| «re fed to live stock on the farm is nure if the first crop is harvested and usually planted direct ,n the garden, that ,g onl on; rf lettuce at least partially returned to the soil the second crop plowed under. Better are given a start behind glass they ^ ^ .g ^ galadg mugt be in manure. But when due allowance still is the practice of removing only should be disturbed as litt e as pos- u ^ ,g ^ Is made for this return, from an econ- the clover seed, plowing under all sible and moved carefully outside when ^ w and eomeg on icklv The omical standpoint, it is clear that the the rest of the crop. By this method, the weather permits. [next in order is the" head type", which net loss of fertility from our soils is considerable nitrogen and much j keep ground cultivated. should be loosely tied up to blanch sufficiently gret.t to demand serious organic matter may be added to the The most important benefit derived the hearts when well grown. For attention and to require definite ap- soil. When clover is cut for hay and from cultivation is the conserving of late summer use try some of the cos plications of plant food in a well- removed from the land, there is no moisture, especially in the country type. This is sometimes known ordered system of soil management. ~ Again, soils wear out because they constantly lose lime, and in time become sour or acid. Crop production is generally not as satisfactory on and if used for feed and the manure evaporating the moisti acid soils as on soils that contain a returned to the land, beneficial effects it js particularly advisable to loosen goodly supply of lime. Legumes often may be secured. Biennial sweet clover up the soil after every rainfall. In refuse to grow where the soil is acid, is now used extensively as a green the early part of the season deep Small grain crops and corn are not so manure crop. cultivation can be practiced, making sensitive to acidity, but they may be On the live stock f,arm, the straw, this more shallow as the season ari-J indirectly affected through a lessen- stover and other residues are gener- vances and the root growth develops. , ing of the production^ available ally used for feed or bedding, and re- j .nrmvnr™ , * mOSt valuable bulletin by Isa- plantfood. ^ turned to the soil in the manure. On! „ a cutting garden. bella Preston, the Dominion Experi- The lime deficiency of soils brings the grain farm the straw may be al-! 1 nf. "gular flower gardens sur-, mental Farms at Ottawa have offered our farmers face to face with one of lowed to decompose partially before rounding the house and lawns are the public, free for the asking, some the big problems of the times. It is application, and the cornstalks and spoiled if all the bloom is kept re- very useful information on annual a big problem because, vast sums of stubble may be plowed under, but in moved supplying decorations in- flowers. Special lists are given In money will be required for the pur- both systems of farming these resi- doors- ut course !t 18 not advisable which the annuals are classified under chase of the needed linfestons and dues should never be burned or other- to let bloom K° to seed> t>ut in these various headings, such as shade lov-because a huge amount of heavy work wise destroyed. j gardens which one can see from the mg, edging, fragrant, tall, short, etc. must be expended-in transporting the We have found that all soils natur-1 house windows and along the walk In the opinion of Miss Preston the limestone and distributing it on the ally tend to wear out under cropping, leading down to the street it is much twelve best annuals for general plant-land. But there is no practical way It is the business of the farmer to put,nicer to have the flwers in ful1 bloom inK all through Ontario are: Alyssum, of treating acid soils except by appli- into practice methods of soil manage-1 and depend on another garden at the Calendula, Candytuff, Coreopsis, Cos-cations of lime materials; therefore, ment that will return to the soil as back f°r filling up your vases. Then mos, California Poppy or Eschscholt-farmers generally should resolve now, much plant food, lime and organic aSain there are some flowers, such as »ia, Mignonette, Nasturtium, Portu-without further delay, to deal with matter as has been lost. jsweet Peas\> batchelor's button, glad- lacca, Shirley Poppy, Sunflower, and ■'■.j. --;------------ . j iolus, nicotine and others which have the Sweet Pea. h uh tt, ! beautiful blooms but very ordinary . lievedin |foliage' These win BUPPly abundant j asters have a place. j yet hav-ifut flowers if grown in straight rows, For cutti material duri g j one. Tne,in the vegetable patch where they will tember and October one would be at1 pir- j get plenty of cultivation and are more a digtinct disadvantag6 witftout ; asters. Each year brings out new ]types &iid colors, and now with tiny' Now that the window boxes are singles to great globs of color as big Sounds simple, doesn't it--the re-varnishing of a floor? Just pour some varnish into a receptacle, dip the brush in and go ahead. But that's not the way to do it if you want the job done right. Let us take, for instance, an average oak floor