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4 THE COLBORNE EXPRESS, COLBORNE, OUT., THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1927 Crusaders' Ruins Reveal a Story Excavators Find Evidence of Luxurious Life at the Old Castle of Montfort in Palestine--Some of the Relics Uncovered by Them Evidence of luxurious life in which ties and flasks, showing the shape to the twelfth century Crusaders were have been somewhat similar to the indulging in Palestine at the time of modern wine flask, the bottom rising their final defeat by the Saracens has a little within the cavity. In some at last been gathered in conclusive cases the flasks were oval in outl: form by the excavations at the old, the necks sometimes short, castle of Montfort, near Tyre, made long. In a few examples the neck on behalf of the Metropolitan Museum had b«*vn made to resemble a string of of Art of New York. i beads. In one chamber several small For more than six centuries, from bottles were discovered together, its fall in 1271 until 1926, Montfort a!on.? with a mortar, still in its up-Castle was left undisturbed, and when right position. These, it is said, may excavations were finally undertaken 1 denote the one-time existence there of it was only in the hope the specimens . a medieval drug store, of crusading armor might be discov-! Among the other interesting glass ered Most of the castle was in' objects were fragments cf lamp ruins.- The woodwork as was found bangers. These were formed of small bv W. L. Celver, the field director,, lumps of cobalt blue glass and pre-had been burned by the Saracens; ! sumably were once affixed to a bowl many of the walls had fallen and lit-!of transparent glass. The blue lump tie was unearthed that could be added bad been made into a wide hook, to to the museum's collection of armor.! which chains or cords could be attaeh-What the findings did show was that ed- Thl3 number of these hangers the complaint of William, Archbishop 1 indicates a more or less general use. of Tyre, the medieval historian, had ; The most important lamp was a hang-bcen correct; the Crusaders had not! in2 one- shattered but retaining its been on a perpetual pflgrim.;gc and: form- It Is transparent above, blue at times must have enjoyed almost is ! below, and bears on several zones a much comfort as did their contempor-1 calligraphic gold inscription afjes in Western Europe. j Arabic. This is now in William had noted, about the mid- at A""e. . die of the twelfth century, that the Traces of stained gli kingdom of the West In the East was were found in two of the chambers beginning to tremble. He thought it and in the chapel. According to Dr. was because the invaders in the East Dean, not only was "colorless" glass had forsaken God and were in turn used, but also green, blue and corn-ieirg forsaken by Him; that the colored. The pieces show the glass princes of the West were no longer- to have been painted in grisaille, with giving themselves up wholly to the bands and interlaced foliation, as well crusade. as human figures. A small fragment A peace party, which saw no need of.a human head done in white glass for continuous warfare, was, in fact, grisaille is at present in the Metro-springing up under the leadership of Pclitan Museum. nd of Tripoli. ^The laxity of j FINELY CARVED MARKERS Two blocks apparently of litho- A New Rcute Opened garment taken from a borrower in pledge for repayment of the debt should in any case be returned to him at sunset, for it might be his only covering (Exod. 22:26, 27), but this law was being selfishly disregarded. The wine paid to the priests in the' way of fines they drink in the house of their god. For the conquest of the Amorites' mush: and their great stature, see Num. 21: j,,icp Now is the Time For Mushrooms A delicious sauce to be poured over broiled or baked mushrooms may -bs made by putting the peeled, broken stalks to simmer n beef cted from round steak just heated. • give whovw religious vow to and the fruit of form (Ium. 6). II. the consequences, 2:13-16 and 3:9-15. » The prophets believed in the just judgment of God. They believed that sin could not and would not go unpun-| ished. And so they were dispo< Mu Put tl re "ery fresh : hrcom Consomme -fourths cf a pound of A GRACEFUL CEREMONY Captain Kirk Thornie of the motorship Benjamin Franklin receiving senior flag from Lord Mayor Watson Boyes of