PAGE TWELVE i TRACING METALS FROM WHICH MONEYS ARE MADE. Wve Of the Greatest Historical In terest---History Of the Oldest Golo Mines, The oldest coins (from conecus punch) are assigned by to Lydia dod by Mionnet to Persia rrr---- a ------_ ON OLD COINS =: from 130,000,000 to 10,0 | ---- i " Herodotus but if the word is intended to cover cast or hammered metallic, money then coins are twelve or fifteen cen -. turfes' older than the. Persis ; for we have Chinese Fuife coins of Sung, 22 seried "Tong King . Ho," or far gold, also numerous allusions tc metallic money, not weights, current money with the merchant' Genesis xxli:, 16), as the raatenkis, Hyksos ring {haligs), cowries nd other % cient testimonies 'Puese evidences, says the tific American, prepare us to the" metals from which these neys were made The oldest gold mines for we possess. literary evidence the aurifevous of Hyperboria (Thib- ©) in Herodotus; the oldest hy in ference dre the alluvious of [adia: the oldest by inscriptions and mod ern survey are the Disharee vious af Egypt, A comparison of all the evi leads to the conclusion that knife mgney of China is the old very an Scien mo allu dener thie est af all moneys, the rematénkis! matter what their commercial value, rine tare of India, bricks of Babylon, money of Asia Minor following suc- 'cessively in the order of time, Between the rude issues of Asi Minor and the most perfect of the Greek States is an interval of three centuries, during which all that 48 known dr. probably ever will be known, in beautifying a die was achieved. So far as d~sign good ) bull Hindoo monew trace | st which | disks, ure nineteenth century | with thé reverse of the coin to he | a stitutes the seal of the state, and it coins {ik that, steel jal tender, is concerned, the (ireek coins were | #imply perfect No. modern coins Lo a "un compare with them .in beauty "Crippled Om Joy Among the early Roman coins the nee or aces AR was of cast hranze, the others were of gold A.V. for autumn, or silver AR. for argent. Though mostly designed by Greek artists, they hetray a de- cadenées of the fine arts The dag- #era of Brutus and Cap of Liberty A b g i a on his silver are especially Interest. [ FLoUEht out the girl haa Torused 10 They wera struck .in the field |" hy ge S automo ing near fate Philippi: where hé met his provement in the art for the designs are surrounded by a! Sixt) miles an hour when the acei- to | line of dots, or raised circle, | i | | I ) her home On_ the" other "hand, e Ro-|\. ' ot wR Bn Eo hand. ne im. | Welctend home, Kilgallon was driv. tu y 3 of coinage, | 11% his machine toward New York apf "ently smart appearance nage, | guard against clipping, a Greek in- vention, popularized by the Romans. Roman coins of the imperial | period are of the greatest cal. interest. From the sad and | furrowed face of Julius to the self- | satisfied effigy of Domitian extends au interval of 100 years, filled with the most noteworthy history of Rome, With the removal of the capital to Byzanthium (Constantinople) be- gan that rapid decline in the arts! characterized by the Dark Ages und feudal system, the coinage Tully reflecting it, for the arts can- notiflourish in ser'dom or slavery. | M.P. This decadent, period I sted un-| Hil the Arabian Renaissance of the twelfth and Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth century through the agency of commerce, | encouragement of the arts, ~ The discovery of America influenc vent In the history of the world. Iu little more than a single century,' 1504-1650, were made nearly all the | great discoveries in science and art | which afford scientific and mechanical inventions again the coinage veflects the re- volution. Compare the pennies of the Normans with the Italian -offi- gled. of Mary and Eli~abeth, or the groats of Henry VI.. with" the guineas of Charles I. This brings us from coins to coinage, from the fine aris to me- ehanisms. Leaving cost coins, and brick and ring moneys, out of view, the ancient method of making a ~foin waz to hammer oiit a thin plate of metal, cut. it into circular disks with the shears and strike it with a kteel punch incused with a design, the blow being delivered by hand in much the same way that we would now put a punch mark upon a me- tal plate . The.coin was then oh Here histori- | events in the effort | eign office, it is anticipated that Ca. i nadian High Trade Commissioner Her- faith- | proceed 'to England afforded 'that De, Beland | fore the foreign office ) and its favorable consideration be given e¢ in emeliorating