PAGE SIXTEEN ~~ a Tm p-- { - - THE DAILY rR? TOTS re . SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 1915, BARBED WIRE OF WAR' While it Offers a Formidable Chack to on Army's Advance it 'is But One of Many Devites Pits Often Used The use of. obstacles in warfare is no new thing. Thus, at Banaockburn, Robert the Bruce protected against the English cavalry chargo.he | expected in very much the y, way as a General similarly placed would act to-day. Thus, he sowed the ground over which he foresaw the English cavalry would charge with sharp. spikes tied or welded together, and pits covered with tur! or moss "Crowsfeet" and "military pits". are obstacles used in _resent-day warfare A "crowsfoot" is a ball of iron from which project three spikes, so arrang- ed: that no matter how the ball is thrown down, one spike ia always up right. "Military p ' are simply V- shaped pits, either shallow or deep, a | pointed stake being driven into the botdom of each. They ars afterwards covered with turf, or brushwood, and ranged in diagonal rows where caval- ry are likely to charge. "Deep" military pits have rather gone out of favor, for when captured by an enemy he can quickly convert them into rifle pits for his own use. | "Shallow pits, however, are still wide- | ly used;~afid are an effective obstacle against" eéavalry and infantry attack, | although more effective against the | latter when they are supplemented by i barbed-wire entanglements, which has | been 'used so extensively in the pres | ent war. himself | Man's Ingenuity <a} Barbed-wire entanglement is a high- i ly popular obstacle--at least, with the ! defence, for 't is apt to provoke stron language from the attack. It is easily | and quickly made by interlacing the wire between rows of firmiy-planted | stakes or the stumps of felled trees. "low" wire entarglement is-used in exposed places where it is necessary to cover a large irea of ground, be- cause it Is not easily seen at a dis- 'ance, or easily destroyed by shell fire, while it is more quickly run up than the "high" variety. "High" wire entanglement, however, is very effec- tive in the defence of enclosed roads, defiles, bridges, and other places where infantry are likely to charge on a narrow front. A During the siege of Port Arthur the Russians meade considerable use of electrified wire entanglement. against . which the Japanere rolled only to be electrocuted. What the ingenuity of man can invont, however, the ingen- uity of man .can usually circumvent, and so the Japanese took to 'we.ring rubber gloves and rubbersoled shoes, During the Boer War General de Wet appeared on one occasion to be fairly cornered within a r'ng of trer:endous- ly stroag wire entgnglement. A thun- derstorm saved him, for he took ad- vantage of it to drive a herd of fright- ened cattle full tilt against the wire, which gave way, De Wet thus escap- ing by the skin of his teeth. ed-wire entanglement ie not so ~~ { expect to find or make barbed-wire on ; especially in wooded countries. | of being easily set alight, unless kept ! shell or rocket fire, and {s easily blown | unles: carefully placed, it may afford ditch, a row of stakes ig driven into I A A A A mn English Girls Carry Mail That The Men Can Fight IS KING S OBSTACLES in Common Use--=Shallow 7.3, for to-day every air of wire-cuiters; still always an obstacle to be reckoned- with. You cannot, however, the spot, and it weighs a good deal to transport. Thersiore, wire entan- glement is often replaced by an abatis, This is formed of trees that have been cut down near .thie ground and placed pointing towards the enemy. All fol- iage is stripped off so as to lessen the rick of catching fire; the ends of the branches are sharpened, and the whole tree is firmly picketed to the ground. For Every Situation ; An abatis is useful along the edges of woods or when placed 'a suitable distance down a slope up which an enemy must charge, or, again, in nar- row places. It has the disadvantage J soaked with water, or destroyed by up by men with explosives. Further, valuable cover to an attacking enemy, giving him time to steady himself be- fore the final assault. A fougasse is a primitive sort of mine made by dig- ging a slanting hole in the ground. A bursting charge fired by means of a long fuse is plated at the botton of the hole, which is filled up with stones and debris, and then covered over with turf or brushwood so as tc con- ceal its, presdhce. In street-fighting chevaux de frise .s a pretty effective obstacle. It consists of a hollow sec- | tion of iron-pipirg pierced with hole. | so that sharp-pointed iron b%rs can | be passed through diagonally, the ! chevaux de frise thus standing up- right. It is made in sections which, if necessary, are chained together. Two or three rows of chevaux de frise take some surmounting, but, of course, it offers to the defenders no cover | from the shell or rifle fire of their opponents. 