Hull, England, to co the inauguration of direct commercial service to Vancouver, B. .d begun to affect the knights, who desired also, perhaps, to pursue art and literature-- which could not very well be done in the midst of battle. They made their castle?, churches and monasteries as much like those at home as they could, and settled down to peaceful activity or inactivity. TRAINING FOR KNIGHTHOOD. Songs and history show life there id have been net unlike that of the West. The young knight, as a potential ruler, spent his early years at lib fathers castle, learning to hunt, hawk and ride, then was- sent to the aldic shield and fleur de lis. The castle of a king for farther training, j shield bore an eagle, and was evident" When he had finished his courtly j ly the badge of .the German Ritte-1- -returned to the family corden. The second, a triangul; Sunday School Lesson October 30. Lesson V--Amos Denounces Sin (World's Temperance Sunday), Amos 2: 4-6; 8-2. Golden Text--Seek good, and not evil, that ye may live; and so the Lord, the God of hosts, shall be with you, as ye !iave spoken.--Amos 6: 14. j regard the calamities that | men, whether disease, or famine, or war, as punishment sent by God, or ! at least as a discipline of pain intended to lead men to repentance (4:6-11; compare Psalm 107). Here it is evi-! dently a disastrous war that the pro-I phet foresees, such as actually came ! to pass in the Assyrian invasions j twenty to thirty years later. The adversary of 3:11 is the Assyrian, and, j Amos declares, he will leave of Israel __ j out the mangled fragments of . tion (3:12). tZTEZ PI. the lushrooms in a stewptn ' one cupful of water, a little salt and papper, one tablespoon of butter and three gratings of nutmeg. Cook over Jh£ fire for twenty-five minutes, then press through a coarse sieve. Scald ed"tojfour cups of sweet milk, and when it upon | reaches the boiling point add to it two e. or! tablespoons of sifted flour and ons tablespoon of butter creamed together,., When the mixture thickens add the mushrooms. Just before taking from the stove to serve add one-half cui. of sweet cream. Serve with cr'sc wafers. Four or five servings. transgressions." I., . people of the northern kingdom, here THE Reason why, called Israel, at Bethel, and by de- n The prophet makes a statement in nouncing the sins of their neighbors 3:2 which must have been very dis-he very cleverly secures their atten- turbing to the proud and self-satisfied tion and, no doubt, wins their ap- men of Israel. They were indeed Je-proval. Even when he comes to the hovah's people, chosen by him from sins of the sister kingdom of Judah the nations, but for that very reason we can imagine that they still consent he would punish them for their ini-to the ustice of his words. What must quities. He reminds ti.em of that ob-have been their dismay, therefore, I vious fact which they had forgotten, when in the climax of his speech (vs. i that_pe?uliar privilege means peculiar 6-12) he brings the denunciation of .responsibility. Since God had given sin and coming doom home to them- them much he required much cf them, selves! j The questions that follow (vs. 3-6) .The sins with which he charges E€ern to be in answer to objections Judah are (1) rejection of Jehovah's raised by those who listened to this AM4I VoTc law» and (2) the practice of idolatry, startling statement. Who was this AiNAivisio. or worship of false Eods_ The wd nan and why did he make such an I. the transgressions of Israel and "law" is the rendering of the Hebrew assertion? Amos replied that the s judah, 2:4-12. !wcrd "Terah," which literally means common incidents of daily life in that II. the consequences, 2:13-16 and "teaching," and which was regularly, border fortress did not occur without 3:9-15. used in earlier times for the teaching reason- Nor is his message of wran- III. the reason vray 3-1-8 of priests and prophets. That is quite j ln£ without good and sufficient rea- God has spoken--that is enough. graphic limestone were picked up the one chamber of the castle whose w?rehl-^Yanen-i!:- ,B0th bL°CkS **r*"'speech, TTT T ^eTut™heyTad^^w"thS were chiseled in intaglio--perhaps first two chapters, m which he de- teaching (see v. 12). The term "lies' with the very chisels found in announces the sins of the nations round is used of the false godSj worsnipod armor compartment--and both evi- about Israel, and, in