THE DREAM laicer and Sultan proposed to Civids the world, A ammedan empire was to he recreated tircughqut the Middie and Near East. Therefors, thé Gresn Flag of the Prophet was waved every- where in a Jihad. LEM WORLD AND THE WAR Where Holy War Fails While Briton Matches Hun Suez, Palestine, Bagdad and Armenia Play Varied Roles Ar ARME - Ad 00000000 SOLE Aad hd a 4 . CRADLE OF HUMAN RACE Now A BATTLEGROUND SUEZ CANA NIA'S FUTURE IS LIS VITAL HANGING INBALANCE| NN -... |X, ~ || TOEGYPT AND INDIA Beaconseld's Great Stock : TL tre Why Egypt is Loyal et Wi, Refugees in Russian Territory Die Like Flies After Heroic Defence and Fearful Marches--Living on Eight Cents Per Day. If this war has displayed few ara matic developments on the European battlefields it has undoubtedly shown several tragical turns on he remote nothing more nor less than a comedy, Transcaucasian front--tr.gical at least writes a neutral correspondent. The for the Armenian people, whose exist: | Tyrkg have no religious ceremonies, ence was shattered from the begin: | pop any special ritual for such occa. ning of this war. Speedy marches of | sions. The Sultan, the Sheik-ul-Islam, the Russo-Armenian forces into Turk-|the Fetva Emini, attired in newly- ish Armenia, a heroic battle for self- | iuvented uniforms, walked in proces- defence followed by a victory of the |sions, with Ministers and Hadjas, Armenians of Van and the expulsion | With. the soldiers and people of the of the Turks from that city, a disas-| Mosque of Santa Sophia, used for the trous retreat of the Armenians into! first time as the cathedral of the Mo- Transcaucasia for safety and other | hammedan world, and there, with events of a similar character have | prayers and. reading the Koran, the succeeded each other with dramatic | Fetva of Jihad was signed by the rapidity. After over a year of such | Khalif, by the Sheik-ulislam and by vicissitudes, about 180,000 refugees, | the Fetva Emini, and then proclaim the last remnant of the Arfenian [NeXt morning dancing dervisher ea | [element in Turkish Armenia, were |8 Procession in the main streets car- | jQuartered within the borders of Rus- | Ying before them the anclent flag 'slan territory, and some 30,000 Armen. [Of the Sultans of Iconeum, given to lans, Nestorians and others now quar-| them by the Khali. The Turkish fie in Persia. The greater part of Papers published inflammatory edi STAGING OF THE JIHAD ; | EVEN HUNS SENTENCED The truth is at last out concerning the farcical declaration of the Kais- er's own Holy War. The declaration of jihad in Constantinople was have come |torials and ready-made sensational hese Er aaan Yefusees ha of Van; {Bews of a general Mohammedan ris- {the remainder constitute the aggre | ing all over the world They said 'gate of what used to be the Armenian | that the Ameer of Afghanistan was ;element in the various Armenian pro- | Marching with 300,000 soldiers to In- ivinces of Turkey dia, where all the Islams had enlisted Retired in the jihad, and were driving the ! When Russians - Retire "hateful and tyrannical" English out At the outbreak of the Russo- of the sacred lands of India. The Turkish War the speedy advance of | a the Russian army into the Euphrates 'Valley saved almost the whole Armen. } Odessa was in flames. fan population of the district. Then | of Northern Africa, and Egypt | Armenians of Van and cf the province {had raised the green flag e fought a heroic war o: self-defence, | plem of holy war. captured the town from ihe Turks, | had come. and thus saved themselves from the | But with the exception of a few Jgenerat massacres which the Turks | murders' in the provinces, committed carfied out in Armenia and Asia Min- | by a class of fanatics against the na- or. Though they bravely wefended | tive Christians, no sign of any re- Aistnselves aguinat pore ae in| \8lous Sigtement was showh. 2 rmenians o a 1a > : * Sides, the Urks as we as the er- the rear of the Russian army when the | mang found that they had made a Jattet Tired Tn with, of vant the mistake A declaration of jihad whole Armen elemen At last the time cumstances. Only twenty-four hours | neytra) Christ.an nations. Couse- | was given them to quit their homes, {quently by publishing a second Fetva and there were yery scarty means of | 4) the faithful were war. .d against | transport. Some 250,000 people, al-|any injury to friendly Christian na- ready sorely tried during the previous | tions. The distine [hard months, had to walk a distance | thay halt the fervo 'of more than 100 miles into Trans- | the Moslem mind. caucasia. They had no provisions Another fact made the fihad simply | whatever, and, exhauste¢ by hunger | Fidiculous. The real Moslem religious and thirst, walking in dast and under | war of olden time meant that every | the scorching sun, thay suffered hor- faithful Mohammedan male should in ribly on their journey. Those who {lagged behind were attacked by | oujidren. burn