T * E DAILY BRITISH WHIG, TUESDAY, AUGUST 31, 1915. -- FEEDING NEW } . orn ARMIES IS TREMENDOUS TASK Most of the Separate Articles of i Food Are Supplied Under Ssp- arate Contract--Cooks Number. ing 25,000 Invent Strange Dishes. The feeding of the British armies is an even bigger and more complex {business than 'the. feeding of Jac Tar. The War Office never antici pated that it would be calldd upon to feed such immense armies ai-'t now, has to do: The existing arrange. iments for the feeding of the army when the war "hroke out, however, 'sufficed to meet MWamediate needs; but arrangements were promptly en: tered into and got into working order iwith marvellous rapidity for the feed (ing of {immense armies. Sir Redvers Buller is reported tp have said that the feeding of an. army- exceeding a million of men presented appalling, if not _unsurmountable, difficulties. But these difficulties have been satisfac torily tackled. There is not a British soldier at home or abroad who has evel had to go a day without three substantial meals, except when actu ally fighting in the trenches. The work of feeding Tommy Atkins {1s performed chiefly by contract. Beparate contracts are entered into for the supply of all the regulation articles of diet to each military centre at 50 much per head. Now, let us 'take a military centre where, say, 110,000 troops are stationed. The.con- {tractor has to make dally deliveries lof meat and vegetables and other ar iticles of food for immediate consump «ition, and weekly, or, possibly, month: {ly deliveries of other articles, .such as tea, sugar, etc. The contractors for the army in France deliver the goods to the quartermaster-general at ihéadquarters, "from whence it is dis tributed to the different units. Not a day or night passes without ships, containing hundreds of tons of food for the soldiers, crossing the Channel; and day and night tons of food are being distributed 'to the troops at 'home by rail and motor wagons. i Trained In Thousands But the collection and distribution 'of these immense quantities of . food were not the only difficulties. The finding of a sufficient number of cooks ipresented a gigantic problem. Clearly dt was impossible to get them from the civil population; but it was pos /sible to "make 'them, and in four months at least 10,000 cooks had been ~ trained under the direction of the army cooks at different military cen- (tres, What the number of army joodks is at present it is, of course, possible to say, but it certainly ex: ceeds 25,000. At a military centre where there are, say, 10,000 troops, .|100 cooks would be employed, an¢ an: lother 100 general assistants would * ihelp preparing the daily meals of ithe troops.. When the new armies 'were rapidly growing, and there was a partial shortage of cooks, Tommy jwould often cheerfully undertake to supplement the work of the cooks /department and some invented dishes {that have since obtained a wide popu. ilarity in the armies. Among these 'was a genius who Invented a remark: 'able dish in which cheese and bacon formed the main ingredients. This appetizing dish'is now known in the army as "Polly," the nickname by jwhich its inventor was known ih his company. i All the culinary inventions of Tom by as chef did not, however, meet with such success or popularity. A 'story is told of a corporal who, 'left to his own devices in a camp kitchen, prepared for his company a dish that met with a very bad reception indeed. By unadimous' consent the company 'decided that the' corporal should be compelled to eat the whole of the 'compound which he had. prepared to isatisfy the appetites of 120 men. Tae } under compulsion, swallow- led about ten mouthfuls of the mess, and the was mercifully allowed to re- itire to his tent. The dish consisted; 80 the corporal afterwards declared, of nothing but treacle, bread, dripping, nd flour; but tsi Eo Hh f 1h $8 : g is z 2 "fchinery and for the battalion. Why all these cases of the delicacy were delivered to the battalion in question is one of many similar mysteries of the war. Another battalion, in much the same way, re- eeived a gift of twenty-five thousand chickens. The 'feeding of the armies has, it may be mentioned, made the packing cases . industry busier than it has probably ever been. A quarter of a million packing cases, of varying sizes, are used every week in deliver- ing the food supplies to the army. The firms making these cases gre working night and day, and there jon't an un- employed man In the industry any: where. The numbers of men directly engaged In the busingss of supplying the armies with food probably ex- ceeds 150,000. One firm of contrac tors employs 20,000 nen in packing and delivering goods for the army. SUBMARINE FACTS | sm A ---- submnarinea cost Britain's early $175,000 each. Officers and men on submarines re- colve extra pay. Modern submarines six or eight torpedoes. Till 1901 there was not a submarine in th. British navy. For the expulsicn of torpedoes, sir at a pressure of 50 pounds is used. Under some conditions, submerged submarines