The Farmer Should Study the Conditions Causing Poor Drainage on His Paid for Themselves Several Times the By E.R JONES. The occurrence of an excess of water is an 'indication that some source supplies water faster than it is removed. The water is either coming too fast .or it is going too slowly. Arsas at the foot of uplands from which wafer oozes during the greater portion of the year owe their wetness to the excessive seepage from the upland. On the other hand, re- tentive glays, due to the fineness of the soil, and flat muck or peat mar- shes, due to lack of fall, are too wert, primarily because the water is re- moved from them very slowly. It is evident that the drainage conditions on an area may be im- proved either by hindering the en- trance of damaging water upon one side or by faciliating its removal from the other. : To accomplish one or both of these improvements, drain must be constructed to give gravity a better opportunity to remove sur- plus water, Drains may be. open and shallow for ; surface drainage, covered and deep for ander-drainage, or open and deep for both. 2 The capacity required to, remove surface water 'can be obtained most economically through shallow open An, drains. For underdrainage; depth is more important than capacity, aad thi can be obtained most eecnomr: cally through covered drains. of these, the most commoh are drain tile, which are pipes usually one foot long, made of burned clay or cement. Tile are laid end to end in tremch- es from two to four feet deep. A gradient or fall of two inches in 100 feet is sufficient, but more is better. The trench is filled, and the surface of the field is left smooth. Water enters the tile at the joints and flows toward the outlet. To prevent the en- trance' of sand with the water, tile laid in sand must be protected by a layer of clay or muck. Tile that are well laid last for generations. A tile drainage systqm put in 75 years ago in a tight clay soil near Geneva, N.Y., is still working. The roots of trees sometimes clog the tile. This occurs when water from a distant source is carried by the tile through a soil from which no drainage is taking place. In such cases trees near the lines of , tile should be removed. The path that water has to travel through the sdil is the same whether it be directed to an open drain of a And Views Of And 'For Canadian particular depth or to a line of tile of the same depth and not full of water. The two are equally effec- tive as underdrains in all soils, with the advantage in favor of the tile because it is out of the way: In sand or clay, tile two feet deep or more are not injured by freezing, provided they contain no standing water when they freeze. In muck or peat, tile should be laid below the frost line, because these soils may expand enough upon freezing to heave the tile to a damaging degree. Unglazed' tile are just as good as glazed tile, except at an outlet expos- ed to the weather. At such outlets glazed tile or wooden flumes bear ex- posure without injury. Three feet Is the common depth or lines of tile in sticky clay. In sandy subsoil a tile four feet deep can drain a strip 200 feet wide as easily as one three 'feet deep can drain a strip 100 feet wide. Lines, cutting off seepage should be four:'feet deep, if possible; in all soils. On areas having a fair slope the depth may be uniform from the head to the outlet. On level areas the tile have to be shallow at the head and deep at the outlet. Likewise in pot Shipping Hatching E hipping Hatching Eggs Thé most important thing is to satisfy your eustomers by giving them exactly what you advertise to sell or, even doing a little better, It eggs are brokem in trdnsit do not hesitate to replace them the day you receive the complaint from your customer. Give everybody a square deal and remember that a satisfied customer is always a customer. A neat, attractive . package may cost a trifle more than a sipvenly one, but it will please ; your |éustomers and advertise your egg business, be- cause customers very often judge a man's business by first impressions of package and contents when they are received. The best! package for shipping eggs is a basket, although many 'breeders do not use them, The baskét should hold one or two seftings, and these can 'be .got for two cents from any manufactur er A thick layer of exeelsior should cover the bottom and all eggs should be wrapped in soft paperand 80 packed with fine excelsior that they will not touch each other. When the eggs are pa put an- other layer of éxcelsior o the top and cover with a thin board. Next to the basket is the egg box made for holding thirteen or fifteen eggs. This is arranged with room for excelsior or other packing at top and bottom. * This box is provided with a wire] + AR handle and the cover slides into grooves which may then bé screwed or tacked down with small nails. Never ship a pagKdge that is not seréwed or nailed down, because this will save eggs from being filched 'by curious persons who can open the package in transit. Never ship a soiled egg. Nothing 50 disgusts 'a customer as to receive a setting of eggs which are dirty and of poor shape. Eggs should be selected so that each setting will be uniform in size, shape and color when possible. : When the package is ready to ship place on it a label containing your address and the address of the customer plainly written. Never fail to put your name on anything that will