FOUND. 4 STRANGE RACE COMMANDANT OTLONE, TWO YEARS IN TIBET, REPORTS DISCOVERY. " 5 Reports From Moscow, Russia, Say That | Celebrations Have Kept Muscovites Busy { Lately.~The City Was a Very Gay Place on { the Czar's Birthday--Ceremony Took Place |, in Ancient Cathedral. Commandant Oilone has returned to France after two years in Tibet, where in the north- west he discovered a strange race, the Hsifani. "Though nominally under the suzerainty of the Chinese emperor, they have never been sub- jugated. In contrast with the rest of Tibet the land is generally fertile. Grass grows al- most everywhere and even among the highest mountains (19,000 feet) the slopes are so gentle and regular that there are few places where a man giay not ride on horseback. For this reason tHe Chinese have never been able to subdue the Hsifani. Having a social or- ganization, like the clans of Scotland, and be- ing mounted on horses which are a cross be- tween the shaggy Mongol and the finer Syrian stock, which they ride with skill, they filibuster against each expedition which the empire sends against them. Their raising of sheep, horses, goats and yaks and their trade in skins give them all they want to live npon. They are sober in habit and practically live upon tea, which they drink with melted butter and barley meal They win their arms by forays and will ride several days and as far as six hundred miles, to surprise a caravan, Besides the long lance, each man carries a gun which is fitted with a forked stand, such as was on the eighteenth century musket, and so are able to take good aim. They live in tents and wear no other clothing than sheep skins in the rough. Their religion and customs are peculiar to the race They have made a 'salad' of several theologies. They practice simultaneously Buddhism, Brah- minism and a primitive religion not unlike that of the ancient and early Scandin- avians, worshipping pirits of the rivers, plains and mountain: pious are they that they never d before invoking the spirit of the four point the compass or of the mougtaing whict such djrections. Their chief deity nie-Matche, spirit of the highest mount; their country, and they pray to him, curi and for evil actions strength; Gree! ole is tl For them he represents virtue is represented by Buddha." Letters from Moscow, Russia, say that cele- brations have kept Muscovites busy lately. First came the unveiling of the Gogol statue, placed the favorite walk of the author. Then followed the Emperor's birthday, As- cension Thursday and the great feast of Saint Nicholas. Business was transacted on but four days of the week. On the Czar's birthday the city was gay with flags and everybody was at the Kremlin, At 10 o'clock the bells of the Ivan Velika tower, thirty-four of them, announced the ar- rival of the governor and staff. First sound- esd the Big Bell, weighing sixty-four tons, which is rang on only state occasions; last to speak were two silver bells, gifts of Catharine 11. But the Great Bell of Moscow was silent, Its weight of 185 tons, with girth of seventy feet and thickness of two feet, has been its own undoing:. Twice it has fallen since it was first hung in the sixteenth century. The frag- ment broken in the last fall is seven feet high) and weighs eleven tons. Keeping company in the Kremlin with this bell that ngver was rung, is a cannon which never was fired. This King of Guns, as it is called, was made in 1586 and weighs 36 tons. Its calibre wag too large and its mefal too weak to make it of use. The religious ceremony in honor of the birthday toak plage' in the ancient Cathedral of the Assumption, where the coronation of the Czar had:been held. 'In.the royal treasury nearby are the coronation robes, making a gorgeous spectacle of the imperial figure. While mass was in progress outside, in the, big square facing the magnificent monumént of Alexander II, the troops were holding an- other religious service. This was a living reproduction of old Muscovite scenes--the Russian bishop in trailing robes, high hat and dong Hair, she sacred ikon and the rugged- faced Cossack soldiers. Every state act is interwoven closely with a religious one. 'The! government relies upon the church, which is supreme with the peasantry, the bulk of the nation. It is'religion carfied to the thifteedge of superstition and in homage to sacred pic- tures. The Kremlin is the heart of Holy Moscow. Within its fluted, white brick walls are palaces, churches, monaéteries and fortifications, now crowding one another and now separated by wide squares. Whether viewing the Kremlin from the bell tower from which Napoleon and his staff watched the conflagration, or from the apposite bank of the Maskva, one sces a worthy picture to hang on memory's wall. Moscow's site, though not high, has elevations here and there, the most prominent, the Kremlin hill. The walls follow the wind- ings of this hill, forming an irregular triangle that is broken delightfully with massive gate- ways and bulwatks. Every gateway has its history, mostly a bloody one. From a pro- jecting tower Ivan the Terrible watched the public executions which have given the name to the