5 Wire entanglement is used fo: the defence' of gateways, slopes, and ditches of forts. The ditches of forts or parapets are usually protected by palisades. A pallsade is a row of sharp-pointed wooden or iron stakes driven in to the bottom of the itch and locked together by cross-planks or bars. To hinder an enemy if he tries to slide down his side of the it, slanting upwards, so that if he clambers out to the end and drops oft he will be impaled on the palisade. Then if he reaches the other side of the ditch and tries to clamber up*he will. have®to surmount another row. of stakes, slanting downwards th's time. The attackers seek to circumvent the danzers of the dit¢h by bringing up long ladders to bridge it and filling it up with (bales of straw, mattresses, anything thax is bulky and soft to fall upon. Cheerful Substitute Finds a Coun- -; fry Route Very Agreeable-- City Carriers Have Harder \. Work. At the present tine hundreds of girls in the British Isles are patriotic ally acting as post-women, both in the Town and in the country, thus enab- ling men to join the army. "How do 1 like my work?" said one young lady, "well, I think it simply splendid! Before 1 became a postgitl 1 worked indoors for the greater part af the day. Now I am out in the fresh air and sunshine from morn to night, which, besides being very much pleas- | anter, is far healthier. My 'beat' is in the country, anc that makes the work more enjoyable, I go on a bicycle, of course, for I have to cover nearly thirty miles dally. "1 commence my journey about nine o'clock in the moraing, though often a little later, for the trains are not very punctual in these out-of-the way places. I am rarely troubled with the weight of the posthag. I need be in no particular hurry to finish my rounds. #0 long as 1 am back by three o'clock, * 80 that my letters may catch the after nfor mail. On fine days I take some- thine to eat > me, nd have quite 2 t of my own in © pleas- ant Eg 4 bad 'days 'I have my dinner in a picturesque little inn half. : hy w npleasant -witingly over ttle mistakes | minde At one house in "My ambition to help to win great cular glass of milk * horse, because 1 know much out of the common, too, to be asked to sit down while the person. to whom 1 have just handed an important letter is writing an answer straight away. . "A town postgirl is invariably in a hurry. She hds a far shorter beat, of course, but then there are usually three 'or four deliveries every day in 4 town. Taking everything into con- sideration," she concluded, "I lead a delightful life. The work is at first a little tiricg. but one soon gets accus- tomed ¢8 it, and I prefer it infinitely gy tolling' all day in a comparatively stuffy house. The great thing is, how- ever, that my predecessor, through my taking his job, has now been able to enlist. 1 am doing my little bit, too, | you see: v of og PROFESSOR AS GROOM Happy Ge -- x rman Herr Doktor one Much as Soldier oN Professor Dr: Oskar Ringler, of Frankfurt writes to a fellow-préfessor victories at the- front has not been gratified. For. some reason or other they could bot use me in the infantry and I have been attache: to "train" or transport column. ore] am doing duty as an unmounted: host- ler grooming horses.. We are moved about Wie the figures on' a chess am ini doing hy Everything goes as how the hero of Troy saddled tmow." as 3 Smiling Princg of Wales The Prince of Wot writes Priv Randolph Galpiu, of Guards, we all admi comes along :t Staff, always a ¢ fear Strenucus History Since Slavs gion and blazed a way for the Slavs, who marched east from the Carpa. | thians in the sixth | first colonized the zone marked out by the Greek Scandinavian highway and | Serbia. in this belt arose Kieff and Novogorod. | Slavs into the Darina basin; sixteenth they overspread the White | Sea 'shore. them from'the Urals to the northwest ga dummy dreadnought to a high ex- of 'Siberia. .In the south they warred | ; . ie with the Asiatics and when "the Rus- | sia of Kieff" fell they made Moscow the national center. Ivan IIL in 1480 was the Tartar yoke thrown off. The Russian Pokrovsky calls the Tartars sians of these times." ed Russian governmen trast Russia in its last war. sive heroism of the' Russian soldier could not resist the active energy of the Japanese fighting man, while the Japanese generals excelled the Rus- slan lecders in knowledge, energy and sense of duty. To-day that excellence «gould not be possible in relation to Russia by any Asiatic or European na- tion because the Japanese war bank- rupted the bureaucracy and the "an- | cient mirage" faded into smoke, while Russian national spirit began with in- credible celerity to discard the old values. The mind of the pedple awoke joa a Teh arose. , the Spirit of the Russian peo- | ple, the | ethnic ingredients in the Russ acter--not the. spectacle of a cruel autocracy driving its sull Into the battiefield--that gives the im- |! - and the conviction that in gat ol bition of Germany. « THE END OF IT ALL FOR MAN Y WHO FIGHT A big German cemetery-in the open fields behind the lines in Northern France. Many of the crosses are paiated with the regimental colors of those who rest beneath. A A A A A AA AA ASAE mA md RUSSIA'S RACES UNITE Fought Tartars