the climax, of by their fatherE. whose worsnip atjH dently served as molds into which; Israel itself, and declares that punish- attracted many people, and was too some material, such as leather could ment '? coming which God will not often imitated in its worst features ins not J 19-20 and Hosea 2:8, 13). be pressed The betterartistically of Ig? he E£ a nartmlnt 5b/ the De-j much against the forms or institutions these same idolatrous practices that Partment of_Antiquities of the Gov-|0f religion as against the common Paul wrote (Rom. 1:24-25). "They measures seven j laws of humanity. They are the exchanged th? truth of God for a lie, rnment of Palestin by ele' by three inches, the wide side wit hield and fleur de castle. There was, it is true', tain amount of fighting to be done, but the pastimes of the pericd were many -- tournaments, hunting and games; in the evenings the singing of the minstrels. This appears to have been the state of affairs at the time the Saracens j the Metropolitan. ---. gathering their forces for at- In the same room stone, roughly four by nine by two inches, represents on its main face two fishes, symbols of early Christianity. The other faces have curved and straight designs, possibly to be for the printing of belts, holders, similar objects. It is ne vith the two matrices was found evidence suggesting that the decorations produced included paintings. This evidence was a small piece of a wooden panel, covered on one side with canvas and gesso, on which are still to be seen traces of the portrayal of human lack. When Bibars, a relentless foe of the Franks, became Sultan in 1260, he took up with fresh vigor the campaign against the Crusaders. Wherever he went he burned and pillaged. Although Montfort Castle withstood one siege, it eventually fell. The site, according to Dr. Bashford i figures ^MZ^:*uZZd^:l\ STONE WORK WAS MADE excellent one for the castle's medieval ORNATE, occupants. Montfort was reared on! The sculptured stone work of the an abrupt shoulder of a hill, jutting j castle, with its scrolls, bossets, foil out between the arms of the Wady j tion, and an occasional grotesque Kurn. This was about 600 feet above j head also show the desire of the The hill was precipitous knights for beautiful surroundings. on its western side, sloping by easy Btages on the eastern. It was about eix miles from the sea, half way tween Acre and Tyre, and near i road passed along toward the Sea cf Galilee. ONCE A ROMAN FORTRESS. The history of the region altogether known but, judging from Roman coins and bits of marble sculpture, the site had been fortified in the (Jays of the empire, possibly before that. The castle was built at the beginning of the thirteenth century. In 1229 the lords of Mandelecwere in possession and the same year ceded Montfort to Herman de Salza, Grand Master of the Order of the Hospital of Our Lady of the Teutons, who, using the German equivalent, Stark-enberg, made the fortification the general headquarters of the Order in Palestine. In 1266 the new Sultan Bibars attacked the castle, but was repulsed. In 1271 he again attacked, this time probably by tunneling under the western end, and was successful. He seems to have broken all the en-' gines of war, or to have taken them away. The excavators found only pieces. The climate of Palestine is far from favorable for the preservation of iron objects, and this explains why, as Regards armor, the excavations were not a greater sraccosf. What colored glass window.: there were at the time of Bifears were presumably broken by him. Other glassware must haje tfen sinashed either by tine invader M IBS crumbling c-f the walls; paintings wfcw eaten by decay. But from s^ich fragments as remain I)r. Dean draws the c^u^ion that the knights of Montfort were living a high material level. Glass is apt to be as good evidence of their luxury as any, for armies on the march or accustomed to tf^e rigors of warfare are not usually well provided with it. In Montfort pieces of glass and fragments of ornaments Were found. scraps of numerous bot- number of pillar sections, bearing polychrome decorations, and arch ribs painted with transverse bands, were brought to light by the.excavators. Outside-the castle proper a so-called "mill arouses further speculation as to the life of the inhabitants. It stands 600 feet north of the main buildings, and along the bank of the Wady