the social! ali - conditions of Europe is the greatest ap, attainments Wilson son declared not thinking of announcing hig can- didacy for 1916 when he statement in recently that the people of the Unit. ed States mvght judge of his acts. audience and by others at the time as a hint that he might be a candidate for re-nomination, plained to callers that in mind was would pass upon his dent. The president refused 'absolute ly to discuss the question of being a candidate Pe ------------ 09,- to 400 and commerce retrograded barter, or to paywents in kind. The metallic plunder of - America was the tremendous lever that con- vérted-the decay of Europe into an of progress In the (fifteenth pury ga skilled coiper, of whom there were 'but few, might be able | te turn out by hand 50 or 60 coins ; arvesult totxlly inadequate to cope with the-vast quanjity of trea- re, chiefly silver, that shdrtly be- gan to arrive from America To | multiply coiners wae to multiply for- gers, and thus the coining machine {became a necessity of state. A lam- {inating mill and screw coining press invented in Jtaly, 1647: Spain, France, 1548; England, 1561, zabeia, I! trials and abandon- mill and press were es- ished permanently under Char. whose golden guineas strucl the first regular issues coins made north of Home | Lessons 2 BR = a day by Pictorial Riview X Me UNIQUE IN icine e channel The lgrainating machine is suffi- explained in an illustration the rolling mill, where a et of metal is made to pass be- tveen two rollers, which reduce it uniform thickness. Circular size of the coin to he then punched out by the |, | ecicatly shpwing te exact muddle are mach Finally, the. disks i a double puneh, being' a steel die jverse, and the are submitted the upper one ncnsed with oly lower gne incuseqn produced i When double process, to 75 tons, subjected with a the Lo press: 150 inert disks, no transformed into mone the legal value conferred upo by the law. with them The double punch con- and the-mint law behind it, which converts metal into coins and coins into dollars or other monetary denominations described in the leg. RECOVERED DAMAGES Ride Gets $20,000 Damages. New York, Jan. 14-- Because she had been made a hopeless cripple on unwilling joy ride, Celia Welstead was awarded $20,000 damages Ladies' long cont costume in squire against John A. Kilgallon in the: sp.|™ Prown gabardine decorated with preme court, Queens county. It was Sofie sud bands of velvet in a darker one. : it had ae o 8 For quiet afternoon wear the smart hut had Regedted hl SE drive tailors are turning out very distinctive Costumes of severs design, but emi- A type of the new modes is shown here, the suit being developad in squirrel brown gab- ardine trimmed with velvet in a dark- or shade. Five yards of 54-inch ma- J terial are necessary to make the full skirt and-coat, which has a broad box- dent oceurred which crippled the girl 2? CANADIAN PRISONERS. Pictorial Review coat No. $009. waist. Price, 15 cents. ° Skirt No. 5989. Sizeg 22, 24 26 Mm, Efforts To Secure Mheir Release From Germany. London, Jan. 14.--As a result of the made by the Canadian high 4 commissioner's" office through the for KEEPING CHECK. England Demands Quality in Food Foi Soldiers. ; allowed to shortly. Efforts London, Jan. 14.--Stored within for the release of Hon. Dr. Beland, the war office building are great sane , have not as yet been successful, | Ples of meat, hard bread, bacon and as the exchange of prisoners agreed | Cheese, which are used in" keeping upog does not apply to Belgium. Sirf check on the army contractors. All Geofge Perley is satisfied, however, | food supplies by contractors must be is not undergoing any delivered at certain military bases, hardships. Sir George has placed be. | where a careful comparison is made a request that | between the samples and the goods. to This new system, which is said to Canadiaris held in. working out &he | be due to Lora Kitchener, has been angement for the exchange of pris- |a great improvement oer the old. oners, While in some cases food shortages have occurred, owing to delays in transport, there is no complaint as fo the quality of the food. This is true at the front as well as at ome. When the war office asked for ten- ders for bacon, the contractors un- derbid each other so that it was feared an inferior quality would be supplied. Thereupon, the contract was distributed 'between a number of firms of high standing at a reason- able trade profit, the government re- serving the right to inspect the in- vojces as well as the meat. This worked so admirably that it has been followed since. man Just, now on parole as a prison- er at Hamburg, will be -- em -- NOT THINKING OF 1916. Says His Indianapolis Utter ance Was Misinterpreted. Washington, Jan, 14.