and Mixed With Finns Col. Theodore Kitching, of the Sal- | vation Army headquarters, communi- | cates his impressions of Russia, war- worn, wounded, in mourning, orphan- | ed or widowed, and yet «determined, hopeful, secure in her faith of victory. This new phase of nationalism in Rus- sia is not surprising to European stu- | dents of the ethnic story of the czars people, and is fully recognized by the Teutons. is the national character. not autochons of castern Europe; the Blavs are merely the lates: invaders of Russia. Greek culture on Black Sea, the Aryan Sarmafians in- vaded the steppes and survive in the Ussetes on the north Caucasian slopes. | The Aryan flood was lost in the surg- | ing, receding waves from the heart of | Asia. the Huns, Bulgars and Avars sterm- | ed the steppes; the Khasars, Petch.- | enegs and Polévetzes prarced across | hombs into' elgrade. the stage. Mongols who tribe after tribe, the Black and the Caspian sea these fierce nomads found harborage, northward forests alone preventing | guns and with them the gunners, but their ascendancy. * | Back of the Russian people map. The climate makes the The Russians are The Scythians planted a the shores of the Turkish tribes overflowed, and After the Turks came the | spent in Russia. the | The Finns settled in the forest re- century. They | The fourteenth century in the Seventy years "later saw But not until the Prus- | three leading physical The Little Rus- Russia in this war suggests by con- The pas- It is the uh- historic' reputation _ of. the char- subjects eastern theatre of the great con. always lain an unconguerable to the world-dominating am- te ---- x % The Millionaire Private Sir Herbert H. Raphael, Bt, M.P. expert togethc: necessary for the destruction of the | heft and Hugh have followed in his monitors. (and thus it was that NAAN BRITAIN AIDS SERBIA Ruses of British Sailors Win Control of Danube How some British handy'men and |a distinguished naval officer relieved | Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, from bombardment by Austrian river gun- boats is told by the Belgradc corres- pondent of the Christian Science Moni- tor. The presence of British soldiers and sailors in Serbia has been gener- | ally understood, bu no former account of their activity would seem to have been given. When the first party went the Serbian trenches from destructive fire of san Austrian river fleet of eight gunboats, operating .on the Danube, and its tributary, the river Save. The enemy river gunboats | were armed with "heavy guns and quick firers, ' and protected by thick steel plating .from any reply by the | They were playing havoc with ! Serbs, the morale of the Serbians, and throw- ing shell, ghrapnel "and incendiary The Christian Science Mont Or's correspondent says: five centuries, | "Withéut armor-plercing ammunition Between [and with few mines at their disposal, [the Serbs were unable to dope with | France sen: 14cm. naval the menace. it became-desirable to call in a mine with' the appliances The British government lpaned a friendly ear to the request, X arrived in Along with "X," in mufti, came a brought the | secretary, and a petty officer, "of the {old bulldog type," with a life of ex- perience in the 'British navy and the {ingenuity to improvise anything from plosive shell. No one suspected tha presence of the distinguished British naval officer, really the veteran Ad: | miral jolive green uhiform of a Serbian col historian | onel of engineers; and, loyally aided Troubridge. He donned the by. the handy-man. and some British They influenc- | assistants, "X" soon had a barrier of t but not the mines laid ac popular' custom. With the Finns the | river Save, Slavs mingled peaceably and social amalgamation took place without con- quest. The Russian population to-day falls under types; thé Great Russian, or Vielikor uss; the Little Russians, or Ukrain- fan or Maloruss; and the White Rus- sian or Bieloruss. sians are perhaps the finest represent- atives of the Slav type, though they carry some infusion of Asiatic char- acter. ross the mouth .of the where it joined the Dan: ube; bottling up some of the Austrian gunboats at-Semlin, oppusite = Bel- grade. More assistance arrived in the shape of a body of British troops--all of them specialists in the work of de- fense and attack. They took an old river. barge; and, after sheathing it with tin plate and" mounting machine guns on it, in co-operation with Ser- bian infantry they -made a night at- tack on an island held by the enemy. The Austrians fled to the mainland, before. what looked to them like a dreadnought in the darkness. Later the British handy-men transformed un old ferry boat into an impromptu tor- pedo boat, "The Terror of the Dan: ubé," and the first of His Serbi Majesty's navy. The old converted ferry has actually accounted for one of the Austrian river gunboats and the rest of the Danube fleet is bottled up as securely as Admiral Jellicce has eonfiued the German High Seas fleet. One shot from an Austrian monitor might have sunk the old ferry boat: but "X" returned to