Kurn, a ruin measuring almost 150 feet in length. Many features of the castle are repeated in it. There are chambers with groined arches, delicate capitals and ornamental keystones. The whole building is divided into sections which, fr ter of the rooms, might well have been ued to houso pilgrims. As far as the recent excavators could tell, there was no great outer ring wall extending around all the buildings, though in the midst of such formidable enemies a wall of some kind would seem to have been needed. Instead there may have been merely a mound surmounted by a palisade and enclosed by a ditch. As has been said, the armor finds ere disappointing; yet they suffice to throw further light on an obscure subject. The pieces found range from spear-heads and jazerant scales to the "cannon balls" which, scattered through the :hapel, bear mute testimony to the fact that stained glass windows formed a target. n all, the excavations did not uch to enrich museums as they did to add to what was hitherto known about the Crusaders. Montfort housed men who demanded the best luxuries and comforts the age afforded. 1270 they must still have been worthy warriors, however, since Montfort i sisted the enemy once before it fell. abominable cruelties practiced in war, and Wf;:shipDed and ^rved th< slave raiding and slave trading, re-: ture rather than the Creator." lentless hostility to each other of-j Tj,e s;ns 0f iETaei are m0re par-neighboring and closely related na-; ticularly specified: the poor sold into tions, and sacrilegious treatment ol siavery for a paltry debt, the greed the dead. The punishment which he of rich m.9n who enrich themselves at anticipates will take the form of war, ths expense of the poor, vile practices and there is no doubt that he looks for of drunkenness and vice even at the it to come from the proud and power-.] altars of religion, and neglect of the ful empire cf Assyria, which, with in-' anc;.er,t laws of human kindness. The satiable greed, was already reaching crime mentioned in v. 6 is either the out after and grasping thejvagfc^f-fcribjn? of judge to prevent justice, the smaller natj*n., which <^^W^^Br~%. .. actual selling-of a poor, honest' during to the status cf vassal and tn-.^pta^ into siave.ry for a debt which he butary states. The petty cruelies andl isiomable to pay (see 8:6, and corn-greed cf the people of these smallerf|pa^€ LeV. 25:39 and 2 Kings 4:1). So nations will, he believes, be punished | greedy have such robbers of the help-by their becoming victims of the vast- , become that they are represented ly greater cruelties and greed of As- Dy a pardonable exaggeration as de-syna, the first of those military em- 1 siring the verv dust which a poor man pires which sought to rule the world heaps upon his head as a token of his by force of arms. | misery. The reference in the latter I. the transgressions of Israel and part of v. 7 is apparently to temple judah, 2:4-12. prostitutes who carried on their un-j The numbers three and four in the!holy profession in the name of re-succeseive paragraphs of chapters liligion, and even at the altars of Je-and 2 are no doufc; rhetorical. The hovah. prophet means, "For the multiplied i The ancient law required that the Butter From Prairies Winnipeg.--A recent summary of the dairy Industry in Western Canada shows that the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, which a comparatively short while ago did not provide enough for their own requirements, now account for nearly SO per cent, of the butter output of the Dominion. Large quantities of butter are exported from the prairie province to Great Britain and the Orient. A High Flyer. "I hear Mr. Lark is quite a "Well, he's a high-flier." Eskimos find fish-hooks useful money. Perhap3 they thus find it easier to land a sucker in driving hard bargain. The rounder rarely gaes straight. Perpetuating Plowing Prowess A photographer says that most politicians are good sitters.. Unfortunately they are seldom photographed in their characteristic attitude sitting on the fence. All education does to-day Is to develop the memory at the expense of the imagination.