square, Red Place, Close to this awful spot is a cliurch that in architecture and color- ing is the niost bizarre Christian temple the world knows. Its a mixture of Gothi¢, Moor- ish, Indian and Byzantine. Tt was built 'by this terrible Ivan, who had the architect's eyes put out that he might never plan a .second hike it. Af the entrance, lown from the church, a drainage for the life- i d of Ivan's victims, is now Ale rendczvous oi Moscow's pigacns, hundreds of which are fed, as in St. Mark's at Venice. Four of the five chief gates qf the Kreulin have chapels iched. When the {Emperor arrives at the Qadeemer gate, the state en- trance to the Kremlin he dismounts, enters the tiny chapel, and prays. THis titiy shrine as richly decorated and contains the most prized ikon of Russia, a Byzantine study of the Madonna and Child. Above the gate hangs micture of the Redeemer, beneath which van passes with covered head, rich or poor, ssitle or simple, since the Alexis brought it from Suiolensk in 1647." Ofice a man omitted, wilfully or not, the pious cus- tom; he was seized and compelled to pass un- covered through the gateway Aifty-four con- secutive times. The gate is fofmed of double walls, between which arp passages and stair] cases of wood and stone." Althost: opposite' y enough, both for good | Ilias parties in civil matters. wliere the hill slopes | tower is gothic and the bridge, is protected Ly a barbican, a'large white tower, with bat- ticments formerly furnished with gates and parteullis. © Along the road of the departing French is the handsomest Christian temple in thy world. Our Saviour's chufch was built J at a cost of 15,000,000 roubles by the Empire of Russia in gratitude for the withdrawal of 'the French. [Its five gold domes are visible from every part of Moscow and from Saluta- French caught their first glimpse of the white, gold-crowned city and cried, "Moscow, Mos- cow!" The exterior is decorated with forty- eight marble high reliefs and the twelve great bronze doors have elaborate carvings. . The. interior, lighted by sixty windows of ' soft, yellow tones, is a beautiful, harmonious pic ture. The church is in the form of a Greek cross and its spaciousness carries with restful effect the gorgeousness of decoration which seem to load down the older churches of Moscow. TAKING OF AN OATH. Many the Forms Are Recognized in Canadian Courts. There are nearly as many forms of admin-, istration of the oath in the court of law as, there are religions." An interesting contribu» tion is the annual report of the inspector of legal offices, Osgoode Hall. The common law requires the 'administration of that par- ticular form of oath which the pérson him- self declares to be binding on his conscience, while he is always allowed to adopt thescere- monies of his own religion. It must, however, be according to some religious ceremony or other. A Christian is sworn on the .gospels or the whole of the New Testament. A Jew is sworn upon the Pentateuch, with his head covered, though some testify with the head uncovered. The form of oath is the same as to the Chris- tian, except that.the conglusion is: "So help you Jehovah." There is muth ceremony when a 'Moham- medan is sworn. The witness first places his right hand flat upon the Koran, puts his left hand on his forehead, then brings ithe top of his forehead down to the book, touching it with his head. He then locks for some time steadfastly upon the book. But Mohamme- Japs object to taking an oath. In India they' are, with Hindus, permitted to affirm. Eng- lish authorities suggest the proper way is to take their affirmations. To occidental people the form of oath of the Chinese, when about to give evidence, presents interesting features. A Chinaman. should first be asked if he is a follower of Confucius or of Buddha. [If the former, then the oath is: On entering the bex he immediate- ly kneels down, and a china ,saucer 'having been placed on his head, he breaks it into fragments. The officér then says: "You shall tell the truth, the whole truth (the saucer is cracked), and if you do not tell the truth your soul will be cracked like the saucer." If he is a follower of Buddha the ceremony is: "I declare as in the presence of 'Buddha, that I am unprejudiced, and if what I.speak shall speak false or if by coloring truth others shall be led astray, then. .may the three Holy Existences, Buddha, Dhamma and Pro Saugha,' in whose sight I now stand, together with the devotees of the twenty-two firmaments pun- ish me and also my migrating soul." A Parsee upon being handed a copy of the Zendavesta, places his hand on it and repeats the oath: "I swear that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, by God, God Om- mipotent, God Omnipotent, the God Al- mighty." Since a copy of the Zendavesta. nay not be procurable he may be sworn by any other form wf oath that he declares is binding on his conscience. Then there is a special form of oath where the crown or a are concerned It follows: "The, tevidence you shall give to the court (and jury) between our Sovereign Lord and King (or between His Majesty's Attorney-General) and (A.B.) shall," etc. Here