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THE COLBORNE EXPRESS. COLBORNE. ONT. THURSDAY, DEC. 8, 1921. 3 Autonomist, 78 Aaeialdo St. West. Tcronta inlcatloi How I Manage My Floek. I worth 228.04 set 796 eggs - -- " lar land tha. Record-keeping and culling are two cubators and hatched ... W.flW T„c . essential of the poultry business! Poult^ worth ^ f a total income of $648.74. To be charged against that was $193.97 for which farmers are beginning to ap-preciate. We have found in our ex- j tory, perience with a small utility flock ; return that ye: t, if 'it is to be profitable, j in the f eed cost, « however, is the feed of 27 guineas. We found guineas a questionable sidr ■vue and have sold them. We i ,dd to all feed costs the item of labor Manure and Fertilizer. For eleven years at the chief experimental farm of the country, experiments have been conducted to ascertain the value of farmyard manure and commercial fertilizers. Applications of these materials were given to a four-year rotation of mangels, oats, clover hay and timothy hay, and comparison made with simi-manure fertilizer. The plied to the mangel crop at the rate of 15 tons per acre. As regards mercial fertilizers, to the mangel crop applied ^er acre 100 lbs. nitrate the flock must be handled principles. To make egg production pay there must be winter eggs, and to get winter eggs one must have warm quarters and a healthy, active flock. A roomy scratch shed,is a necessity. Our shed faces south, with floor space 10x25 feet. It adjoins the laying and roosting apartments. It has a dirt floor and the front has no windows but is covered with poultry netting, on which a canvas is hung that may be closed in cold or stormy weather. We use two incubators for hatching. ] thel While we cannot say that our percen-j tage of hatch is higher than by set-1 ting hens, we find the incubator much less trouble. The f"'" nm In a dry cellar, or other a hot-water machine. The percentage of hatch is the same with each. We will say that aside from following the incubator maker's directions, there is nothing of such importance in securing a good hatch as having eggs from a healthy, active flock. Strong, fertile germs hatch well under conditions that kill the weaker germs. After hatching, we keep the chick dry and warm. This seems to help prevent white diarrhoea, so fatal to young chickens. We also use a small brooder house, about 8x16 feet, facing south. It will house a surprisng number of small Our first culling was done two years ago this fall. Out of 105 hens, thirty of soda, 300 lbs. superphosphate '5 lbs. muriate of potash. Each of c :s_ the other crops in the rotation re-mu'st ceived 100 lbs. of nitrate of potash. The experiment was continued with mixed manure and fertilizers, one-half and damage of grain crops. The returns are ly worth the expenditure of 1c money. Overhead expenses ing need not and must not Our buildings are not elaborate butj ^ ^ on ^ manured ^ they are comfortable. We hope this ^ ^ ^ ^ on ^ land ^ winter to provide new quarters, a r(jceived both manure and fertilizer. semi-open front, square• hcuse' zu^" Of oats the average yield per year per feet. This will house 100 fowls and additions may be added £ ; need Hints on Turkey Rearing. regrettable fact that the bators run! turkeys raised during the last few md the; years have rather deteriorated both in quality and numbers. The greater part of all failures that occur in the business is due to inbreeding and careless selection of turkeys for breeding purposes, which includes the practice of killing the largest and best specimens for market, and keeping the culls for breeders. The result is a lack of vitality in the young turkeys which means the failure of a large proportion to grow to maturity. There are two general methods of maintaining and increasing vitality in a flock of turkeys. One is by the continual introduction of new blood into the flock and the other is by the selection of the best specimens in the flock lor breeding purposes. The best are obtained by a combination ed 47.3 bushels, manured 59 bushels, fertilized 54.3 bushels, and of and fertilizer 57.5 bushels. Of clover hay the yearly average yield per i, unmanured 2.5 tons, manured 4.5 tons, fertilized 4.4 tons, and of mi-----and fertilizer also 4.4 tons. Timothy Tiay was not completed in the same manner. The all important point that the yields of mangels and oats were greatly increased by the use of either farm manure or fertilizer sepal part together. These although not exactly proportionate each year, 1918 being the best, ran from .100 per cent, upwards. Clover hay varied, and although the fifth year yield exceeded that of the fourth year by nearly 70 per cent., the first year's yield was the best of all. ... thrown out as non-layers. We' of these two methods. Too much new kept these two flocks separated and; blood cannot be introduce.