--President Wil yesterday vthat he was made the his Indianapolis' speech have a chance to His utterance was interpreted by the The president ex- what he had that future generations acts as presi: MUSKRATS SHOW PROFIT Commission aad. od with a file. The next improve- ments were to roll the metal be- tween two small cylinders, so as to produce a plate of uniform thick- ness and to cut it into disks with #. punch. At this point fnvention stopped and retrograded for prac. tically '1,000 years, during which time the population of Europe de-1 "an of the Crimea, and was present at Makes Stubborn Couighs Vanish in a Hurry Made at Home If some one in your family has an South on a bad throat or chest has been hanging on and refuses treatment, get from any d inex and make {8 syrup, and watch ted sugar syru t 54 hand lion amily supply--of a 3 , ab a saving of $2, ; 8 use will usually overcome wu severe - coug in 5 re ly si prepa inutes-- a diractions wih Pines, T 8 By Koepa'pe Hi Ra @ pleasant taste bi t's really 'remarkable how promistly RE i one als - briines in a paiztul cough. "i¢ a Crimea Naval "Veteran, Residing in di, the great composer, died this morn: passed away. o the of « br Aube hae ennlinhoyIToat pe et is bronchias { t a mp of hand highly econcen- Thé American Baodeker. : gending Norway pine ig ct NE In punincal Whih ia 80 Huge [Jag rough these here Untree Opening for Enterprise Ottawa, Jan. 14.--A %Yaluable in- dustry in muskrat farming could be developed in Canada, according to the monthly publication of the Con- 'servative commission, which' refers to the great areas of marsh land in diftérent parts of the country, and cities, 'the success of muskrat farm- ing in Ohio and Maryland, where marsh lands have been made to yield more revenue than cultivated 8. Muskrat fur is steadily 'increas- ing in value. There wer 4,648,500 skins offered on the London market last March, apart from the Hudson Bay company sales. The price was WAS NEPHEW OF VERDI. Halifax, Passes Away. Halifax, Jan. 14.--A nephew of Ver- ing in Halifax, when Gregoric Verdi He had attained the age of ninety-one, was a naval veter- the bombardment of Alexandria and the forcing of the Dardanelles in the nano: Turkish war. He came to alifax with H.M.S. Northampton, serving six years on this station. Af- ter this he was pensioned, having TH? DAILY BRITISH WHT, barry &Practical | Drezs Makin 2, Prepared Especially For This Newspaper TAILORED MODELS, Pleat at the back, with smaller pleats on either side. The comstruction of the coat !s (he most @gifficult part of the cosiume. The front, side front and back sections are | Brat jolned se Botched: then the shoul- der geaun is tlosed. Now adjust un. darfacing to posttfon underneath the front, keepiug the center In mind by the large "O° perforations. Sew collar 10 neck edge and roll back into powi- wo. The fit of the sleeves is timiportant. In closing the seains esse in whatever & fullness that ray appear between notches at elbow. 'Sew on cuff as notched and lap as Hiustrated, bringing corresponding single small "0" perfora tions together. Sew cuff to short sleeve, double "po" perforations even, single large "O" perforstion in cuff at sleeve seam and lap as ilustrated, bringing double "00" perforations to- Eetiwr. Sew sleeve In armhole, inside sean at noteh in front, easing any full. ness between double "II perforations. Tarn bem of skirt at center-front on slot perforations. Join gores as notch- ed, pleat, creasing on slot perforations in back gore; bring folded edges to corresponding, small. "0" perforations ana press. Sew to Jower edge of front and hack as notched. . A wide belt may be added If the new girdle effects are admired. Trimmed with rows of buttons at either side of the back it would be exceedingly chic Sizes 12, 34, 36, 38, #0, 42 and 44 inches 30 and 32 inches walst. Price, 15 cents. AAA IANA AMAR is arstrnietinsrrt aian A A a Pot i VIENNA CITY OF SICKNESS. Smallpox, Cholera And Typhoid Rav- age Austrian Capital. Venice, via London, Jan. 14.--Pri- vate reports' from Vifnna and state- ments appearing in the Austrian pa- pers show that conditions in the Aus- trion capital are daily becoming more serious. Small-pox, cholera and ty- Phoid fever are prevalent, forty-five casos of small-pox being officially re- ported ip Vienna during the first nine da) s of January. Many cases of con: 'lagion also are reported from various centres. of lower and upper Austria, Styria, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Galicia. 