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2 THE COLBORNE EXPRESS, COLBORNE, ONT., THURSDAY, NOV. 17, 1921. Idress communication* to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide How to Prevent Colds in Poultry. A large number of losses in poultry flocks are caused by simple colds which are neglected and soon bring or roup, bronchitis and various respiratory troubles. Many poultrymen have to spend time in trying to cure such infections when the work of prevention would be much more economical. Here are some of the simple methods of keeping a flock free from colds. Eliminate the mites and lice. Those pests devitalize poultry and make them less resistant to colds. Undoubtedly tuberculosis is more prevalent ir flocks where the hens are steadily drained of their blood by mites and " ' skin is constantly irritated by Dusty litter is another colds. If the poultry house has a floor covered with garden loam it that much of the soil will turn to dust in the winter and it will be kicked into the air by the scratching of thi birds. This dust settles all over thi poultry house and the air is always unclean, making it unhealthful for both the hens and their caretakers. Sand and not garden loam is nece eary if any dirt is used on the poultry house floor. If sand can not be obtained easily, I believe it is better to have a cement or board floor in thi poultry house and cover that with < deep straw litter, but use no soil Fresh straw can occasionally be added as the old litter becomes packed down. All of the old litter should be removed when it becomes damp, tough and dirty and observation proves it is unfit scratching material. The number of birds in the house will influence the condition of the litter. Overcrowding either in the corners of the house or on the roosts will cause the birds to become overheated. Then they are chilled on going out on the cold ground and this causes colds. Young stock are sometimes slow in learning to roost and crowd each night in groups in the corners of the houses, It pays to provide ample roosting space and teach all the birds to roost. Early roosting may cause an occasional crooked breast, but that condition will not happen often in vigorous stock, and a few crooked breasts will cause less loss than an epidemic of colds and roup. To watch for the beginning of colds, fasten the poultry in their houses at night. The next morning open the ,<Ioor a short distance, which will allow the flock to come out slowly. Watch their heads to see if there are any swollen eyes. Note the feathers Milk and Tuberculosis. A certain farmer had his herd of cattle tested for tuberculosis. One cow reacted. Now the farmer thought he knew more about the value of tuberculin tests than the provincial inspector. He thereupon removed the ear tag from his infected West. Tcrontsv If any birds are s Rabbits for Meat and Fur. It is advisable not to market rabbits that are over five months old-two or three-months old would be better. At the earlier age the rabbit is in its prime, but after it reaches five months the meat toughens. It seems to be a common belief that the rabbit is fit to eat only during the „_„ winter monitftis. The truth is, the do-around the neck to see if they are a] for w smeared with the secretion which the ^ &f ^ ^ bird has endeavored to remove from ^ ^ Jn ^ g 1 good food the year around. While oughly. This quick inspection will locate any colds that may be just beginning. Such cases can be isolated and treated at once. At night walk along the roosts. Listen for hard breathing which may be due to colds or bronchitis. Colds of any kind can spread through flock and any birds that show signs of illness must be removed. Poultry diseases can be spread rapidly through the medium of drinking water. It pays to color the water a deep red with permanganate of potassium if many colds seem to be starting in the flock. This disinfectant will help to stop the trouble. When it is used the hens must have no other source of water supply they will not touch the red water, does not pay to use the permanganate unless it is quite necessary, hens should drink plenty of clean water to keep them in a healthy laying condition. Another way to prevent colds is to kill a bird that is seriously ill with roup and burn or bury the deeply. Often breeders try to doctor a bad case with roup cures and after much hard work the bird has to be killed. Or the bird appears about well and is turned loose with the flock, only to spread the contagion to other birds. Some cases can be cured but they are a great risk on the premises. By giving the birds frequent health inspections it is usually possible to prevent colds and roup and this is better than trying to make cures. Poultry houses are frequent causes of colds. Damp floors, leaky roofs, draughty houses or the lack of ventilation will cause sick birds. Removing those causes is a great help in keeping the flock healthy. The open-front