-3, into the in a period of ten days we did not get flock, provided it is of good quality a single egg from the flock of thirty j and from the same variety. Above all which were culled out of the flock. \ things, immature turkey hens should The other 75 hens laid an average of! never be selected for the production 35 eggs per day during those ten days, j of eggs for hatching. Hens two years That was our first lesson in culling; old or older, of good average regularly that we cannot afford to keep any loafers in our flock. We have kept several accurate records of our flock for several years, including feed cost. However, last the variety to which they belong, will lay eggs that will hatch out much stronger, better poults than can be obtained from hens one year old or younger. The eggs can be hatched in incubators or by hens, but , year we did not keep an account of j eral rule the poults do better if Mood-the cost of feed since most of it was I ed by the turkey hens. Poults will grown on the farm and since we j thrive well if given the same care and figured that the eggs and poultry we | attention that is required for the best "unlet trie-Value bfthe feed. I old enough they should have almost Our laying flock for the year aver-1 unlimited range of pasture or wood-aged 95 hens and pullets and the aver-J land. They should be fed in the age egg production per hen was 1441 morning before they are allowed to eggs. Total egg production was 1,144 j wander away, and a liberal supply dozen, of which we sold 941 dozen at j the evening given to teach them an average price of 41.3 cents or for j return regularly to their roosting $388.83. Poultry sold brought $116.78. j quarters. Turkeys require a plentiful We figured the eggs consumed at! supply of fresh water at all times. $47.46 and poultry consumed at $50. | The feeding of turkeys for market With a gain in inventory of $85.25 j should commence as soon as the cold for the year, this gave us an income : weather begins in the fall, which will last year of $688.32 from our flock. I usually be in October. They will take Against this should be charged the • on flesh then more rapidly if the cost of the feed, or we should deduct j range can be limited somewhat more) ! credit for eggs and poultry con- j than during the growing period Field Husbandry Methods. It is worthy of note that the sc of the Dominion Experimental Farm at Ottawa originally was of poor quality. Now it is rich and yields plentifully, and the Farm has become an object lesson of what can be aci plished by correct cultural methods. The land is tile-drained and well n nured. The report of the Domini Field Husbandman covering the twelve months ending March 31, 1921, gives an insight into what is being done rotation experiments A three-year rotation of oats, hay and ensilage corn has been followed on an area of about 120 acres. Manure was applied for the corn at the rate of 18 tons per acre, but the average rate of manure all the rotations did not exceed six tons per acre. In order that a fair estimate may be arrived at in the cost of production and the resultant profit, the rent of the land in the various tables given is placed at a high rate, to wit $125 per acre at 7 per cent.; R d his first im isonmfin The average yield of oats per year for | probably abmlt A>D. 62. It was -ad-five years under the system employed, dressed to Philemon, a resident at that is from 1916 to 1920 inclusive, | Colossae, an ancient city of Asia was 60 bushels per acre, the price 72c j Minor in the Roman Province of Asia, per bushel, and the profit $22.57 per i where there was a church, to whic'i acre. The profit in 1920 was much' Paul sent the letter, Epistle to the reduced owing to the cost of labor, j Solossians at the same time as the which had risen from 21c per hour in festle to Philemon. Along with ,„,. . .n , . ,„„„ tt Philemon are mentioned, in the ad- 1916 to 40c per hour in 1920 Hay dregs of the lett Apphia, and Arch-was the most profitable crop for tjie|ippuS; probably his son and his wife five years, the average yield per acre. respectively. The letter to Philemon being 3.3 tons, the cost per acre being; was written on behalf of his slave, $21.70, the price per ton $16.70 and Onesimus, whom Paul somehow had THE SUNDAY SCHOOL profit per acre $35.60. Hay possesses the virtue of requiring the least expenditure per acre to produce of any of the farm crops. The average yield per acre for the five years of ensilage corn was 15.3 tons, the cost $52.95 and the profit $29.77. Prices of both hay and corn were up in 1920. There was a loss on mangels of $25.98 per acre, the average yield being 22 tons and the average cost $70.47. In 1920 the loss" was only $16.67 per ac pared with $39.62 in 1917. In summing up, the Dominion Husbandman says that the most important deduction to be made from the rotations is that, with the necessary application of manure, heavy yields