can be seen from aero planes and airships. The submarine's deadliest enemy is the destroyer, \which, at_its best, can run 46 miles p: hrour. In the British navy submarines must not, as a rule, remain submerged for longer than three hours. A Whitehead ticrpedo as used by the British nav; runs 6,000 yards, travelling part of the distance at thé rate of 50 miles pcr hour. On the surface submarines derive their motive power from oil or petrol; submerged, they are driven by elec- tricity.' For consumption beneath the waves, air, is stored in a submarine under the great pressure of: 2,000 pounds. Even on the surtace a submarine is a comparatively slow craft. Her best speed is seldom much over 16 Fnots per hour. .» If one of our submarines should be sunk, the crew could, by donning suits something like a diver's, como to the surface. The eye of the submarine 18 the periscope, which is a tube not much thicker than a man's arm, with re flecting prisms at each end. 1 in our navy no man is forced to serve on a submarine. The crew con- sists of volunteers, of whom ample numbers are always forthcoming. The sting of & & les 1d her head or tail, because there are her torpedo tubes. She cannot sink an enmy ship whilé broadside on to it. Modern submarines can travel on the surface about 4,000 miles without replenishing fuel. The limit of a con- tinuous under-water run 'is about 150 miles. Submarines are "blind" when sub- merged, and the chief problem in con- nection with them is discovering a means of seeing at a distance through, the water. : When a torpedo is. discharged, water to exactly the same weight automatically flows into the submar- ine's tanks, so that the poise of the vessel is preserved. ; At the beginning of the war Ger- many had not more than 30 submar ines completed. Great Britain had a flotilla of 80, and Francs one of about 60, besides 30 small boats. TO TAKE HUN TRADE British Experts to E Techni- : ncourage Tec cal Training as First Step . The British Board of Education has made public a "scheme ' for the or: tion and development of sclen: research." A tific and jngusirial \ special need e OW, Ww hin r alditioha ate ab sistance to promote scientific résearch usu lly carry \- HUNS LAND KITCHENER Writer Anticipates Much From His New Armies In an article anticipating the sflen- did power of Britain's new armies, the Berlin correspondent of the Kolrvische Volks-zeitung paid a high tribute to the organizing 'talent of Lord Kit- chener, and says "even German envy must admit that his recruiting has been an organizing 'performance of the very first rank." The article con tinues: "Certainly the new army is composed for a great part of inferior elements and is not equal, of course, in quality tov the old small marcenary English army. But war experience will-come with time to these young English troops, just as to our own, and in view of the good military tal- ents of the English people they will soon have become valuable. These young English ' troops have already shown that 'they. are 'enemies to be respected, and nothing would be a greater: mistake than to under-esti- mate them. = It is announced that more than $600,000 a day is paid in England by the Government to tho wives of rien who are °t the front or in the train- ing camps. Homing Pigeons Recent experience has tended to show that . carrier pigeons and other birds. of pasgage are guided by mag- netie currents. M. A. Thauzies, a French student of pigeons, his noted that om two occasions when pigeon flights were unsatisfactory mniagnétie storms were - occurring; and the flights of these birds have been be co often uncertail and erratid since wireless telegraphs came into extensive use. oy THE WAR MACHINE en A -- : New troops from Canada' being ldnd ed at a British port en route to the war front. or scratched out the name of the ship which was shown on the life preserver attached td the railing. . AAR AAA A A mn I A A Pr INI General Joffre's Men An Army of Heroes | It is lo g since General Joffre said that L. knew no reserve troops any more because the térritonials had be- come ' as hardened as ithe younger troops. Very often the: married. sol- diers and fathers of families who served thejr military term fifteen to twenty years ago ure even/better sol diers than the new poilus, writes an American. Anybody who knows any- thing of the lower classes in France does. not havé to be told how resource- ful - these 'peasants and workingmen are when in a difficult position. Life has been their teacher; time = and again they found themselves in face of difficulties which seemed insur mountable, but they have always found a way out, .ndfso they do now as soldiers. In one night they will dig" a -subterratean passage throtigh which they emerge unexpectedly and surprise the enemy, or they fix a small alarm bell in a trench and whenever they ring it the German open a fur fous fire, wasting tons of ammunition without doing the least harm. Some- times they construct sham batteries, conceal them clumsily and when the German aviators discover them more waste of ammunition results. The middle-aged soldiers life has taught the sense of realities possess in the highest degree, the Gallic race's elasticity, faculty of improvisation, courage and resistance, and, common sense. At present young and old troops fight alongside each other in nearly all the trenches along the entire other aviators near La ererr---- J The censor carefully front, this long front through Franch, which h: 1 moved like a razor, clowly but surely eastward, razing every- thing in front : of it---men, houses, trees,' forests and villages. 