that has not been re-finished for a year or more, in a home with a couple of husky youngsters. The youngsters will have seen to it that some of the varnish has been scuffed off in doorways and other favorite routes of travel, and there will be some places worn clear down into the wood and weatherbeaten to a dirty, grayish color. Here's the way to put this floor in j good condition again: First, scrub the floor as it has seldom been scrubbed before, using one of the grit cleansing preparations. Remember that any dirt remaining on or in the surface will get varnished Next examine the worn spots. Any that have been worn down to a dirty, weather-beaten appearance should be bleached with oxalic acid. Dissolve in boiling water as much as can be dissolved, pour the solution on the bare spots, allow to stand for about half an hour, then wipe up, and rinse off with clear water. If the surface is extremely bad the solution may be left on overnight. In some cases, a second application may be necessary. when to use a filler. After thoroughly dry. go over these bleached spots and any other places where the varnish may be worn off to the bare wood, with a paste wood filler. The use of filler is necessary on oak, chestnut, ash and other open-grain woods. Maple and pine, which are close-grain woods, do not require a filler. Wood filler comes In heavy paste form, to be reduced with turpentine or benzine to the consistency of thick cream. It is applied with a brush, allowed to stand for a few minutes, and then wiped off, across the grain, with a piece of cloth or burlap. Natural or transparent filler should be used on natural or light floors, and a colored filler such as dark o- golden oak on the darker-stained flcors. The next step is to sandpaper the entire floor, to cut the gloss of the previous varnish coating, and level off the worn and filled spots. Brush up the loose sand particles immediately before starting to vanish. ready to begin. Now we are ready to start applying the varnish. The room should be good and warm, or the varrJsh will n«t flow out and level itself to a smooth, even film. A few boards at a time should be done clear across the room. The varnish should be applied in thin coats. In case it drags r little under the brush, add a little turpentine. When varnishing keep looking across th3 floor for skipped places. If any are seen brush over ther* quickly before the varnish commences to set. On a good varnish job one should be able to get down close to the floor and look acrsos it, toward the light, without seeing a single skipped spot. If the floor is in excellent condition and has been revarnished frequently, one coat will be sufficient; however, two coats are always preferable, especially on floors subjected to unusually hard wear. When two coats are applied allow forty-eight hour* for drying if possible, especially In damp weather or if the room is cold overnight; then sandpaper the first coat lightly and apply the second A CORNER FOR YOUNG CANADA Party Dresses. Janet went through the pile of bright-colored rcraps that Grandma had sent her for dolls' dresses thoughtfully. "The red piece would make a lovely cape," she confided to Nancy Anne, who sat stiff and upright at table in the playroom. that skirts are short In the midst of these pleasant reflections, that every little mother , knows about, there was a patter of jISF Sunday School Lesson Lord, Golden Text w"ell. who May 8. Peter an John 20: 1-10; 21 --Blessed be the God and father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which according to hit abundant mercy hath be- later exper gotten us again unto a lively hope by found forgiveness expressly said of him that saw and believed," that is, b< the Resurrection without as ing had a vision of the risen conviction was due to faith, itual insight. It is stated that wither accessible for cutting purposes, of the two disciples had grasped the I winnow boy • scriptural prediction that God's Holy I One should not remain under the. power of death. The disciples go made and the hanging pots purchased as chrysanthemums, there ij a rt>-T. the other-- ' one must get busy and prepare to fill marka'ile range from which to choose, ■hat Peter w-i them. Use some old broken crockery In Ontnriu asters should be started mKingT | ^ cin[iers for drainage in the bottom, indoors for best results i id on tois Chap. 21:15. We now turn to the then a layer of well rotted manure, account most people prefer to buv s MTreSration8 to' tram'Ped down then tw<> or their stj0k from th« nearest K™*"- I ;v„vu„D „it<-„A imnoi tv,q„ jc prevent disease plant the dress over Gwendolyn's head. It sagged off one shoulder, and hitched upon one side. Juliet looked at it ruefully. Janet stitched away at her little dress. She turned seams and put in little a ni«e hem and finished off the neck And" the blue the way Auntie May had taught her. silk ought to make a dress. I do hope And when Nancy Anne was all deck-that there is enough of it. It's good *d out m that blue silk she was a doll every little girl would look at twice. Just then Mother came into the playroom. "I thought your babies " ke a party," she said, sstting n a plateful of