of crops can easily be maintained. The report also contains treatises on farm commercial fertilizers. Testing the Age of Eggs. Fill a tumbler two-thirds full of water and then place in it a newly-laid egg and it will sink to the bottom of the glass. The egg is composed largely of water, and therefore is heaviest while it is fresh. The older the egg, the lighter it becomes on account of the water evaporating from the white of the egg, which causes the empty space at the thick end of the egg to become enlarged. Hence, at three weeks of age the egg will lean in the water. When three months Old it will stand perfectly straight, with pointed end of the egg barely touching the bottom of the glass. The larger the empty space becomes the more the egg will rise in the wr until finally it reaches the surface The Choosing of a Farm Home There Are Certain Essentials to Look for When Selecting a Farm Home^^jfl^. G. Kirby. who wish sumed which we figure offsets the j A ration consisting of equal parts j 01 thi feed value. Deducting these credits \ of finely ground oats, cornmeal and book, to offset feed value our flock last year | middlings, mixed into a crumbly mass: Iearn' netted us $590.86. with boiling hot water or milk and I Pa>'s In 1918 we kept an accurate record,' fed while a little warm, is excellent' J1 including cost of feed. That year we! for fattening for market. All turkey had an average of 105 hens through-1 intended for breeding purposes shout out the year and they laid an average I have been selected and separated from of 124 eggs each. This production was j the fattening birds before commencing ost discoi takes in the farmin: result of buying farms without dui investigation of their merits. A man can always see certain things about his own farm which he will another farm. Association with his business brings out its weak points. If a farmer becomes discouraged he will magnify all the bad points of his own farm and at the same time see only the good things in a farm several miles away. This condition of mind frequently leads to quick changes that neither benefit the mental condition DECEMBER 11 Paul Writes to a Friend, Philemon 8-21. Golden Text-- Matt. 20: 27 (Rev. Ver.) Both master and slave were bound to serve Paul. Without thy mind, etc. Paul shows the utmost respect for the freedom of the individual, and realizes that "orced service is < ontrary to the genius of Christianity. Vs. 15, 16. Perhaps he was . . departed. Paul uses a mild word to describe the conduct of Onesirr.us. He does not say, as he might truthfully have said "ran away." Shouldest receive him for ever. As a slave, Philemon could possess Onesimus only "for a season," as a Christian brother his relation with him would be eternal. Not . . as a servant (Rev. Ver.), a bond servant") but . . a brother beloved. In the eyes of the world he would still be a slave, but his relations to his master would be changed. "In the flesh," as it has been said, "Philemon has the brother for his -slave; in the Lord, Philemon has the slave for his brother." Specially to me. Onesimus had become very dear to Paul. Much more unto thee; because he is your property. There is a hint that the property relation involves more than mere ownership and receiving of service. Ownership should be a basis for Christian fraternity and its mutual ministeries. In the flesh, and in the Lord. All human relationships are sanctified through union in Christ. HI. The Pledge, 17-21. Vs. 17-19. Countest me . . a partner (Rev. Ver.); a comrade, a sharer in Christian blessings. All claim to apostolic authority is laid aside, and Paul places himself besides Philemon as a brother. As myself. All that you would do for me, do that for him. If he had wronged thee; as Paul well met and won to the Christian faith, and who now, at the apostle's bidding, was returning to the Master whom he had wronged by embezzlement and theft. "The letter," says Dr. David Smith, "has a peculiar interest as the only surviving specimen of the apostle's private correspondence; and it well deserves a place in the sacred canon." Renaus estimate of it as "a little masterpiece" is fully justified by its earnestness, tact and charm. It comes from the heart and :en of a " | perfect Christian gentleman. I. The Prisoner, 8, 9. V. 8. "After honest and affectionate praise of Philemon (vs. 1-7), the apostle now approaches the main topic of his letter." Wherefore; because of the good which Paul has heard about Philemon; he must live up to his reputation. All boldness in Christ (Rev. Ver.). Paul is careful not to claim any authority for hir.self. The only authority he possesses, comes from Christ. To enjoin thee; "to command thee," as one occupying an official po-, knew he had, but again, as L sition, might issue orders to those, mild language is used. Oweth thee under him. That which is convenient, j ought. The blunt word "stolen" is The Greek