house has been proven to be a dry house, while the closed house will show dampness all over the walls and windows. The damp house is a cold house. Birds can stand a lot of cold, but dampness is bad for them. The cold draughts which blow the feathers out and expose the warm body also chilling that may result colds. The hens are tropical birds and their dislike of cold winds is proven by the appearance of the range on cold windy day. The hens will be out of sight seeking shelter almost any-here that they can obtain protection from the wind. a cow sick with tuberculosis may be more dangerous in a community than a roaring lion. It has been estimated that of cows, slaughtered in London twenty-five per cent, are tuberculous. In order to avoid the very serious danger to man of tuberculosis in cattle careful inspection of all d: pelt brings ing the winter, the profitable returns. Instruments needed for dressing are a sharp, small-bladed knife for the actual skinning, a gambrel that may be purchased from any rabbit supply house, accurate scales, one heavy skinning knife to cut the tail bone, sever the head and cut off the front feet, a heavy wire stretcher, and a dull knife to scrape off fat after, the skins are dried. To kill the rabbit hit a hard blow with a short round stick, placing the blow in front of the ears, and by doing this the carcass will not be bruised. Bleed, and then hang up on the gambrel and skin immediately. -~> To skin start the knife as far on the hind legs as possible, and cut the skin down the middle of each leg to the base of the tail. Cut the tail bone and then pull the skin, not using the knife, as far as possible to the head. Cut the skin loose at the neck and the job of removing is completed. To dress, begin at the base of the tail and slit down the belly, being careful not to cut into any of the organs. Cut off the head and front feet. Remove the organs, leaving the kidneys intact; save the liver. Soak the carcass in water for an hour and trim it up a little so that it will look neat. Next hang it up by the hind legs in a cool dry place until morning. When shipping, wrap each carcass in parchment paper and include the liver, also carefully wrapped up and g generosity, pre^"^ *fe*2S&*2!!I tion also of all those who work ab< cows and in dairies, both in order that germs may not get into the milk after it leaves the cow and that the healthy cows may not become infected. Most cities have such regulations for the examination of the milk supply and utmost care should be taken in the enforcing of these. Milk that comes to big cities often travels a great distance. It is sometimes twenty-four hours old when delivered at the door. Milk that is old, or has been allowed to be warm in transit is likely to have several times as many germs as that which is fresh and has been kept cold. Good milk inspectors take no chances for there is better food on which to feed ger put in the c Having marketed the rabbit, attention should be paid to the skins. Having previously placed the skins on th« wire stretcher, hang in a cool dry-place for about a week or so until thoroughly dried. Then the fat must be removed with a dull knife. These skins must never be dried by ficial heat nor by the direct rays of the sun, and compounds such as alum and salt must not be used on the ski Store the skins where they can : be reached by mice, and sprinkle them with insect powder, or use moth balls. Furs stored during the summer should be wrapped separately in newspaper to prevent sweating and injuring each It would not be profitable to rabbits simply for their pelts; the price paid for them is mot, at the present time, sufficient worth while. But as a by-pr< these pelts are worth considering. Farrington, in his book on practical rabbit keeping, says if the skins are salable, they must be obtained apt to deve'lop a better quality of fur than those which are housed in warmer quarters. Sherlock, in his work on the care and management of rabbits, says the fact that the domesticated rabbit has a thick, tough pelt when properly matured and cured, has caused many furriers to turn to it as a source of supply in replenishing the loss occasioned by the smaller catches of wild fur each season. THE SUNDAY SCHOOL NOVEMBER 27. Turning Straw Into Manure. A notable discovery of special in- Connecting Link--Paul having ap-terest to gardeners and farmers has pealed to Caesar (see Ohs. 25: 10-12, just passed out of the laboratory into [ 21; 26: 32), he was sent with some the practical stage. A bacillus withj other prisoners to Rome in charge of such a powerful digestion that it can^ centurion named Julius, v. 1. In vs. "break down" cellulose--the toughest ^ r^fl^l^ean account of the voyage part of vegetable growth- Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck, Acts 27: 30-44. Golden Text--2 Tim. 1: 12 (Rev. Ver.). Time and Place--A.D. 60; on Mediterranean Sea and at Melita, Malta. -ered and multiplied