3 \ Great mumbers of fugitives have ar- rived irom Bukowiha, and many more uve expected. Many of them are cn the verge "of starvation. Phe price of staple foods is increasing and delicacies are no longer obtain- able, - FLOUR FOR BELGIUM. Belleville Sunday Schools Will Give Some 300 Bags or More. Relleville, Jan, H<The "Bunday schools of this city undertogk ' to raise enough money to send one hun- dred bags of flour to Belgium. The result of this effort is that nearly three times as much has been realized as was expected 18 o 8 reach $900 before the flour: is. shipped. Gifts To Brighton's Quota. Brighton, Jan. 14.--Brighton sent & detachment of twenty soldiers join the third ti Before leay- ing for' Cobourg a platform meeting | was held in the téwn hall. ' Reeve 3 . Ross pied the chair. Revs, R. J. Ross, A. K. MoLeod and Rur. al Dean Pickford took part. The la- Bel ea 3 parcel containing -sock irts, 2 mufflers and caps. ~ George Proad- bridge, a high school student, was presented with a neatly-engraved ue net ving and a sweater coat by served twenty-three years in the pavy, and entered business in Halifax, which | -- he conducted till twelve years ago. : » in. "ROSARY" AUTHOR DEAD. ---- Had Been Incurable Invalid For Ten 2 Years. London, Jan. 14.--The Chronicle suys that Frederick Winter, author of the words of the well-known sou. "The Rosary," died on Monday. had been a patient in the Royal Hos. | ital for Incurables, Putney Heath, gl nearly ten years. h G4 ; men 'Where there is polsonithere is pain. London, Jan. 14.--The Daily News You agaist conditions thai are likely has the following from to serious. aan of The Neue Freie Presse publishes the is un- doudbtedly the i fifty cefits per skin. a statement that Queen . the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the Swiss president, under the guid- ane of President Wilson, are hg i lor peace. » monarchs the neutral, countries: have-been in vited to join the peste movement. Macaulay's New Zealander was pas al v . ; 3 "There 'is a superabundance of | indi cranks," explained a reporter who | move a was shadowing him, "because this is]! a freak country."-- Philadelphia staff and the pupils of the school. | a-- | frighteped 'when ge FACING THE BULLETS Soine Men Are Nervous at First, -- Lind a 'Second Courage." What are a man's feelings under fire? [It is a question of 'unfailing interest and. dread anticipation in every war. The untried soldier mar ching to ihe firing line asks himself whether -he will have the physical courage to face the ordeal and go through it honorably. The people at home who refd of the shack of conflict' and the, sickening casualties wonder how flesh and blood can stand the roar of rifle fire; © the shrieking of shrapnel, the sinister whine ef bullets and the repulsive sights of' the battlefield, its dead twisted in' horrible shapes and the wounded mutilated and helpless. A British surgeon, whose work takes him to the basé h pitals in France, has talked with many soldiers about cheir experience under fire, and they have told how it affected them A 'soldier who had his baptism of fire in the Nghting about Arras says that when the shrapnel fell around him and the "Black Marias" plowed the ground nearby, sending up hideous columns of smoke, "ev- ery imstinct of the body and mind prompted flight," and only by great effort of wil power he held fast his rifle and faced the enemy And he had taken his position with more curiosity than fear Another man confessed that he was terribly came under fire, "but the feeling pased away af ter a while, leaving me rather tired and only a little anxious." A third wag surprised that the reality prov &d 10 be not as bad as the anticipa tion; he expecied that he would have to run away, and _ended by taking an optimistic view of his chances. '"'Under firé these men," says the inquirer, "found a self hitherto unsuspected, that elusive quality which for want of a better title is called manhood." "Second courage' sometimes comes to soldiers who behave badly badly at first. A British officer met about a hundred men retiring from a trench where.they had suffered "a really terrible bombardment with shells and shrapnel." He stopped them, calmly said they must .go hack into the trench, and with im- pasive face led them there. They stayed. ard zave a very good ack count of themselves. : £4 The soldier who says