Britain, leaving the Danube safe in, the keeping of a few British handy-men. ---------- * Sad About This Late Hymn Few hiylns were sung so frequently § English 'army, which, iowever, question, as he is ¢5 and a was out of the age. Bosnia | to Roumania 'were suffering from the | LORD ROBERT CECIL Salisbury's Ablest Son Has Interesting Personality--Hard Worker { Of all the members of the coalition | Administration of Great Britain there are few more brilliant than Lord Ro: | bert Cecil. Ipdeed it was a matter of | surprise that' so able a man as Lord |@obert should have been content with the Under Secretaryship of State for | Foreign Affairs iastead of insisting up- {on a seat in the Cabinet and the seals {of a great department. Lord Robert has much in common with his. father and namesake, the late Marquis of Salisbury, who for so {many years controlled the foreign destinies of Great Britain as Secre- tary of State and as Prime Minister. { Like him, he was .. younger son, and {as is the case with so many of the English aristocracy, was compelled to work for a living. Lord Robert took {to the law and made such a success lof the bar that at the age of 42 Le |felt that he was warranted by the {amount of money reaped through his { lucrative practice virtually to forsake the latter and to embark upon a. po- litical career in the House of Com- mons. | The late Lord Salisbury was a strict adherent to England's old. established { policy of free trade ard his sons Ror] footsteps in this respect. Indeed, Lord | Robert has been regarded as the lead- jer of the free trade element of the | Unionist party. £ | Lord Robert Cecil, who is married {to Lady Eleanor Lambton, sister of {the present Earl of Durham, and of | Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth | Meux, has four brothers, who are ail {of them clever men and have made their mark, each of them in his own | particular * way. The eldest is, of course, the present Marquis of Salis- bury, who filled the offices of Lord Privy Seal and Minister of Commerce in the Balfour Cabinet. When Lord Robert first took his seat in Parlia- ment as member of the East Maryle- bone district of London in 1807 he "found that his younger brother, Lord Hugh, had already . acquired . fame there by his gift of eloquent oratory. Lord Robert is inferior in this respect to Lord Hugh, but -more. lucid and above all more practical. - He soon won 'the regard and thé respect ¢f the House and even succeeded in dispel ling to a great extent that prejudice fon the part of the Liberals who had come to look upon the statecraft of the Cecils much in the same way that an | evangelical meeting would regard Jes- uitism. . Like the late Lord Salisbury, he has | no particular graces of manner or ges- ture. He goes to and -from. his seat {in the House of Commons with a kind of dignified lurch. In moments of ex- = citement he will move his hands vio- lently up and dowr. as if fie were us- ing some huge hammer and his voice will rise to the verge of shrillness. He rarely laughs, and as in the case of ~h¥s father, any sense of humor tliat 'he may possess has the form of satire and sarcasm. He is rot good lookirg, has his father's remarkable stoop of the shoulders and with his thin, curv- ed nose, his dark hair, receding from his pale forehead, his grim hawklike i appearance, clean shaven face, his | glistening eyes and ungainly gestures, | presents a personality not easy to for- i get. ee etme -- THE TYRANTS RULE IN CONQUERED LAND Tales of Belgium apd Northern France: That Tilustrate - the 'Blood and Iron" Rule--A Son's Revenge For Mother's Murder. Few of thé experiences of the in- habitants of the conquered portions of France and Belgium have come to light during tlie German occupation, and® perhaps it is well for the Ger- mans, as some instances wquld indi: cate that this is so. No From Belgium comes a story of : geance, - Ina village near Namur, in' a peaceful villa, lived with his widow- ed mother a young: Belgian manufac: turer. One day the German troops entered the village, and their com- mander ordered the young man to bring out his car and drive him to. a neighboring village. . The young man refused. Thereupon the commander --he was a colonel--drew his revelver and shot down the young man's moth- er, who was standing near. The son turned deathly white, and for a mo- ment -it seemed as though he would leap at the murderer's throat. Then he recovered himself, and said, "Good! I shall drive you." The colonel and several other German officers entered the car. The son of the murdered woman took his place at the steering: wheel. - Soon the car was running on top speed. ' Then, suadenly, just as it reached a_temporary bridge ovei the Meuse, the driver gave a sharp turn to the wheel. The car was flung into the river. All the occupants were drowned. from the hapless Belgians has been told in Paris. A Liege merchant who applied to the German military au- thorities for a passport to go abroad on a business trip was told that lie could only get this if he would deposit a cash bail of one thousand francs as a guarantee