translated "convenient" j avoided. Put that on mine account; means primarily "having arrived at" ; a half playful assumption of lawyer -or "reached." It then comes to mean like phraseology" (Maclaren). Paul "fulfilling a moral obligation." j had no idea that Philemon would V. 9. Yet for love's sake; Paul's ! chaFfe anything to him and_ probably love to Philemon and Philemon's -to \ could r,ot have paid it, had it been so Paul, and, beyond that, the love that; charged. I Paul. The use of his own links all Christian souls to one an- ! name\ -arnesi the weight of a balding other and binds them all to Christ, i signature. Mine own hand; so that This is the principle that should rule he„v '";!d he V:-';~ responsible. I the Christian in all his dealings. I' T"11 ""Pay £. In like manner Christ . . . beseech thee. This is the lan- takes "JP°n Himselt al our deot Thou guage of love. It entreats, and does °wefl un*° ™f-, Philemon s debt to not command. Being such an one; ""finitely greater than Paul s that is. one who beseeches. Paul the > Philemon aged; Rev. Ver. Margin, "an ambas-.. ^ % 20' 21- Yea brother; an affec-sador." If this is the meaning. Paul ^°nat? aPPeaL „ Let me have joy. would appear as one with the'right May I have profit of tnee one might to command in the name of Christ; translate. The Greek word for "joy" his exhortation would, therefore, have 18 a ^ on the name of Onesimus greater weight with Philemon. Also 5,ee °J} v; n)- Refrfsh, »"/ heart-a prisoner; perhaps a hint that his \er.). Thl?_ P°™ts back to y. 7, own position was not much different What Onesimus has done for others from that of the one on whose behalf he *^eIy A£ {°/- ?a,uL In th' he was pleading. Paul desires Phiie- Lorf Both are his disciples and sermon to take back the runaway slave. Jant,s; therefore one should be willing It, is as if he said:t"If y«>u hesitote to to shew any possible kindness to the take him back because you ought, will °,tKe,r- Confidence in thy obedience; you take him back because I ask yo not up to the 1919 average of 144 eggs but it must be remembered that it was not until late in 1918 that we began culling our flock. We sold eggs worth $315.62 that year, poultry the fattening rations for the lattei The advantage of keeping but variety of turkeys on a farm is that a more uniform grade can always produced for market. The philosophy of the model cow stall is to furnish the cow with clean bed to lie on and compel her to lie on it. The grain and ensilage manger is on a level with the floor of the stali, twenty inches above that the hay or roughage manger begins, that is only six inches wide at the bottom, the side next to the alley being boarded up tight while the side next to the •table slants back at an angle of forty-five degrees and is made of four-inch cleats put on four inches apart. The bottom of this hay manger is a 2x4 or a 2x6 and the slats are nailed to this. The real important feature of the stall is a 2x4 placed edgewise across the still just in front of the cow's hind feet, which forms the back part of the bed for the cow to lie on, the cement manger furnishing the front part. This is to be filled with sawdust or dry earth or straw. To determine where this 2x4 should be placed, watch the cow place her hind feet when she is eating grain out of the lower manger. The 2x4 should be placed just in front of her hind feet, therefore the cow cannot get her feet onto her bed. When she is eating hay, the slanting rack compels her to step back and the droppings are deposited far enough beyond so that she does not soil her feet. When she wants to lie down, she has to step up and lie on this bed or else she must lie right across this 2x4. Now I and then there is a cow that you really I have to educate to go to bed, but only! • small percentage of them, as it is i nothing for a cow to step slightly ahead when she goes to lie down. The cow can be tied with a c around her neck stapled to one side of the stall, or she can be tied with halter fastened„to the manger. This makes little difference. You can give her liberty to back up and take as much exercise as the stall will permit, but when she lies down she must lie on this clean bed. Cows have been kept continually in the same stall the year around without having their udder or side or flanks soiled a particle by the filth of the stable. there are some disadvantages location as well as the adv; Church and School. obedience not to any imperious c And before you answer that question,1 man£> but to a exhortation. It will you remember my age, and what >s when we trust others that they will I am bearing for the Master?' (Mac- do most for us More than I say. It laren). j may well be that Paul had no mind „, j that Philemon would set Onesimus II. The Plea, 10-16. : free from slavery, though he says no Vs. 10, 11. My son (Rev Ver i w°rd against slavery. But he has been "child") Onesimus. Paul seeks