» N "NN NR NY GENERAL SKETCH OF THE EU R- | OPEAN WAR, 2 By Hilaire Belloc 77 I. lustrated, Price, $1.50, Thom. as Nelson '& Sons, London and Toronto, Publishers. NT. Uglow & Co., City. : Hilaire Belloc is 'the foremost Briti His writings widely read, and exert a great influence in forming public opinion on mil tary questions Mr. Belloc 'served his ti the French artillery, being wiioned at Toul, on he Franco-German frontier. From 1906 +40 1910 he represented Salford in the British House of Commons. He js perfectly familiar with the theatre 'of 'war: Abook from his pen is sure to earry weight. } The ptesent volume forms a part | of a history of the war which he wills write, Naturally it deals with t¥ first part of the campaign, and £Qes exhaustively into the historical causes of the conflict The first great battles on beth fronts are de scribed By the aid of maps and diagrams, and by being able to seize on the essential points and present them clearly, he enables the reader to grasp the outstanding facts, to ge a clear conception of the milita movements and the reason therefor. Part 1 is devoted to the general causes the war, now familiar to every reader, ind which consequent- | ly need not be recapitulated Part II deals with the forces opposed | to each other, and in it we find some. | very interesting' and illuminative data. Mr. Belloc is very careful in iis statements as to the numerical strength of the combating forces The attempt to set down definite fig- | ures he regards as futile. We read: | "It will almost ce rtainly "be found, when full details are available after the war; that the most careful esti- mates have been grievously erron- eous In some particular. Almost every statement of fact in this de partment can be reasonably chal- lenged, being everywhere purposely confused or falsified." Nor should people be misled: by| statistics pub- lished. in year boo or almanacs This critic estimates, after making careful deductions, that during the first period of the war, say to Celo- ber 31st, 1914, Germany put across the Rhin® rather more than two mil- lion and a half men. She put into the eastern field first a quartey of a million, whieh rapidly grew to\half a million, and before the end of Qe- tober to nearly a million; a' balance of rather more than another million she used for filling gaps and" for keeping her strength at the full. The attual total figures would be between four and a' quarter million and five million for this first petiod. France met the very first shack, he states, with about a 'million men which gradually grew in the firing line to about.a million and a half. Here the limit 6f the French fore immediately upon the front will probe ably bg set.. = The numbers continued to swell, but were kept in rererve, it is nét unwise, he concludes, to put at about two and a half millions the ul- timate French figure Austria at first million men forward 'to cheek the Russian advance. Before the end of the first period they had ihereased to probably two and a quartet mil lion, . Russia put into the field during the first. weeks of the war some mil Hol" and a Yuarter, which grew to perhaps two million and a half at the very. most. Servia mustered about a quarter of a million, and Belgium, say 100,- 000, Great Britain, though destined to exercise by sea power a very great ultimate effect upon the whr, could only provide, in this first period upon the Continent, an average of 100,000 men, Exptessing the strength in simple units, Mr. Belloc states that the en- emy set out with 32 men, 10 against Russia, 22 against Franee. Against these Russia sent 12 men to meet the German. 10, the French 10 to meet the German 22. By the end of Oo tober the figures were; Germans, 2, against Anglo-French 16; in the east, Austro-Germans 32, against 2¢ Russians. Basing their chances on numbers alone, the Germans bad therefore good . hope of winning, The author estimates the strength in units by June 1st, 1915, as 68 men of the Allies in East and West; against 75 of the enemy. Af this period both France and . Germany Pages, conceded to be sh military 'critic ' of here. threw about cone unit ymind, Britain ¢ould add six.gr gight more and Russia an indefinite' num- ber The enemy is the first period of thé war had, if anything, an even great- er superiority in munitioning than in men, This was due to two distinct (causes: his theory upon a numberof military ' details well founded, and "he made war at his own chosen moment, after three years of deter- mined and largely ret prepara- tion We may take as a rather particular example of these of war the enemies' heavy artillery and: in upon the power of the modern high %xplosive and the big howitzer -- to destroy permanent fortifications rap- idly, and to have an effect in the field, particularly in the preparation of an assault, which the military thee of the Allies had wrongly underestimated." The enemy, anticipating a quiek 1 decisive campaign, wasted guns and ammunition, and go very soon the balance was adjusted in favor of the Allies Recent events, however, do not seem to bear out the author's conclusion on this point. Consider- ing the Allies as a whole, Germany still retains a marked superiority in this respect. The conflicting theories of war, to which Mr. Belloc devotes consider- able space,are enlightening to the lay He points out- the various advantages and disadvantages of the German practise. of attack in close formation, contrasting 'it with French and British theory. He con- cludes: "The Germans were right. The German temper, coupled with the type of discipline in the modérn German service, did prove capable of compelling men to stand losses out of all proportion to what the Allies expected they. could 'stand, and yet to continue to advance neither brok- en nor brought. to a standstill. ~ But the war also proved . .