is the interpreter's oath: "You shall well and truly interpret any explanation made to the court (and jury), and the witness of! all such matters and things as shall .be re- quired of you to the best of your skill and undertaking--So help me God." | As many of the better class of witnesses refuse to kiss the court Bible, mainly for hygienic reasons, and that the courts are favor- ing the adoption of the Scotch form of oath, it is of interest. , The method is far more solemn and impressive than the ordinary form: of oath. The witness with uplifted tight hand repeats after the judge, who also raises his right hand, the adjuration: "I swear by the Almighty God, as I shall answer to God at the great day of judgment, that I shall tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." China Is Regionless, In the villages of Shantung (one of the most ancient homes of Chinese civilization) comparatively little visible sign of religion is seen. In each village there is 'at least one small temple, used commonly as a storehouse for coffins as well as for farm implements and produce, where it is the proper thing to go and burn incense on certain occasions. In. the street is often an old, decrepit, sacred tree (Sophora Japonica) hung with insoriptions of thanks and praise on paper or cloth. Where: two roads meet it is inscribed: "A stone from' the great fountain is bold to undertake (the responsibility)" or some similar charm. On certain nights of th first month the visitot thinks the stats hate fallen from heaven as the whole countryside is lighted up with two little candles in front of every grave--a beautiful and touching sight. The religious observances done in private are simple, brief, and too often perfunctory. Moderate Use Not Beneficial. Dr.. Henry Williams, an 'expert and not a fanatic, writes for etic magazine this lesson in health : am bound to believe on much evidence a if you take alcoho! habi- tually in any quantity whatever, it is to some extent a menace to you. I am bound to be- lieve, in the light of what sciefice has reveal- ed, that you 'are tangibly threatening the physical structures of your stomach, your liver, your "kidneys, your heart, your blood vessels, your nerves, your brain; that you are unequivocally decreasing your dapacity for work in any field, be it physical, intelectual | artistic; that you are in some measure lower- ing the grade of your mind, dulling your higher aesthetic sense, and 'taking the finer, edge off your morals; that you are distinctly lessening yout chances of maintaining health and attaining longevity; and" that you may tion Point on the Sparrow Hills, where the | DAILY BRITISH WHIG. MOND ARE FORECASTING WAR JAPAN AND CHINA 'ARE 'MENTIONED FOR A CONFLICT BY WRITER. HEF Two housing People Vaccinated at Phil. adelphia, Following Smallpox Epidemic-- Lesson For Canadian Boards of Health. - The quid: 1uncs are forecasting war be- 'tween Japan and China, Assuredly the de- mands of Japanese statesmen for coinization privileges in 'Manchuria, 'irrespective of China's natural objections, and the arrogance 'of the Japanese press are dangerous provo- cations. The humane and civilizing influenc- es of Christian missionaries may decrease | under absorbing warlike contemplation of the people. The whole spirit of Japan is devoted | to paying off the crushing war debt, trebling its army corps, strengthening its navy and generally getting in shape for contingencies with other powers. The taxes exacted aré almost as crushing asthe debt.' The citizen with an income of $50,000 or over pays 81 per cent of it to the government, eeping, say, only $16,000 out of $50,000 for his own use. The tax is graded down till the man with an income of $500 pays 17 per cent. only. The average tax is 30 per cent. yearly on all moneys received or earned. The submission is marvellous. In any European nation a tax of even five per cent. would precipitate a re' volution. Following the discovery of smallpox in the tome of Charles Krimmie, Philadelphia, Penn, his seven-year-old son being ill, physicians vaccinated two thousand people in the neigh-}r barhood. Two hundred policemen's services' were required to rope the district, besides forty doctors. Canadians who complain of the half-way, halting precautionary measures of Canadian boards of pealth can learn a lesson from the discipline of larger places. The Philadelphia plan is the very best for the people themselves, cutting off disease instead of having to fight it later at cost and suffering in several quarters. Canadian officials can al- so borrow strength for firmness and action by studying how communities having large interests at stake protect themselves, {he word "bedlam" is ~a corruption of "Bethlehem" and originated as a synonym for chaos when the House of Bethlehem, occupied by a sistethood of London, became an insane asylum. The treatment of the insane in the .sixteensh century was not well understood, ang, according to theories then prevalent, it was necessary to frighten the patient out of his lunacy. All sorts of awful expedients were resorted to, among them "surprise floors," which slipped from under 'the