help to advertise your business. Stone Foundations Cheapest and Best If it is necessary to use a storage tank for water pressure on the farm. a tank built on the ground with a stone foundation will be found much more satisfactory than if built dpon a wooden base. Some farmers have storage tanks built on the barns, but an occasional overfi J of a little leakage will soon p "dis astrous, for this will rot the timbers underneath. A stone foundation will prevent this trouble, . On of the secrets of egg scarcity is overfeeding and laziness. Nearly all owners keep their laying hens too fat and give them too little exer- cise. In winter there should be quite a variety of food, chosen with a view to supplying egg ingredients. & holes the depth is not always a mat- ter of choice. The main frequently has to be eight or ten feet deep where it crosses a ridge in order to under- drain the pothole to a depth of three feet. A submain may be used to carry the water from several later- als through a place where the cutt- ing must be deep, thus avoiding a deep cutting om each of the several laterals. The failure of many tile drainage systems has been dug to a poor out- let. The choice may be between a deep outlet that will give the main a good gradient and depth, and a shallow outlet that will be above the backwater of the creek Into which it discharges. Though outlets may be submerged for a short tile without injury, permament submersion, how- ever, causes sediment to gather in the tile, and, in climates where the winters are severe, may cause dam- age by freezing, Both of those dan-: Bers are lessened 'where there 18 a large volume of water discharged. This is one reasan why it is better to have several internals discharge into a single main than to let each discharge inté a ditch, S°Vertical drains are holes dug De A Am emt im - | The Prices Paid For Produce On Kingston Market through a layer of tight soil so that the water may more downward past this impervious layer. These reach- ing down to a course soil not filled with water, are very efficient. The question to be determined in wheth- er or not they will work rast enough to pay for themselves. Conditions found in lower soil layers are so var- iable that each piece of land must | fl answer this question for itself, Some- times the water moves upward in these holes instead of downward. A farmer contemplating drainage on an area known to be considerab- ly higher than adjacent lakes or ri- vers can make no mistake in testing the efficiency of vertical drains dug ten or twenty feet deep and curbed to within a foot of the surface of the ground with six-inch tile. The up- per end of this column may be pro- tected either by a patented dram- head or by covering to top with a flat stone or brick and surrounding the tile to a depth of six feet with coarse gravel placed in an excava- tion about three feet in diameter, It might be well to try both of these de- vices. Horizontal drains have an ad- vantage in intertepting seepage wa- ter on springy areas, but in potholes * Kingston" August 21. Meats. Beef, local carcases, Wh dusesnnviesd Beef, hinds, 1b. .. Beef, cuts, 1b... Beef, western, by carcase, 1b. .... Hogs, live, ewt. .. Hogs, dressed, 1b. . Lamb, spring, by carcase, 1b, .... Mutton, carcase,lb. Veal,by carcase, 1b. Veal by qtr, Ib. . 12 14 25 iy 900 13 Sip Fish. Bloaters, dos, .... Qod, 'steak, 1b, ... Finnan haddie, 1b: Relssdb.. ........ Haddock, fresh, 1b, Halibut, "tres, 1b. Haddock, frozen, 1b - Herring, fresh salt water, doz. ... Kippers, dos Mackerel ....... Pickerel. 1b, eh, db. Pike, 1b. ........ Rock-fish, 1b. ..., Salmon, Saguenay, Trout, salmon. 1b. White fish, 1b. .. Suckers, 1b. ,.... THE KAISER INSANE. American Expert Draws This Conclu- sion.and Gives Reasons. "When a Of war it can end only in de- In these words Dr. McLane Hamilton concludes gn article in the North American ew on Kaiser's Psychosis," in which he con- Naors the possible madness of the . He pronounces no positive deel- sion, but he adduces Oma, StriRIe reasons for believing, that the A tainted with insanity, to ° "The | mp pop A] I TT 3 Poultry. Chickens, pair ... 100 Chickens," live, 1b. -r Oucks, 1b. .a..as 12 Hens, = dressed, lb. se Hens, live, 1b, ... oe Turkeys, 1b, .... 18 Dairy Products. Butter, dairy .... . Bitter, - creamery Wie a Bytter, rolls Ib .. Cheese, old, 1b. .. Cheese, new, Ib. .. Eggs, fresh,'doz. . Fruit, Apricots, doz, .... Bananas, dog. .... Cantelope ........ Cucumbers, each . Figa, th. ~.......5 Grapes, 1b. . Huckleberries, qt.. Lawton berries, box Lemons, Messina, OB, wuversvasa Peaches, doz. .... Plums, doz. ...... Nuts. mixed, 1b, , » Oranges, doz. .... Tomatogs, 1b. .... Waternf€lons, each A scieeis A Vegetables Beets, bush. .....$ Cabbage, new, 1b. 16 20 40 Celery, bunch ... Lettuce, bunch dos, Onions, green, bunches, Jos. . Potatoes, bush, .. Parsnips, bush, ... Rhubarb, buneh ,, Turnips, bag rn ---- Grain, Barley, bush, ....$ Bran, tol ....... uckwheat, bush. . orn, yellow feed, dush, ......... ; Corn, ¢racked cwt. Corn; meal, ewt. . . Flour, ewt. ..... Hay, baled, ton ,. Hay, SPR Outs; local, bush. ts, Man., bush.., traw, baled, ton. , , loose, ton . Wheat, bush. .... Hides. Beef hides, cured, perth, .... Beef, hides, green, 1b, ...... Heavy bulls, Ib. i. ......... Veals, green, 1b. . Deacons, each ............ Tallow rendered in cakes .... Kips or grassers, Ib. ........ Calf skins, per 1b. ......... 