that he is indifferent to fire may usually be sot down as a braggart, but ihis medical officer believes that some men .are. really impervious to fear when under, fire. The" average man learns 'to school himself. He con- Jout all right are fairly geod, the out 'al right are fairly good. thé work grips him, and his.fears wane If they do not entirely disappear. An army officer, wounded at Ypres, sums: "You want to go back (that is to the firing line and.the trench), not because it is pleasant there, but because staying away is just im possible." No war has tried men's souls more than the great struggle ip Europe for the excitement and glory have gone out of battle, and war has become 'a: soul-harrowing duty -to endure an almost constant hell of shrapnel and machine-gun fire in in- sanitary trenches, with occasional and even mére deadly exposure to rifle volleys and expert marksman- Ship, men fighting in this terrible way without seeing, except rarely, the faces of the enemy, and always being in ignorance of the issue of the day's fighting along the: 'far flung" battle-line. Sieges in the open have taken the place of encounters that' coil be decided In a day or {wo days at the most, and the casu- alties in their volume are stupefy- Ing. Yet the terrible ordeal doef not shake the soul of the soldier. The _ "red badge of courage" is as conspicuous as ever.--New York Sun. ' CANADIANS MUST BE FIT. Tour Tnspector-General To Make With This Objective. Ottawa, Jan. 14--A committee, consisting of Colonel John Hughes, of Clarke, Ont.; Lt.-Col: Newburn, of Him lton, and probably Lt.-Col. Murphy, of Ottawa, will be appointed by the minister of militia as an ex- amining board. to visit every corps of nd men. Equipment and supplies will also be looked into and the whole reported to the minister. spectors-General Lessard, and Steele will also make a tour, not so much with a view of examination in detail as in regard to a general in- spectiop. The object of this double inspection is to ensure the fitness of all officers and men going to the front. Generals Lessard and Steele will interchange on oceasions so that neither will examine his own work, performed in his former executive capacity. . In the organization of the third contingent, General Hughes stated certain places have been selected for the organization 'of company units, usually at battalion headquarters or a 1 SHH the second contingent and. make a Jovril is and always has been British. took its origin in Canada : it is blended and bottled in Canada, and employs thousands of Canadian work-people. British, and, unlike some Of all Graves " Eovrit Cer dial; | Exact Copy of Wrapper. a" er ---- - -- ---- ~ . -- ---------- ------------------ - , 7 1 f British to the - Backbone Bovril All the Birectors are other beet prepara tons, ih owns no cattle on enemy territory, Bovril is the mighty British body.builder, Lt 15 the only tood which has been hroyved by in dependent. scientific experimpie to possess body -building Powers of from 16 to 20 the ameunt taken rnmes It-must-be- BOVRIL ht \ BERGE 05 0 902° 48 0. Vq0r 2 6 ge $7 as Bor Kia, 360: Seay SOR Wwe bos ohndten's Fluia Bear | ibs), $i aw NT TR Arm § Nema ar aA IT STAMPS ONE OUT OF DATE To Use "White Phosphorous Matches" I't is now illegal to make matches. sell them. "white phosphorus' Ina year's time it will be unlawful to H you're strong for efficiency-<for "" Made in Canada' and "Safety First," vou will uge EDDY'S "SESQUI" NONPOISONOUS MATCHES CASTORIA | Mothers Know That Geniune_Castoria Always Bears the Signature Ai Ny +e The Proprietaryor Real Medina Nesetatie Preparation for i milating i aadRevplei Neng the Stamachn aud rer: . Sof Promotes Digestion (heel ness and Rest.Comtalns weer Opium Morphune nog Miecra) Nor NarcorTic. na + +t op-------- Lovgae sf ON Le SOLBLITIER - i vbur Sood > \ i * 3? For Over swe Thirty Years COMPANY. webe vous sive." Ape:toct Respedy tor Conatix tom, Sour Slemach,Disthec. Worma Convulsions Fevers nese and Loss S OF SLEE FacSimde Signature of At RT EST PRL TRL LE Ss a larger towns and cities. When the tompanies are organized they will be mobilized at certain large centres, but in connection with the organiza- tion of companies recruiting will he carried on in every village the recruit ing officer may-choose to visit. This ig to give every inhabitant of a village or hamlet in the country, as well as fermery' sons, an opportunity to en- inf, Soi Ls German ry. The other one of the hi : th day gh pt | Men's Felt & Leather Romeg 4 "heels, or felt soles, from | $1.00 to $2.00.