to dis- !aying down principles that make own Philemon's anger at the slave,; slavery impossible. If one is a brother who had wronged him, by tenderly he ^ no longer be a slave. So, to describing Onesimus as his own child take an°tner example the teaching of ' Whom I have begotten; won to the Christianity has done much to make traveler ■11 up the garage or borrow i pump, tire pa\ch, quart of gas, galloi of engine oil, etc. I know some farmers on main roads xho sometimes wish their farms were a little more secluded, possibly on a good side road about a quarter of a mile from the main line of traffic. I write this to emphasize that a very nice farm'heme can be built up on the side road. It does not have to be on the main lire as ----- . -h Christian faith. The Jewish Talmud the Prohibition of. the liquor traffic g says: "If one teaches the son of his inevitable, "l neighbor the Law, the Scripture' Application, (reckons this the same as if he had1 The epistle of Philemon reveals ill A iarm near good churches and begotten him." Unprofitable . . profit- a clear light the characteristic atti-schools has an added value. The fam- able; a play on the meaning of One- tude of Christianity to social ques-lly with small children may buy a simus. Helpful" or "Profitable,"--I tions. Although St. Paul requests his farm far from the school and then beseech thee for Profitable, who was friend to take iack this slave and find that their location is quite a^0^tmJe unprofitable, but now is treat him as a Christian brother, he handicap when the children arrive at| P ™" w. T . , hf.s 110 sjn^s word to sa* in condemn- the con ' 12-14. Whom I have sent again, ation of slavery as an institution. '■ ";It was not Paul's business to inter- Why did he not condemn this slavery ir auto fere between master and slave. It h business? Because the time was not problem ciear that Onesimus was himself the' ripe. So deeply rooted was the in-bearer of the letter to Philemon. Mine: stitution of slavery in the life of the own bowels; Rev. Ver., "my very people that any words of eonderr, ■ •-heart." Paul identifies himself with tion would mean nothing. But St. Onesimus. Be hind to him as you Paul labored to establish a principle would be kind to me, he says, and: and the practice of brotherhood whi'i when masters become truly kind in' grew and grew until it sloughed c'? heart to their slaves, the root of slav-; slavery as a horrid thing,--sloughe.l ery is cut. Would fain have kept, etc. it off through legislation inspired by (Rev. Ver.). Paul had work for One-, love. All honor to Wilberforce and Sheep Keep Orchard Bearing. For more than half a century Otis Fuller lived on a hill farm in Southern Central New York. The soil of his farm was clay loam, and naturally not very dry. He laid underdrains through a piece of about two acres in extent and planted it to apple trees. The] trees bore fruit regularly for fifty sengers years. In all that time he used r fertilizer than that which came from his flock of sheep which was pastured there year af er year. In the fall of the year, after the apples had been gathered, and again in the spring until the fruit began to be well developed, he kept the sheep in that field. Sometimes he had as many as twenty-five or thirty sheep there at a time. The orchard was left in grass, being plowed only rarely. It would seem from this that sheep manure is a good fertilizer for orch- several of the things that it consider when buying he fences clear around the farm and note the condition of the wire and the posts. If repairs are needed, jot down their approximate cost. It is very exasperating trying to manage a stock farm without adequate fencing. Farmers who try it are constantly on their mettle trying to keep cows and hogs out of crops and beside the nerve-racking experience there is usually a lot of destruction unless good fences are built soon after moving to the farm. The water supply is very important to the health of the family and a steady supply is needed for the stock. If the farm has a shallow dug well that goes dry every summer it pays j tifid in laR(J Jg Qf ltdkn7t^ *\W* several hu: a deep well at present prices and dur-j The basig of a farm ig Qod a from a four-ing the hot summer months the cattle i You cannot have a few bits ana!y2ed respondent. need a lot of water and a good well | and know much about the crop.proJ It takes more than ordinary ability is an important asset m the business. ■ du<.ing abiljty of the farm It paySj to get even a moderate living from Roofs Are Important. j to see the crops on the land you ex-(tract of land so small as this. If the Note the roofs on the buildings.] pect to buy. Then visit with the neigh-i farm is so situated as to have good Many old farms have buildings. | bors and find out whether they are I markets near by, we suggesi some-shingled fifty years ago with a grade j doing well and if the land in