at the Rotham sted Experimental Laboratories some time ago. It has so flourished that its digestive powers have passed all expectation, and it is now capable of taking the place of cattle and horses. The special work to which it is being harnessed is the breaking down of straw. With the help of some other kindly bacteria and bacilli it will convert straw into the best "farmyard manure." This achievement has been watched for some months in the laboratory with unvarying success. Straw has been converted into the best manure without the aid of any animal big enough to be visible. The method is mow proving equally successful on a large scale. Tons of straw so treated are quickly and cheaply converted into a fertilizer tbat has all the mechanical as well as the chemical virtue of the ordinary farm-yard manure. The straw is twice watered, then treated with a mild sprinkling of a nitrogenous solution, and the benevolent bacteria go to work at once, multiplying into incalculable millions within a few days. Farmers who have seen the product are convinced of value, which, indeed, has been proved by a number of plot tests. the best condition, I 671> sh€e'p 31,109. when they 1 During a molt they are worthless, less a market can be found for them at a glue factory. The skins are at their best in the winter, say. between October and March, and rabbits which are kept in out-of-door hutches are The Live Stock Trade. A demonstration of the amount of business done at the principal stock yards in the country is furnished by figures from the Live Stock Branch at Ottawa. These returns, which c the receipts at each place for the period from January 1 to October 2C 1921, and in 1920, are here given: 'Montreal, 1921, cattle 55,882, calves 88,467, hogs 125 814, sheep 136,036; 1920, cattle 72,283, calves 112,994 Jiogs 111,302, sheep 137,123. Toronto, 1921, cattle 250,192, calves 59,531, hogs 223,941, sheep 195,584; 1920, cattle 236,374, calves 70,695, hogs 246,317, sheep 183,297. ""innipeg, 1921, cattle 100,612, calves 14,653, hogs, 89,307, sheep 31,-1920, cattle 178,669, calves 16,-413, hogs 119,224, sheep 36,582, Edmonton, 1921, cattle 27,249, ,648, hogs 23,611, sheep 6,213; ■cattle 28,472, calves 4,092, hogs' ;,oad, sheep 6,523. Calgary, 1921, cattle 52,399, calves 9,123, hogs 31,667, sheep 42,500; 1920, cattle 67,119, calves 10,419, hogs 24,- with much s sented her to his iiired man for wages. There were seven children in the hired man's family, his wife, a pig and a cat. All save two of the children, the farmer and his wife, drank milk from the tuberculous cow. The five children, the pig and the cat have all contracted the disease. This seemingly generous farmer has thereby been responsible for introducing lr.i ' a poor family this disease. He may even be the indirect cause of a resulting death and be liable ti the charge of manslaughti So much foi* that one particular case. Bovine tuberculosis can be transmitted from cows to human beings. The milk from tuberculous cows frequently carries the germs of tuberculosis. Since children are the ones who drink the most milk, bovine tuberculosis is found more among them than among adults. Moller, for example, said that among 2,048 adults with tuberculosis, only two per were of the bovine typs, mostly of the abdomen and glands. Only half of one per cent, of all bovine tubei culosis is of the lungs. However, eighteen per cent, of a group of children who died of tuberculosis were found to have been infested with the bovine bacillus. Probably eight per cent, of all the tuberculosis deaths are due to bovine diseases. Under five years of age bovine bacilli are supposed to be responsible for sixty-one per cent, of tuberculosis of glands, fifty-eight per cent, of abdominal tuberculosis, sixty-six per cent, of generalized tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis, twenty-seven per cent, of tuberculosis of bones and joints. One authority says that ninety per cent, of the glandular form in Edinburgh is of bovine origin. Morevover, in the case of both cows and humans the disease does not always manifest itself where the germs £et in. Otherwise, all bovine tuberculosis would.be likely to be in the digestive tract. Children who drink the milk of tuberculous cows may taave no trouble there but may show the disease in remote parts of the body, as in the ki and the lungs. . I^" surface-drained land 2f bushels A "What S.iould You Weigh Although children do not always j per acre at a cost of 74% cents per hibit, consisting of scales, die from bovine tuberculosis, if they j bushel. If sold at one dollar per bushel j standard, and a big chart of cc irecover, they are likely to be either j this would mean that the profit from I ponding heights and weights for disfigured or crippled. j the tile-drained land was $34.79 peri women and-children, is all that Two and a quarter pounds of granulated sugar to a pint of water makes good winter food for bees. What Do Your Children Weigh? 