thimble cakea and _____ heard on the stairs, and the next >- K, . ... minute Juliet Rivers rushed into the ^f"^h»fyou> thank you playroom. Iw much!" cried Janet. "Thev will "I'm all out of breath," she said, just love a p,arty And they can wear panting. - "I ran so fast. Oh, dear, tfteir new dTe6gea. oh, isn't this fine, what lovely scraps. I've bought some j^u^t?" sewing over. Gwendolyn is nearly in, Juliet) of C(>UrSe( was delighted rags. What do you think of this for over th<> party But wh,3n ghe placed a dreaa?" And the fly-away Juliet GwendolyT1 in her queerly made yellow opened her workbox and brought out dr<yBS j^ide Nancy Anne in her neat a piece of yellow material. She gave Wuo g,nk of' the party feeling it a shake and flourished it gayly be- left ^ fore Janet. - "Gwendolyn doesn't look fit for "I think that It is beautiful," said anything but the rag bag," she said, Janet, "And I'm so glad you brought soberly. "I guess if anything is worth it, for now we can work together, doing at all, it is worth doing well. I'm going to make Nancy Anne a Ater this I'm going to take pains, and dress out of this blue." , pin patterns on first aftd sew a nice Both little girls got out their seam." thimbles and needles and scissors. "And now let's pass the. cakes," "The pattern, Janet. Have you said Janet, laughing, still got that cute pattern Auntie ---.>------- May cut for us?" asked Juliet j Fertilizing Clay Soils. "Vo« I've got it right here in my, ° I'm sure it will fit Gwen- Manure ls very beneficial to heavy clay soils, which are often deficient a in organic matter, especially when Snip, snip they have been poorly farmed. In a workbox. dolyn, too." The little pattei l wherrf they jnr.stVrom bis holy office as apostle. Jesus had f™« ™ch*s <»* rich garden soil, sifted h.use ma the dead--1 Peter 1 ■ 3 appeared to the disciples by the Lake fi"e. Bedding plants can be purchas- m a dure.............. * ' ' of Galilee, and they have broken bread ed ready grown from the nearest and g.ve them a. posit: SUBJECT. in the clear consciousness of his pres- green house man or can be grown in- will have p-.'r-ty of i Peter's reinstatement by the risen ence- Then comes the wonderful ex- doors by yourself. Trailing flowers They require rich soil and plenty of lord. perience of Peter, in which he hears guch ag German ivy, climbing nas- cultivation. They are very subject to Chap. 20:1, 2. We have recently Jfj1^™ tho'oTme'morTtoan turtiums, 'and some trailing foliage attacks of root maggots. These can studied the religious experience of ihese"" ' The' words "more than plants should be used along the tront be I'levented by dlPPing the roots in the two Marys at the grave of Jesus these." refer to the 'other disciples. as wel1 as clumps «f Alyssum and a mixture of corrosive sublimate just on the first Easter morning. In the peter had nice said (Matt. 26:31), Lobelia to add a touch of color. Back before transplanting to outside. This Gospel of John, only one woman, "Though all shall be made to stumble a few inches stick in some special is the same treatment as is now gen-Mary of Magdala, is mentioned, because of thee, yet will I never window box Petunias, Geraniums, erally employed with cabbages. To though the presence of another is stumble." This was a claim to love Sprengula Ferns, and a bit of bright- keep away cutworms, another trouble- l.ln2ed Vhe^vSeli^'whneTeepiy S hT ^^KbeST'SS * ^ 1^ ^ ™*f If °n'y ^ <*t ^'^1 "Vf * interested in Peter, is also interested ^ humbU "Ye* Lord thou a g'»de as th«™.Me s°°res °f flowen paper collar about the stem sticking in another disciple, not mentioned by kn'west th™ I love thee "Then he whlch do wel1 m a Fertilize this down into the ground about half name, but described as specially dear hearg Jesus say: "Feed my lambs." , frequently and water daily. an inch. to Jesus, and he represents the news y. 16. The question and answer are - - -.........- ---------------------------" ----.....----=-5-"--'-~~ of the resurrection as carried by repeated a second time. On this occa- first, Peter was called simply to fol-jset. Those from the buttermilk pen Mary to these two disciples It has s;on the reference to the other dis- low Christ. Now he* is called to as-! produced 66 chicks, while those from always been considered that the on- c,ples is omitted. Love to Christ is sume a much more definite task. So ?ht, meat scrap pen produced onlv 42 named disciple stands m a specially all that the penitent can offer, and in every life. As we get older, we - P P " Proaucea onl* c'ose iHat'en to this gospel which Peter knows that he has this to give. make discoveries of ourselves which I nitionally the name of John. \ y. 17. The threefold experience of should lead us closer to the Master,1 Suckering Experiment With w-ent the scissors as Juliet hurriedly section dealing with clay cu* into her yellow material. bulletin of the Dominion Department "Oh but you ought to pin the pat- of Agriculture on Crop and Farm ern on the c'-th first," said Janet, Management in Eastern Canada, it it watching her. "Look,.'you're cutting stated that, where an ample supply thai cro, kco Oh. my, it will never »t manure is not available, a