question! thing like the following: One-fourth of shingles which were very fine. But' is considered good. In a few short| acre of strawberries, one acre of vege-they are often in worse condition than I visits with the neighbors you will i tables of the kinds for which there is they look and you cannot tell how j learn whether you like the section or j the best local market, which can only iny leaks are present unless you| not. It means a lot to like the neigh-'be determined by a study of these it the buildings on a very rainy j bors. Your best and dearest friends ] markets. This leaves two acres on day. And real estate men for the" may live one hundred miles away but j which to raise feed for a cow. It of themselves and pas- the neighbors down the road will be j would be wise to keep one cow, but school age. solidated schools wit busses have helped sol-for farmers who do not live .within easy walking distance of a school. The distance to a good market city is of great importance. If you sell truck, small fruit and poultry products you will usually have better luck near a good city. If you are to be a live stock and grain farmer you can j locate on land at a greater distance j simus to do, and Philemon and still make money if you have good: have been glad to have luck. The farms near a city usually! - cost much more money than m tant farms. The amount of tied up in your land is of s« A Living From Four Acres. Will you help me form a plan to i farm, asks i She: t safely be pastured i apt to make most of their trips on sunny days. The first week after buying our farm we had to buy seventeen thousand shingles for the house, as a long hard rain followed by a careful inspection of the roof proved that those shmgles were needed right away instead of in a year oi two as we had figured on a sunny day. A good road is a business asset, especially during the winter-and on rainy days when a farmer can leave his work occasionally. Of course, it is useful in marketing at al! seasons. If you are on a main road it brings chances to sell produce at the door. The only disadvantage of a main road is the amount of traffic at night. This is sometimes a nuisance when you are tired and wish to sleep and have three closest to you nearly all the time and not to attempt to raise the calves, handiest to depend upon if you tumble' Sell the cow when she goes dry off the hay wagon or the barn burns; buy a fresh one. One pig and twenty-five hens could be fed largely from waste materials from the fields and garden and scraps from the table. I would divide the two acres for field crops into three equal fields and run a rotation, of corn, oats, and clover on them. Fertilize these crops well, busy, and ought at least to make a fair living for a family. Whitewash Formula. Slake half a bushel of unslaked lime with boiling water. Cover during the process to keep in the steam. Strain the liquid through a fine sieve and add a peck of salt previously dissolved in warm water. Then add three pounds of ground rice, boiled to a thin paste and stirred in while hot. Next add one pound of clear glue dissolved in cold water hung over a fire. A half-pound of whiting will give it a lustre. To the above mixture add five gallons of hot water and leave standing for a few days, covered to keep out dirt. Applied hot, a pint of this wash will cover a square yard. the baby is sick or you need help at threshing time. And their friendly visits every few days will mean more than a couple of hours every other year spent with the good friend that you loveii many years ago. When j......:r:{? at a farm give the, buildings a thorough study. Picture ] ing on corn and oats about 200 pounds | old-time wash-tub, washboard, broom yourself using them day after day | of acid phosphate and seventy-five and dustpan, sadiron, cast-iron kitchen for three hundred and sixty-five days' pounds of muriate of potash to the '■ stove, coal stove, soapstone heater and ear. If the arrangement of the; acre. Cut the corn and use the fod-;many other pieces of equipment now Wonders never cease. An electrical device has been perfected which will furnish nitrogen to non-leguminous crops grown on sandy soil. Not enough machines have been made to place on the market. "Lady killers" are a new exhibit at county fairs. They include the stables seems awkward you might well know it first as last. If you have not the capital for extensive improvements on buildings you must realize that you are buying the farm that you will have to use. der, along with the oat straw and j out 0f date. Seen together they do clover hay, for the cow. The grain--: appear to be a heavy lot, quite worthy corn and oats--may be used either fori 0f their name, so that the spectator the cow, the pig, or the chickens. Buy i turns with relief to the accompanying what other concentrated feed is need- oi-iiiWf- nf "silent servants" which ed. This plan would keep or