2-13, as far as Crete, where Paul wished the centurion to remain at a harbor called Fair Havens for the winter, while the captain of the ship advised making for Phoenix, another Cretan port. The ship was overtaken by a storm, which vs. 13-44 give a vivid acco The lesson takes up the story at ____ point where, after having been driven up and down the sea for a fortnight the ship was drawing near some land. I. The Land, 30: 39. V. 30. The shipmen; Rev. Ver., "the sailors." About to flee; Rev. Ver., "were seeking to flee." Had their plans for escaping been successful, the passengers and soldiers would have been left to their fate. Let down the boat; hoping in this way to save their own lives, regardless of the others whose lives depended upon them. How differently they acted from the way in which British sailors act when their vessel is in danger, looking out first for the safety of the passengers and last of them own. Under color; under pretence. Lay out anchors; (Rev. Ver.), that i®, at the full length of the cable. The writer of Acts uses a sailor's expression. The sailors pretended that the vessels needed anchors out from the bow as well as the stern, and that they must go off in a boat to carry them out to a cable's length, rather than drop them out, as in v. 29. V*. 31, 32. Paul said. The apostle had gained such ascendancy over all about him that every one was ready to listen to him. To the centurion and . . . . soldiers; who would be able to stop the intended desertion better than the captain of the vessel. Except these abide in the ship. God (see v. 24) had revealed to Paul that all on board the vessel would be saved, but at the same time, every human effort must be made. Cut off the ropes; taking the matters in their own hands, and thus foiling the plot of the sailors. Vs. 33. 34, While the day was coming on; before it was light enough to see what was best to be done. Paul besought them. In spite of his words „.. 21, 22, they had not taker, swffi- for Paul the admiration of fact that it was, necessary to throw the cargo overboard to prevent her from sinking. Cast out the wheat; which the ship was carrying from Alexandria in Egypt to help in feeding the people in Rome. V. 39. When it was day. Was ever dawn more welcome then after the weary waiting of that anxious night? Knew not the land. It was the island of Melita, or Malta (ch. 28: 1), about 60 miles from the southern headland of Sicily, now belonging to Great Britain. The island was frequently visited by Alexandrian ships, but this part of it was not recognized by the sailors because it was far away from the main harbor of Valetta. A creek; (Rev. Ver.), "bay," since known as St. Paul's Bay. Beach (Rev. Ver.); a smooth shore, on which the sailors could run the ship with a chance of saving the lives of those on board. Took counsel, etc. (Rev. Ver.), discussed the best means of getting the vessel to the shore, sorely crippled as she was. II. The Wreck, 40, 41. V. 40. Casting of the anchors (Rev. Ver.) the four anchors which had been let down from the stern, v. 29. There were now abandoned, and the ropes were cut, so that the ship would move shorewards bow foremost. Loosed the rudder bands. The pair of paddle-shaped rudders, one on either side of the stern, had been lashed above the while the ship lay at anchor, re now lowered again for use. The foresail (Rev. Ver.); the sail that would cause the ship to move toward the shore with greater precision and swiftness than any other. V. 41. Where two seas met; either a shoal separated from the shore by deep water and washed by the sea on either side, or a neck of land projecting from the shore. Ran the vessel aground (Rev. Ver.); into a bottom of mud,, graduating into tenacious clay, into which the forepart would fix itself and be held fast, while the stern was exposed to the force cf the waves. Stern began to break up (Rev. Ver.); while the crew and passengers crowded to the forepart of the vessel. III. ThrDeiivfranee, 42, 44. Vs. 42, 43. The soldiers' counsel, etc. Each prisoner was chained to a soldier, who was answerable with his lifo if his charge should escape. The soldier's advice, therefore, was prompted bv fear for themselves. Centurion, Ming to save Paul. The_officer had dent food.. To take some meat; Rev.; man for another; and besides he v . Ver;, "food," For your health. There grateful to the one who had been the was great danger that, in their weak- j m6a,ns of saving crew and passengers, ness for lack of food, their strength J They which could swim . . first to the and nerve would fail them when the land (Rev. Ver.); that they might be critical moment for exertion Fourteenth day . . . tarried . . fasting ; not able to take sufficient food in their intense anxiety lest they should suddenly'run ashoreiunawares. Their dread -would b-e all fhe greater after the soundings had been taken, v. 28. The coolness and sagacity of Paul _ _ady to help