--Own Johnson. INTERNATIONAL PLOWING MATCH AT LANGSTAFF Lovers of the fctraight furrow congregated at the Toronto Municipal Farm recently when the annual International Plowing Match was held under government auspices. Ideal conditions marked the opening day. At Left George Lawson, King P.O., director of the York Plowmen's Association and treasurer of the King and Vaughan Plowmen's Association for 21 years. Centre, J. Lockie Wilson, secretary and managing director of the Ontario Plowing Association. Right, Henry Pieasance, Langstaff P.O., one of the m,.sl ii:itroik-u spectators, who was a successful competitor in the Maple and Vaughan match fifteen years ago. Lower Center, a youthful contestant in action. He is 12 years old, Bert Tapscott, of Milliken, Scarboro. Mushroom and Veal Loaf Chop two pounds of cold roast veal very fine, mince one dozen olives ancK one dozen large mushrooms. Mix all: together in a bowl and season it wit!.:, salt, pepper and onion juice. Havl; ready one cup of strained gravy oi stock and wet the mixture with V. Unless the gravy is quite tMck it Is well to add one-third package of ge'r tin. The mixture should not bp too soft. Pack in greased mold and set in a pan of boiling' water. Put in the oven and cook an hour. When cold and set turn out. Six to eight servings. Another Loaf One pound mushrooms, peeled, cut fine, one-half pound fresh pork, two pounds veal, one cup bread crumbs, one-fourth cup milk, juice and rind ol one lemon, three eggs, two tablespoons butter, juice of half onion, salt and pepper to taste and a rash of mace. Put the veal and pork through a meat chopper, soften the bread crumbs in milk, add the seasoning, half of the mushrooms and the beaten eggs. . Shape in an oblong loaf and place In a shallow pan.; dredge with flour. Lay several thin "slices of bacon on top of the loaf and pour a little water in the baking pan. Bake forty minutes. Baste the loaf frequently with_ the juice in the pan. Serves eight' persons. Thicken the sauce with butter, season well and add the remainder of the mushrooms, which have been cooked separately,^ and pour around the loaf Macaroni and Mushrooms Have prepared one-fourth pound of cooked macaroni, drained. Melt one tablespoonful of butter and cook one-half cup or more of mushrooms, broken, and sprinkled with one teaspoon, of lemon juice. Cook gently for live minutes and sprinkle over two tablespoons of flour and stir. Add one and one-fourth cups of milk and stir until the mixture boils. Add two tablespoons of butter, salt and pepper to taste; then add the macaroni and reheat over hot water. Turn Into a hot serving dish, sprinkle with cheese and serve as soon as the cheese is melted. Four servings. Mushrooms and Crabmeat This is after the Spanish way of serving this delicious dish. (It may be made in a chafing dish.) Cook until brown two tablespoons of butter with one spoon of minced, pepper (green one-half teaspoon of minced nd one tablespoon of tomato To a cream sauce add the nlxture- with half cup of crab-. and the same amount of must-is that have been cooked in but-Four servings. • Baked IV1ushroom3 el, wash and drain mushroms. Place them In a buttered dish or baking pan. Season to taste with salt, pepper, lemon juice and minced pars-Cook in a moderate over fifteen ites, basting occasionally with but-arrange on a hot serving dish and the gravy over them. Serve with parsley cream sauce made as follows: Scald cne cup of thick cream, add ons tablespoon cf minced parsley, two tablespoons of butter, a dash of cayenne pepper, salt to taste, one tablespoon of thick white sauce and two table- i'CPP ■-" hot of ! Four E Reheat < Mushrooms and Oysters Peel the caps of fresh mushrooms and saute In butter, then-place in a small shallow pan buttered, cap side up. Place on each a large oyster, sprinkle with salt, pepper and bits of butter. Hold each oyster and mushrooms together with a little wooden pick. Bake in a hot oven until the oysters are plump. Remove to small plates and around each pour Bechamel sauce. This is made as follows: Cook QQe and one-half cups of chicken stock h one slice each of onion and car-a bit of bay leaf and parsley and peppercorns; cook twenty minutes. Strained, there should be one cup. Melt one-fourth cup of butter, add one-fourth cup of flour, stir until well blended and add the stock with salt, pepper and a dash of cayenne pepper. Beat one egg yolk slightly, add to the with a few drops of strong beei extract. The spell of fine weather experienced of lato is duo no doubt to tha that the majority cf weather ex- So far as I remember, nobody evor asked whether the bathing beauty could swim.--Henry Ruggles.