1 csked & French general which troops at the front he considered the best. "It fs very difficult to answer this ques tion," he replied, "but perhaps the cavalrymen nbw fighting as infantry are the most-woncerful of all. Among these, officers and men are true com- rades even more than.in the; othe arms. Physically our cavalrymen are superior to the rest of our troops. They are 'all picked men, strong, splendidly trained, intelligent and en- during. When they aitack the Ger mans they use their lances instead of the bayonets. : ; "I remember one sortie msorth of Arras, The Germans expected to find infantry in our ches but we secretly replaced the fantry with cavalry and the result was a very unpleasant surprise to the Prussians. They no longer attack a trench de fended by our horse guards." * Revenge Fire Attackers "But: who are the braver," I asked, "the Southegnors or the Northern. ors? . "It was formerly believed," the general replied, "that the men from Southern France would be superio: when attacking: the enemy's trenches, but special circumstances have exert ed their influence upon our men from the North. Refugees escaping through the German lines Fave told them hor. rible tales committe. by tlie Garmans in. the occupied departments of Nor- thern France, and tlies¢ stories have transformed our northern troops into berserks, who thirst for revenge. Airmen Discount Hardships Our fliers, too, are marvellous and have accomplished wonders. No pi . ro- -{ gress would have been possible with: out' them. What they suffered from exposure no human pen can describe. Most of the time 'n the winter they have had to fly at a height of two to three thousand metres where the tem- perature is Arctic. . Only an. explorer appreciates what these men = have done." i 2 At the t I met Lieutenant Magnin, one the most darmg of French fliers, but with the modesty of all true heroes he déclined 5 say anything about his own sufferings. 3 know," he said, "that some of my 'bombs hive done considerable dam: age. Once while flying with eleven Bassee we drove back an entire German division ahd at Courtral 1 saw three of my bombs kill more than one hundred Germane, When 1 praised ia cour {confidence 2 . expression of this comradesh MAY WED THE PRINGE OF WALES _ ENGLISH GIRL As a result of the war a serious problem has arise in regard to the marriags of the Heir Apparen. to the British throne. It is quite certain that there can be no alliance between the English Royal House and that of any branch of th. German Roya) Family "or many . long year to come. But the hard fact remains that, out- side German Royalties, there are carious difficulties in the way of find ing a suitable bride for the soldie son of"our Sover=ign who is one day des- tined, if he lives, to reign over the British Empire. It was the settled intention--of the K and Queen that the Prince of Wales shall not marry anyone who has not heén brough. up in the Protestant faith. A way out of the difficulties that have arisen in conn.ction with the marriage of the Prince of Wales has been suggest>d in quarters close'y In touch with the Royal entourage that the Royal Marriage 'Act should Le re- pealed, or, at all events, suspended. Under this Act the sons of tip Sover elgn must wed someone of Royal blood, otherwis. the marriare is morganatic union. If the Act weve re pealed or suspended, the heir to the throne could marry the daughter of an English peer, or even a commoner, and the marriage would be valid. Were the Princ> of Wales to marry the dauglter of a great Engiish aris- tocratic house, there is nc. the least doubt that such a marriage would be astly more popular in ths Empire than would any foreign alliance, and it is ct least possible that, after the war, this may happen. Royal Alliances Usgless The daughters of the English sov- ereign have ere this married the sons of peers; and nothing really stands b {in the way of the future, Princess of Wales beipg a lady of pure English descent, c¢xcept an Act of- Parliament that can very eas'.y be altered. Al Law Would Have to be Changed But no Union With German Princess Would be Possible For Many Years to Come-- Innovation Would be Popular lances By marriige betwser Royal * Housas of different countries in days gone by were oftei made with the idea of preserving peace between them. B.: in later days it has be come quite obvious that peace can- not be preserved by Royal alilances. At one time thers was talk of a marriage between the Prince 0 Wales and the daughter of the