the rest. V. 44. Planks, and . . other things (Rev. Ver.); pieces which were broken away from the timbers of the vessel. All safe to land; and so Paul's promise (vs. 23-24) was fulfilled. There were 276 on board, v. 37. This is the end of Paul's periJj by sea, 2 Cor. By Nellie Burrows than milk. As a matter of safeguarding health, even with the best inspection, milk for babies should be pasteurized. This is done by heating the milk to hundred and forty-five degn enheit and allowing it to r that temperature for twenty minutes. | a&e< Rarely is the meat of tubercuh cattle sold in this country, for have rigid laws condemning these 1 mals for food. Other animal products, however, such as butter and cheese, may contain germs. It is milk especially which must be most carefully inspected for that is the food of babies and children, the future : and women of our country. Tile Drainage vs. Surface Drainage. t is doubtful if the benefits ace img from tile drainage as compared with surface drainage are as widely recognized as they might be. At one of the Illustration Stations conducted under the Dominion Experimental Farm system, the two methods are I being thoroughly tried out. Two four-I year rotations are being carried cn, I one on land which is fairly well tile-drained, the other on land adjoining with good average surface drainage, both soils being similar. Banner oats have been sown in each instance, the results being a yield of 55 bushels . , per acre on the tile-drained land at a the hip, the spine,cost of 36% cenbs per bus,hef and on urface-drained land 21 bushels Perhaps even more important than e statistics of pre-sehool age, are ose of rapidly growing school children. As in all things worth doing, there is a "shorter way" to reach the accomplishment of their well-being-that is, to interest each child in i n progress. Happily, the interest there, ready to come at the first call. A typical example of th: found in a school where the Public Health Nurse was examining the pupils. The scales she used in th< Fahr-1 weighing were left in the hall, anc at children of third and fourth grade older pupils, flocked about the scales continually weighing themselves and each other, measuring by the "doorpost and ruler" method, and comparing their height and weight with standard tables. Several teachers began to take interest these "before-sehool" clinics, and gave advice as to foods those who wanted to correct their, weight. Interest in hygiene rose automatically. The children were eager to be "really examined," and suggestions from the nurse were taken seriously and followed cheerfully. Health Exhibits at Fairs. People are always interested in information that concerns themselves; that is why fortune-telling flourishes. Adults, tcjp, would welcome a chance to adjust their weights to the normal. Often a little information will work wonders, but it is well to begin on the public as young as possible, for children are the greatest information gatherers and spreaders. There are no better opportunities for presenting health movements than at the county fairs, local field days, home-coming celebrations, civic ex-^ hibitions or, in small places, at churchy and fraternal extend much farther, than mere usement. Your community will consciously adopt new standards of health. Offer red ribbons for those who up to weight. Put up an honor roll of the children who are entirely mal, and print their names in the local paper. Every little fellow who "doesn't like milk" will conquer his aversion, in order to put his fame on a level with that of Roddy Smith who took a prize. "Tubby" Jones will walk a mile or two each day when he finds there is hope of losing his nickname. Prizes for the Normal. Next time you have the attraction, give special honors to those who have made the normal by their efforts, and have a trained dietician present to give advice to those who want to ask questions. Vary it again by tests of strength and skill by the competing children. If you have no supervised playground work in town, let that be. ged another time. Show pictures, moving or stationary, of children at play, pictures and diagrams of homemade apparatus, a demonstration of .pie games. In time, play will be taught in every school. Many children do not know how to play intelligently. You would not want your schools to be the last to fall into line. Children who play fair and hard will work fair and hard later .on. n to begin welfare movements as a duty of the unsmiling sort. Any movement worthy of success can succeed from small beginnings through its own worth with only thoughtful planning by its promoters and pushing by those who see its good Put a reliable set of scales in the hall of the public school, have a "ght-and-measure""contest at preparing his companions for coming'11: effort is worthy of note. x\ot an hair j Ch. 28: 1-10 tells of the welcome fall from the head; a proverbial ex- given to the shir-vreeked company by pression for complete deliverance. ! the people of Malta: of how it came Vs. 35-37. When he had taken bread. I to pass that Paul was first regarded At such a time the force of example j as a murderer and then honored as a s at its greatest" (Century Bible), god; and of the cuw of the father of Gave thanks to God, etc. Some inter- Publius, the chief man of the island, pret this action as marking Paul's and the consequent honors showered reverence towards God in the presence upon Paul and those with him. of the Gentiles around him. All of Application, good cheer ;For a second time (com-: This mogt dramatic incident in all pare vs. 22-2.?, am .