that he would return and not join, the Belgian army. With some difficulty the merchant got together the one thousand francs, got his pass: port and left When he returned some two weeks later he demanded his 1,000 francs, bur all he could get was a German war loan bond for 800 marks. He thus involuntarily became a subscriber to the Kaiser's war loan, Portions of France have suffered like Belgium, witliout nationst-feeling being stamped gut. officer 'on furlough, tells the following touching story: "We were fighting near a French village which has changed hands at least half a dozen times. It was at that timé iu the hands of the Germans, while our firdt line trenches were only a hundred metres from the nearest houses. One evening, while éverything was quiet; a sudden fusilade began. We thought it was the signal of a German attack and everyone rushed into the trenches. In the darkness they rah up against a man who cried: 'Don't shoot! 1 am a Frenchman! Ie proved to be a very old peasant, but as. it was pos- sible that he might be a Gérman spy. he was taken before our c¢blonel "There are four or five of us,' he said, 'who. remained in the village when everybody else had fled. The last time the French occupied our village an officer gave us a French newspaper. It didnt contain much news; but we passed it from hand to hand and ope thought eame to all of us immediately and: each of us had put away a few louis d'ors. We dug them up and my friends. sent me to give them to you at the first opportunity.' Then the old A A APN NPI "Professor of Frightfulness (exiled ta t 2 but we have no further 'openings His Satanic M : "Instructors "An example of the way the German | masters take money at every chance | Proudly d French | The Minister of France wanted gold, | PROPER HUMILITY ! My good Herr | man handed the colonel 350 francs in gold, the entire wealth of the devagtat- ed village. With tears in his eyes our colonel received this precious gift and embraced the old man. The gold was immediately sent to the Bank of France, and i t i the benefit of th . ~ THE ANGELS OF MON3 German Version of Story cf Otrange Aid to Critich Everyone seems to he interested in "The Angels of Mons and to have read correspondence on the subject Here is something new---a description oft "what was sald in Germany" after these unexplained events. "A ia Win Germany at that time, who iz woll | known for her work amoung [Cuglish girls there, says that there was much i discussion in Berlin because n certain | regiment who had beén told off to do | a certain duty at a certain battle, fail | ed to carry out their orders, and when | censured, they declared that they did | Bo forward, but found themselves ab | solutely powerless to proceed with | their orders, aud their Lorses turned slarply round and. fled like the wind, and nothing could stop them. The explanation given by the German sol diers was in these words, 'We simply could not go on. Those devils of Eng- lishmen were: vp to some deviltry or other," and we could, do nothing--we were powerless' This same lady had the opportunity of a conversation with one of the licutanants of the regiment in question. And as the affair had made some stir in Berlin owing to the severe reprimand given to the men, she asked him what really happened. He said, 'I cannot tell you. | only know that we. were charging full on the British at a certain place, and In a moment we were stopped. It was most like going full speed, and being pulled up suddenly on a precipice, but there was no precipic there, uothing at all, only our horses swerved round and fled, and we could do nothing.'* This was the story told In Berlin after the battle of Mons. It seems to show that scmethi.g out of the com: mon happened. The Germans accrib- ed it to the work of the devil, the English are said to have seen "an. gels," but the Germans only saw the English, wliom they stigmatize as "devils," while the English saw them. selves delivered as by a miracle, from the Germans,: That i3 how the facts cfang, but a hiatus is left. And ome | dare not say that in that moment of | stress and danger to the English, | "there was not a momentary lifting { of the veil, an" a glimpse giver, to some, of a supernatural ald." een Legs From Bank Notes Hospitals all over Europe are ory | Ing out for legs and arms by the thou. |sand. Many of these artifizial iimbs jare, for the sake of lightness, made | from a sort of papiermache. In Parls | some of the most famons makers get { their material from the Bank of i France. When-the stock of old and { Withdrawn bahk notes gets sufiicient- | ly large they are brought into a special | room, -and--before high functionaries {of the Bank they are made into an | indistinguishable mash, which is sald | to the orthopoedists. . So when one of | the mutilated heroes limps ulong he may truly say that his leg represents i a fortune. Dartmoor Comviet Prison was orig inally built-to receive prisoners of war | during Britain's struggles with Na. poleon. Sn you lamecny,. Professor, . you ~Daily Fews and Leader, in. he door): "Oh! for lustractors