feet; surprise baths and floggings at the periods of most severe illness; hence "bedlam," the result of incorrect spelling, possibly, came &asily to stand for awful things. In Ohio is a little hotel, at Ashtabula, the Stoll House, and as each guest is seated for him with the menu card. Years ago 'Mr. Stoll's life was centered in a beautiful daugh-/ ter. She took great pleasure in distributing at dinner carnations to the boys ofthe road who Sundayed there. and from that day to this the carnations are Sunddys, but every day. "Somehow," said a diner, "I have looked on a carnation with reverence since a visit there" Grasped His Opportunity. The well-fed American, says Henry Briggs,. a trader in China for twenty years, can have. no idea of the utterly bare life of the Chinese. rice-picker. It is at the best perpetual semi- starvation. In years when the crop is short men grow into the likeness of skeletons. In- fant female children are smothered as a re- ligious duty, to save them from the pangs of death by famine. Yet in the midst of this want they are brave and cheerful, and are kind and considerate neighbors, helping and nurs- ing each other with tenderness . One autumn, in a year of famine, Mr. Briggs went with two English travellers to shoot ducks in the rice swamps... They lost their way, and after wandering for hours, met; a Chinese of the lowest class. He conducted! them, after two hours of hard plowing, through the mud of the swamps, back to 'their starting place. The man was thin and weak, and pale with exhaustion. Hencé it was a liberal handful of money they offered him; more than he could earn.by two years off labor, for wages in China are incredibly low. To their 'astonishment, he refused to accept any reward. The reason he gave was that Confucius had ordered his followers to show' kindness to their brother men. "We are so poot," he said, "that the chance rarely comes' to us to obey him. No such chance 'as this :has ever before come to me. I 'will not lose it." Nor was this a solitary case, 'but the 'habitual temper of the people. Such incidents lend weight to the statgment often made th those familiar with China, that continued seizure of territory by foreigmers, and ipter- ference in_domestic laws and customs, have roused the Chinese to a fury quite at variance] with their usual temper. Wonderful Underground Village. Deep in 'the salt mites of the 'hamlet of Villiezka in Austrian Poland, some eleven: miles frofm Cracow, lies a veritable under- around village which dates away ba the. days when slaves first opened these mii hy] 1334. It is a busy subterranean human hive, all the 'busier in cohtrast with the sleepy ham-; let above. In fact, all the life of the settls- ment is concentrated below ground. The air] is clean and the température that of a warmth spring day. The centre of the mire is situated' in a sort of court which forms a railway sta- tibn. Here all the railway lines which inter- sect this huge mine meet. Meh and wotnes go above ground to do their marketing, and. theet in this court on théir return to gossip ahd compare their 'bargains. Children EVE about in the shade of the grottos and sail i boats in the gutters, running with salt water. These gutters were made hundteds of years 'ago and get rid of the moisture which runs from the upper floors of the mine, and lead. down to the yery bottom, forming a huge salt lake, the water of which fis gradually pumped off and distilled to obtain salt. Sé difficult and expensive is it to light up the whole mine, that visitors must make up 'a party of at least thirty, and pay sums ac- gording to their pumber. No less than 260: steps ;lead down to.the second floor of the mine, just over the salt lake, and it is there! that the chapel of St. Anthony stands. Very little, is needéd to make a happy life. this famous gate is another through which the French entered and left the fortress. Thi sp acid esinisiiseiion x a be entailing upon your descendants yet un- born a bond of incalculable misery." Rey up AME oi rs ca dinner:the waitress places a carnation before }s Death took her away} a feature of the excellent table not only on} 4. year, 1] thing ta do, something to loye, } to hope for. YY, AUGUST 9 9, 1009. EUTOPIA FOR WOMEN. _A Little Village in England a Haven for the Agriculturist.. Forty years ago the nase of Victoria Wood- hull was: well known in the United States. Its owner was one of the group of American, women who first aroused agitation against the laws that deprived their sex of an ade- quate part in discharging the affairs of the nation. Victoria was nominated for the\presi- dency. She .did not win, or come near it. No one thought she would. But the novelty 'of seeing a woman' name On a ticket furnish- Led a sensgtion and made her fame national. Defeat at the polls did not lessen the energy 'of this resourceful woman. . Beaten there, she determined to stcceed in (business, and she and her sister) then known as "Tenny Claflin, now Lady Cooke, of London, England, went to New York, and, glared | the brokerage "firm of Woodhull & Claflin. This, too, was a. "being mere experimenters, the two sisters 'showed themselves uncommonly shrewd busi- ness women, and soon built up a big trade. 