■:>.< stored their : the ,ife of St. Paul illustrates the courage by his laith and prudence; the valu€ 0,f a cheerful confidence in a event, had already shown that he de- time of crisis. We have all manner of served confidence, anu it ij evident prophecies about the prospects of that he inspired it (expositor & Greek civilization and the Christian cause. Testament), look some meat; sorely Cassaradras announce blue ruin. We needed after their long absinence. j do well to hear across the storm the Two hundred threescore and sixteen; steady voice of the great apostle, a large number, but nothing is told us j "Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer.** about the size of the ship. j Pessimism will get us nowhere. Optim- V. 38. A\ hen they had eaten enough. ■ ism, subject to common sense, will gee The Greek means "having satisfied 1 us somewhere,--to where the surr« themselves with food." They lightened j of this troubled hour shall cease > the ship; a sailor's form. the third time this had been done (compare vs. 18. 19). The sailor's object may have been to diminish the depth of water which the ship drew, so as to enable them to approach nearer to the shore before striking. Or, the vessel may have been sinking so The secret of all this cheerful confidence is mostly faith. "I know whom I have believed, and am persuade' that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day." Faith and hope are the parents of the Christian courage. THE CHILDREN'S HOUR e are greatly in need of heroes and heroines. I mean the every-day, what can be called the home and garden variety. The special, or war varieties, are well known and we give them medals and all kinds of honors id rewards. The every-day heroes and heroines -e the boys and girls who do the things no one else wants to do, and they do them without grumbling and growling. ~7e are all familiar to-day with the iety of humans who always George do it." Let's show the world that there are still a few who ready at all times to push, pull and -■•!..! hai 3.30 from the necessary. It will create amusement j healthy citizens, big anc for old and young, but its results will i make the most of living. The Dictionary Habit. Habit is a very strict boss. We do this and we do that, day after day, in exactly the same way. It's a habit, just a habit with us. We all know there are two kinds of habits, good ones and bad ones. Now, my dear boys and girls, if you want to encourage a good habit, take my advice and next town celebration, and your pub- cultivate the "dictionary habit." ix-1 lie welfare centre, recreation hall, i How often we see a word and fail ng playground, athletic field and swim- j to know its meaning. How often we is- ming-pool will come by the time there! want to use a word and when it comes en, I is enough money in the treasury. Best to spelling it, we are just plain stuck, of all, the town will be full of live,! This is where the dictionary little, to j Get acquainted with it. You will be I surprised at the number of words in it and also surprised to know how very interesting it can be. Now, there's Upanishad. What is it? To the dictionary--to the dictionary; that's how I found out. Let's Be Thankful. For trees, flowers and birds: For sunshine and clouds, for rain and snow: For parents, teachers and friends: For work and the good it does us: For play and our playmates: For sleep and the benefits of rest: For love and the joy of loving: For life, with all its joys and sorrows: For our country and what it stands for: For the great blessings of peace: For all our animal and feathered friends: For our homes, our schools and our institutions: For faith in ourselves and others: For our hopes, our dreams and visions. For these and many other blessings, let us be thankful. When photographing live stock always stand the animals with their heads uphill. Women cannot stand physical strain as well as men, according to a London specialist, who lays the blame on weaker nerve centres. Rightly organized country life offers more in the way of intellectual enjoyment and satisfying social life than is possible in any other surroundings. Says Sam: If the folks who are always throwing cold water would only join the fire department, maybe some-body'd be glad to see them once in a rhile. ■ ....._