dress-fit around the neck!" .. ln» 200 to ;)0° P°unda 0? »uper-"Pin the pattern on! What a waste phosphate per acre, broadcast on clav of time! I guess I can hold it on," la«d Just before sowing a cereal crop, said Juliet. "I'll be through in a generally results profitably. Super-second, and you can pin youfs on, if phosphate may be applied with profit vou want to. I expect to take Gwen- oven when manure is available when dolyn home in her new dress." She the clay land is badly finished the cutting with an extra Ph hard snip of the scissors that madi The slit in the skirt. "Oh, now, you'll have to pi< said-Janet. "What a nuisance ran of clover will also materially aid in improving such soils. Potash fertilizers are rarely profitable for application to clay soils, as this ■ i soils Never heard of that," fertilizer is usually abundant . of this type. ingelist describes the question is due to Petei _ . the eager haste of Peter and the other seiousness of having thrice denied his disciples to reach the grave of Tesu*. Lord. All the shame of that act is The unnamed disciple arrives first, before his mind, and a threefold guilt and finds the grave empty. The grave- can only be assuaged by a threefold clothes are lying as though thrown ' surrender of the soul. But how great off by one who had risen. A feeli.ig js his comfort to know that h Corn. : prevents the disciple venturing into the tomb. Vs. 6, 7. No such hesitation restrains the impulsive Peter, who at once enters the vault. ( Mention is made of what he saw. Nothing is said of what he thought. Indeed, it would appear that no gleam of re-Ruri-ection H<jht had yet broken on his mind. He simply marks what he sees--like a man as yet unable to rise ah"-e the. bedazement of. grief. Vs. 8-10. The first intuition of what had happened is reserved for the other disciple, who, emboldened by Peter's example, steps into the vault. It is love that fills his soul, the proof and assurance of forgi-ness! Does a man love Christ? : further test of a Christian sary. So Jesus hich at the same time should n a more practical Christianity. ----*-- | An especially interesting experiment has been conducted at the Nap-pan, N.S., Domondon Experimental Farm. It was to determine the rela-The batchability of eggs from hens tive effect on ear devlopment and fed buttermilk proved to be consider- yield of corn when all suckers are re-ably higher than that of eggs from moved as compared with allowing nstates" Jfe "peni- hens fed. meat' SCriip J? an exPeri~ them to grow. Three stalks w The Effect of Buttermilk on the Hatchahility of Eggs. postle "He himself' had ment conducted at the Morden, Mani- mitted to grow to the hill. One-half seek and save "the lost sheep" toba, Experimental Station. Two of each variety, grown had the suck-of the house of Isi,-i and t I etei pens of Barred Rocks were used in ers removed and on the other half he now commits the responsibility of the test. Both pens received they were allowed to develop. Where looking after and shepherding his re- scratch feed and mash. One the suckers were removed not only deemed ones. pen was given buttermilk in the was there a better development of We should not miss the lesson that, w<jt magh and U) drink while the j ears but the corn was more uniformly fed meat scrap in the'matured and the yield was heavier. s the less > of Christ advi humility, well l eggs fro'm the hopper, j In addition it : ach pen were earlier. a few days said Juliet, holding up the qu ^JX;JJ£^t =d Harrowing Emerging Crops. perfectly satisfactory to Juliet. a number of experiments have "Now, then, I'll have this all sewed been made during recent years at up before you even get that pattern the Beaverlodge, Alberta, Experi-pinned on," she continued. mental Sub-Station with the harrow-Janet smiled. She wished she eould jng of cereals, sunflowers and other work fast, too, but somehow she erops with a light lever harrow just didn't want this lovely blue silk dress ag they are peeping through the to look like Julie's yellow one when ground. The superintendent of the it was cut out, So she pinned secure- sub-station, in his latest report, ly and cut carefully around the edges, states that the ultimate effect upon And Juliet threaded her needle and the crop is usually beneficial. The sewed energetically with great long object is, of course, to destroy germ-stitches, inating weeds. To make the opera-"Aren't you going to make French tion successful the grain should have seasns?" asked Janet. "You know, been drilled at a fair depth and, at Auntie May taught us how. You just the time of harrowing, should be run up' one side and then turn the showing single shoots just emerging, dress inside out and run it up again, The harrow must be light and the so that it looks quite neat." surface of the ground fairly free Juliet looked puzzled. "I guess not. fronl rubbish. It is best to do th« It takes too long," she said. harrowing on a warm day when the The little girls worked away quiet- ground is dry on top. If then, a ly for some time. Then Juliet ex- ghower follows in a day or two, the claimed: immediate adverse effect on the grain "Mine's done!" And she slipped is very slight.