'business with the "Woodhull .& Claflin Jour- nal" They also became contributors to the 'most important publications of England. A host of suitors sought to win the sisters. Mrs. Woedhull married, in 1879, John Bid- one of the oldest firms of Lombard street. Mr Martin always backed the campaigns of his wife with heartiness, and in the battle for women's rights, which has made greater strid- es in England than anywhere else, she has had a leading part, At the death of Mr. Martin his millions went to his wife, as well as the beautiful estate at Norton Park in Worcestershire. With this inheritance Mrs. Bredon's Norton into a centge of equipped with all the conveniences of modern civilization. .When she and = her daughter ¢ame into possession of the place, they found it, like .mtany English agricultural villages, in a dilapidated condition. The school was miis- managed, and the villagers were as much cut off from communication with the outside of Africa. The two women saw the need of attracting devoted wealth and energy to the proposition. and turned into a Women's agricultural col- lege. Competent teachers were put.in charge, and already the better class of women study- ing agriculture there has grown to the number of fifty. The estate has been partitioned off into small lots, ranging in size from five to twenty acres. These will :be allotted accord- ing to merit, the more thrifty and skilled to get the bigger farms. club featurc. Tired women from 'London can run down country hause. need lose touch. with the remainder of the world, for telephane .connects them with their . London .interests. The library iis one of the largest and best selected in England, and vir- tually every magazine published in the -Eng- lish tongue is to be found there. Young, Though Full of Years. : At forty-nine, 'Gladstone 'had not yet got. into his second volume. Many 'interesting :modérn lives extend into the third and fourth' volumes of years and accomplishments. Lord 'Gwydyr, who recently died in his hundredth not only attérded the debatés in the House of Lords until a few months of his death, but also the meets of the hunt club on, his estate in Suffolk, He was five years old at the time of the Battle of Waterloo, and four when the British troops marched into Washington. At the patriarchal age of ninety-two, Sir Theodore Martin last year delivered an im- pressive message to his countrymen on the danger of breaking with all tradition; and Mr, Powell Frith of the Royal Academy, who re- cently celebrated his ninetieth year, declares he never was 'in better physical condition in his life. Princess Pauline Metternich, now nearly eighty years old, has recently given a superb fancy dress party "at her palace in Vienna, The great salons were transformed to repre- sent a thuge aquarium, with rocks, coral and seaweed; while all the guests came dressed as denizens of -the deep--lobsters, fishes, oysters, and ¢rabs which walked only backward. Prin- cess Metternich for the past forty years or- ganized the 'leading charity 'balls of Vienna, and her leadership has been so successful that she has raised for philanthropic purposes over two million dollars. Another wonderful veteran is the old yew-, tree of Howth Castle, near Dublin, which after the storm and stress of centuries Succumbed .a few weeks ago to old age. Its death pro- bably hastened that .of the old earl, Lord Howth, who fully believed the legend that the! fortunes of hi house were identified with the! life and prosperity of the yew-tree. An Irish chieftainess of the sixteenth cen- | tury once stopped at Howth Castlé for re- | freshment. She found the gates closed for 1.the dinner-hour, and in révenge kidnapped the infant heir of Howth, whom .she met on the way back to her ships. The child was not te- stored antil its father bound 'himself and his sticcessors by solethn -.0ath never again to close. his gates at dinner-tinte. ~ This promise has (been literally fulfilled, and 'even. accen- tuated by the great gates being solemnly shut' just before the dinner-hour and then flung wide open. Be Good To Old Age. "If. there is one time in life when love is, appreciated more than in another, it is in old age," says one whose heart is very tender to- ward those who face the setting sun. "To me there is nothing more pathetic than the aged. They are as a rule set aside as useless,- their Jifework done, and it is not thought pécessary to extend to thém the little cour- tesies of life, to cheer their Hearts by affec-! tidnate caresses or atts of love, and yet none feed 'or long more for love of petting than do .the aged. They live in the past, the shadows of the future before them, and their inward cravings sée no reason why the old- time kindness should die ont. A writer has beautifully expressed it: "Age softens the heart, and the soul pines for the touch of the hand that would stroke the golden locks of a prattling child? The reat essentials of happiness are, some: and ymething No taint of sicklitiess in his sympathy, no novel enterprise for women. 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