Kaiser, ani if such an alliance had been wrranged no one thinks it would have had the least effect upon Germany's long-cap: ceived ambition of smashing Britain at the first good opportunity There are several families among the English aristocarcy whose descent is as ancient and honorable as that of the Royal House. What . more ratural and fitting than that the . ture Queen of England should ¢ chosen from among these anciént families of the purest EngMsh scent? The sucpension or repeal | the Royal Marriage Act would, course, be bound to influence p foundly the future destines of th English Royal Hcuse. ' Strengthen the Monarchy There are some who' fear that ft would weaken the monarchy, or pos sibly give rise to conflicting claims to the throne, suck as in ancient days led to civil war; but there is no real Justification for such fears. The war has tended to deepen the affection of all classes for the monarchy, and fit is more firmly established than ever in the affections of the English people. A story has been told of the Prince of Wales that cn the night when: the news reached Buckingham Palace war was certain, the Prince rushel off to his sister's boudoir, where he found her Royal Highness writing some letters before retiring. "Mary," exclaimed the Prince, "we are going to war with Germany, and now I shall not have to marry a German princess, thank goodness.' Notable Men Place on Record Their Gratitude, Giving Credit +Where¢ Credit is Due--Fighting For Liberty. is published in England. The letter; has been signed by over 150 people of distinction and authority in Great Britain, the signatories including the pames of Lord Bryce, Lord Burleigh, Lord Reay, Sir George Trevclyn, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, 10 members of the Order of Merit, 15 Lord Mayors or Lord Provosts of the greatest cities in the realm, five Chan- cellors of Universities, and many re- presentative authors, painters, schol- ars, scientists, statesmen and -divines. The signatories say: W. _deSire to place on record our admiration and respect for the conflict of Italy this supreme crisis in the histcry of the world, Italy and Great Britain are companions in arms, fighting side by. side for the triumph of the same cause. Circumstances drew our own country into the conflict from the be- ginning, while the ghastliness and the magnitude of the task before us were still only dimly manifest, yet none of us will forget the crisis. of 'decision throu which we passed in the first days of August, 1014. Italy has had a still harder path to tread. Immediate action was not her part, and she had to bear the strain of nine months' suspense before her hour of decision arrived. During these nine months ile saw all the estab. lished regulations and ihitigations of warfaré swept away by the enemy's systematic and cold-blooded resort. to methods of a crucity to noncombat: ants unprecedented in modern history, Yet, in spite, or rather "because, of all which she knew she would have to face in a conflict with the Ger manic powers, italy nerved herself to the ordeal, resolved to do he: utmost towards securing that suck. horrors ah Belgian saw and. as the ocean had seeh' should never again threaten the civilized world. ¥ he made her decision at a mcment when the prospects of early victory seemed remote and only the arduous Tiess and Imperative necessity of the t ani most perfect mutual from both Government and At last the suspense is over. May 20, 1915, lialy stands in at our side, and we feel that an part of An open letter to the Italian nation | Britishers Appreciate the Conduct of Italy summated, and we wish heroic Italy to know from our -own lips that we feel towards her as our fathers felt towards the h. oic Italy of the Risor- gimento. bo national aspirations will now be com- "NO TSARS OF RUSSIA Why Popular Name For Emperor la Now Incorrect Peter the Great was the last Rus- sian sovereign whose official title was "Tsar of Russia." At the request of the "Governing Senate," he accepted, November 3, 1721, the title of "Em. peror of Russia," which has gradually in special clauses of international treaties, been recognized by all Pow- ers. In this way only (says Mf. P. G. de Wesselitsky in "Russia and Demo: cracy") can a Russian sovereign be-- officially addréssed. Ever since, all educated Russians have always spok- en of their sovereign, in a foreign lan- guage, as "The Emperor," and in Rus sian as "Gosoutlar Imperator," simply "Gosoudar" (Sire). - Tsar" is still greatly used by the peasants, who likewise use the "Gosoudar." It is also often used in historical works, in oratory Pebiry. 3 n- weiter. Europe particularly those who have Petrograd, generaly, use the and been . official appellation of "Emperor of Russia," Xhlle with the public "the Tsar," most! vate, mean. infi exclusively, my of Russia," strictly speaking, says Mr. Wesselit- sky, it is no lon correct, Bulgarian sovereign bears the title of eats 11% AS exander 1. a are H3sued n the name of 0 ussia, Tsar of Poland, Duke of Finland." a ------ ---- ; the former title,