~. such for- mations were an error. The few members of it that got home had lost 'all power to do harm to the defend- ers." Part II discusses the Battle of Metz, the fall of Lemberg and the Battle of Tannenberg, and concludes with a carefully written chapter on "The Spirits in Conflict," in which the author treats at length on the psy- chology of Germany and the other warning nations. The enemy's on- slaught he terms "Barbarism in ac- tion," but it galvanized the French nation into new life, and awoke in them the spirit of a people who fear not the ultimate issue, Was reliance upon ries THE DOUBLE TRAITOR. By" 'E. Phillips Oppenheim 308 pages, Price, $1.25. McClel- land; Goodchild & Stewart, To- ronto, publishers, R. Uglow -% Co, city. Another "war" story by the pro- lific Oppenheim. It would be an extraordinary event if a new novel was not fortheoming at least every six months from the pen of this ready writer. The supply seems inexhaus- tible, and the best of it is that all his books are very readable, "Mr. Grex of Monte Carlo," recently re- viewed on this page, enjoyed a very popular sale. In "The Double Traitor" we are given an exciting move in the highest circlés. It has todo with conditions supposed to ex- ist just prior to the outbreak of the present war, A young Englishman, attached: to the Embassy at Berlin, resents the insult of an overbearing German prince, and is' accordingly sent home. On the train en route to the coast he falls in with a Ger- man pottery manufacturer, who turns out to be the arch-spy of the Fatherland. Accidentally discover- ing the German's identity, the Eng- lishman enrols himself in Herr Se lingman's service, and is given the task of collecting certain information from cabinet members and others high in British official life. = He be- Heves war to be imminent, and takes this course in order to prove to his skeptical friends the gravity of the situation, Exciting things happen, and the reader will be kept fully awake following the unravelling of the plots: and counter-plots. Spies were everywhere in England,.and the young diplomat had no diffieulty at last in- proving his case. . Owing to the facts he turned over to & eapinet minister, the British fleet was mobi- lized just before te war, and the navy was ready. he book would be incomplete = without the usual pretty dove story which Oppenheim knows so well how to , "The uhle "Traitor" will afford a few hours of pleasant reading. had 'reached their maximum, but 8 ig theories | particular | | the! story of spies and maléfactors who | _THE DAILY BRITISH WHIG, SATURDAY, AUGUST 28, 1915. * CODE OF THE SEA Maritime Law Was Really Cradled In the Island of Rhodes. The Phoenicians were make long voyages and t arm their vessels for war, readily. availed themselves of advantages of a marine and soon secured an extensive merce. In time they umed empire of the sea, #& sovere they long continued to enjoy, dur- ing whieh time they became tyrant of the "sea and exercised piracy They were the AFst "sed piratey known to history. ' After the Phoenicians, the - Aegi- neted and then ithe Cretans assumed dominion of the sea during various epochs, but it remained for the in habitants of the island of Rhodes tc create, digest, and promulgate the Wfirst system of maritime laws of fney the there com the by by Ol which we. have any autheiffic know. ledge. So great was the Sficcess they attained their cpdé has #dlways been rfMerred to as the "cradle of -mari- time law." y Nevertheless as far back as the reign of King Hammurabi who was a contemporary of Abraham, 250 years before Christ, we find in the Code of Hammurabi numerous sec tions Which fix the obligations aris ing under 'contracts for hoat build ing, hire or charter of vessels, trans portation. of goods for hire, colli- sion, ete, and the principles there laid down are in many instances recognized at the present time "as the rule of decision. a 'The Persians and then the Greeks in turn succeeded the Rhodians masters of the sea. Thése two coun tries maintained large fleets of war 1s, called by the ancients as a '""vessels of force," as distin guished from. their merchantmen orj "ships of burihen." The great naval battle of Salamis, fought by these countriés, in which it is said over ,600 vessels took part, followed by that of Platea and of Mycale, demon strated to the Greeks, with the suc- cess of their arms, the immeasurable value of sea power They lost no time and spared no efforts in the greation of a still greater navy and adopted measures they deemed judic fous in furthering the interests of their merchant marine. Among other things,. they established a special jurisdiction of Atheys, to pass upon maritime transactions. as COMMENTS BY ZACCHEUS Who Has Been Making p Study Fruits, A-~--Apples and most friits and ve getables make excellent diet. B--Bananas, beans nutritious. C--Cherries, cranberries, cucum bers. cooling. ' \ p D---Dates delectable. - E--Endive forisalad. F--Figs fattening. G--Gooseberries, grenades, grape- fruit. H---Hazel-pute, hard to crack. I---Indian potato. J=--Jnjube lozenges, cough. K--Kantaloupes, nice and re ing. L----Lemons, lettuce, lentil. M---Mint, maize. N---Nuitmegs! Hot! eh? O---Oranges divine; onions draw tears. P---Peaches, pears, plums, all ex tra. : Q--Quince, an astringent. R-~Raspberries, radishes, S--Strawberries, spinage, savoury, T---Tomatoes, turnips, tapioca. U--Uraguayan olives highly hy- gienie. V---Vanilla for fine flavor, W---Water-melon relished whites as Well as blacks, X-«Xclude what does with you, and Y---You may, under God, live to a ripe old age. Of good for a sh that rice. S480, by not agree --ZACCHEUS. The Man Who Took Warsaw. Manchester Guardian Prince Leopold of Bavaria, who was in command of the army which made the final attack on the forts of Warsaw, is the younger brother af the King of Bavaria, who came to the throne at the end of Regency two years ago. He has the reputa- tion of being a cool, able soldier, and is in his 70th year. The Prince, like other members of his family, has had many squabbles. A legacy of on¢ million and a half sterling was left by Duke Clement.of Bavaria in 1769 to the man second in succes sion to the Bavarian Throne. © This was the cause of a bitter quarrel be- tween Prince Leopold and his hroth- er, the King, in 1913 His Majesty claimed the money for his fon; and Prince Leopold contended that it was for himself, as it was meant as com- pensation for the Prince who should just' miss the succession. Prince Elizabeth, also started a family feud when she married a mere lieutenant, Baron von Seefried Auf Buttemsteih. Though her mother, the Emperor of Austria's favorite child, forgave the romantic marriage, Prince Leopold has never been reconciled to it. 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