15¢ Lamb and shearling, each .. 26¢ Sheep skins, each, up to .... $2.00 Horse hides, each, up to .... $3.50 136 14¢c 12¢ 8¢ 12¢ 90¢ Se 8c tena nne an a and on large flat areas the matter of vertical drainage should be especial- ly considered. : The limited capacity of vertical drains renders them more efMcient for underdrainage than for surface drainage. Their success is dependent generally upon the accompaniment of surface drains for relief of flood ow. . There are several kinds of land that need drainage: On tight clay soils with but little slope, dead fur- rows running with the slope are val- uable as surface drains. The ex- pense of having well-chosen dead furrows four rods apart and cleaning them after seeding, is refunded many times by the benefit, to a single crop. The ratio between the cost and be- nefits of those dead-furrows makes thed the most profitable of drains. Areas now under cultivation with fair surface drainage, but with an underdrainage so poor that they are cold, sour, and late, are next on the list, They are twice as hard to cul- tivate and only half as dependable as those that are well drained. Un- derdrains to make cultivation easier and crops more certain commonly pay for themselves once every year. y Tr The Alfalfa Growers, The organization of the alfalfa growers of Onondaga edunty may be only the beginning. Many other forms of agriculture in this part of the state may need the same kind of treatment. What the Onondaga Alfalfa Assoc- lation proposes is a good deal like what the apple growers of various localities on the Pacific coast have 'jearried to success. The association will act as an agent between the big buyer and the grower with a small charge on eath ton of alfalfa sold. The association to do the work which the hay buyers' have béen doing and to give to the farm- ers the profits of the business, Quite as important as this, how- ever, is the plan for improving the quality of the product and seeing to | it. that alfalfa sold by the associa- tion is graded properly and that each bale contains genuine value. Co-operation of this sort is one of ] the most promising features of the newest 'agricultuye. Those heifer calves, hopes of dhe future dairy herd, give them The same care and attention you accord your high grade dairy cows and they are pretty sure not to disappoint you. Whatever sense a man may have he puts in cold-atorage when he falls in love.: \ 3 A banquet is often an excuse for near oratory and hypocritical ap- plause. , Corn piping hot/ sends the laying hens to roost in a proper state, being the a ---- - SAILORS PUBLISH PAPER " i Curious Caitoon Found In The North Cartoons Magazine, One of the most curious war car- toons yet published is taken from a 'printed on board one of the big - British battleships. The name of the newspaper is The North Sea Times, and it is edited, 80 the announcement reads b; "'one scribe | 1 Yard Rolly; Land, and the Remedy for the Same---Many Times Dréins Have First Year of Their Installation. Long narrow wet strips and sloughs or swales too wet to culti- vate at all next demand attention. They produce nothing or at best a Popr quality of hay or pasture. Their only redeeming feature is that they do not entail a cost of cultivation. Nevertheless, they affectd@he cultiva- tion of the 'surround fields by ecutt- ing them up or making them irregul- ar in outline. The drainage of these strips will squale up the fields as well as reclaim wet lands. In appear- ance and usefulness such' drainage commonly pays for itself every two years, : y The drainage of potholes has all the merits of that of wet swales, ex- cept for the handicap of cost. - The excessive depth that is required to secure an outlet - sometimes makes their drainage expensive. Large marshes are the last to be mentioned. . Their drainage usually affects only the lands reclaimed. Ne- verthel@ss, it is a poor system of farming that will not justify thejr thorough drainage. The net Pry o of tame hay or corn on these lands as compared with that of marsh hay commonly pays ror the drainage in four years. There are two sides to the- fact that relired farmers are numerous. "Some towns seem to be half full of them" says a Middle West corres- pondent. ~ "Look over those same towns and see how many retired grocers, black- smiths, plumbers, or éven doctors or lawyers you ean find, Is there any other trade or profession that pro- duces so large a propoftion of men who can retire while they are still in good physical condition, with en- ough capital to insure them comfor- table maintenante for the 'rest of their days and a nice nest egg to leave their descendants?" The answer which comes from a New Yerk editor is that the bankér and the merchant get more pleasure out of their business than the farm- er gets out of his, so they don't re- tire. > wT The Post-Standard doubts wheth- er that is the right answer. Most farmers continue to like farming as long as they are able to work at it. When the boys have grown up and gone to the city and the farmer him- #8lf has grown too old to follow the plow or manage thé pitchfork he rents tha farm and moyes to the vil- lage, A large part of farming for most farmers is hard physical labor. When modern methods change that retirement will be less common. nn Ventilate the cow barn. or you may expect to have weakened and tubercular cows. BUY THIS PACKAGE ONLY LUMBAGO---SCIATICA---BACKACHE ; NEURALGIA--RHEUMATISM 'Davis