his iIurds; many women -hrew them: | ang (nen take up jselyes into the River Bendimahu in of religion. order to save themselves from Kurd: the Koran, and a real ish brutality; others droppe! their obey its sacred orders and enjoy the | ichildren and continued the frightful promises on earth or in heaven. march, which lasted some twelve days nobody would obey! Epidemics and Orphars Ter-ibly strained and fatiguel, these unfortunate Arme.lans reached Etehmiac¢jen (where the Catholicos, the head of the Armenian Church, re sided), Erivan and other Armenian centres in Transcaucasia, to find few sueasu.es taken for their reception "Pyphus, spoted fever, dysentery, and, later. on, cholera an! other epidemics, broke out iu virulent iorm and liter r for the jihad In} HOLY WAR'S FAILURES Arabs and Even Kurds Disregarded Call--Some Aid Russia } | Besides the Turks, there are other | Moslem elements--Arzbs and Kurds-- | ally decimated these homeless and | whom the Germans exppcted to join | 'foodless refugees. Some thirty thou- the jihad. The Arabs, who are | {and of ea oubses, Yea afiey the numerically stronger than any other | {sia. Some 20,000 srphans, whose par. {race in the Ottoman Empire, generally | efits have. fallen, .ave already been | are hostile to the Turks. For years | Cosmepolitan Crowds My -conipanions in the hotel at Bag dad, writes a globetrotter, were a Greek; x dow 2 ure au Armenian, Bagdad is the one city which is |8 Levantine, a Bombay Eurasian, ang ne ran Itallan-Abygsinian half-caste, whe Known to every Mosiem roughout told: me thah Be had hed French or ol ond taken care of in various orphanages | Turkish armies, one * after anather, | and convents. Yet the mass o; the | have been annihilated in the deserts 'remnant of the Armenian population | of Arabia During 'the w.r Arabian | ® are crowded into camps under the [antagonism toward the Government | wnost unhealthy conditious, deprived of , was well understood in Constantinople | all slemedtaty ronfarts Ou Sally life] | and it was not Ee thout resiaon 2a trying to live on less thin eight cents | about sixty Arabs. wére hanged in "= ed per head, which th: get as re | Danes, and quite a number in Beirat lief from tife various distribution or-| ang other Syrian quarters. Ten thou- 'ganizations. The existence of one of | sand Arabian solders in the Dardn- 'the oldest Christian nations in the . elles were attackeu, disarmed and sent Kast, the lcrger portion of which al (back to Anatolia. If some Arab Sheiks ready massacred by the Turrs, is) and Arab tribes have joined the Turk: banging in the balance. : {ish army operating against the Eng- { | lish advance in Mesopotamia it is en ARABS ARE ROBBERS [tirely due to the lavish distribution {of Prussian gold and promises of fu Shinn ture rewards and compensation. " Despise Town-dwellers Whose Power | Another element on which the Turks : Ends at the Desert | counted was the Kurdish tribes. The { | Kurds are entirely nomads, scattered Stan i ton Eastern and Southern Asia Minor, The most picturesque Visitors te] 31 od Inte hundreds of small tribes Bs He Arabs: - the faa; having no Youd of igh Smoug thet. selves, and (their whole number 8 habit on the Eyaizon; the grave ahelitn hardly two. Dillons. They are sup. a gin, Staff. bio ang sfey bored + based to be Molat.medaus, but fn fact 'with the black aagal. The Bedouin bey orig a yr a distrust the Turks, and their suUgathy | gov syperstitions deas; and they are Seasoned' With contempt. Qutaside powerful in proportion to their abil. 3 city they were free as the wind, ties tor piutder and hrigandage, coa. {Jhere aa fe med control De Ares oy a urd an honorabl.: uceu- shetiche of the tribes wero subsicized {E0100 In thIS war the drs wy to lét the camel Post .g0 through to |. jluad, but, on the contrary, taking Damascus, and the Turkish Govern advantage of the general confusion ; ment had no hold on them unless one | aug anarchy, began to plunder, kill thelr number came into the BaseArs | and devastate everything within their Tousdad for Subplics. - | made the | yeh without distinction of race or y across the desert with an old religion. In some pluces they joined haji, who guided Limselr by the stars. the Russians, - is others the Turks. Twelve days on 4 {fast dromedary, There have been Kurds who have riding eighteen lLouts ut a stretch | gakon part for a timo with the Rug: with two short halis| for mosis, and sans, then' with the To is, end vice the beast had only pne dvink between | yorsy . the Buplhrates and [maseus. | was 5 - up and robled a |day amd a half from Hitt, and owed it to the haji that 1 got through . ijve London Mail ¢ porresnondent e place in Islamsitic age |* SHEIATAs 3 "INET AAA BRITAIN'S STAKE IN THE Of all world bo Arabia distinct is ed. (Part in the world-struggle the least A A ( § the countries of the Oriental rdering on tie theatre of war, and her HOME OF MAHOMET the least known It is generally thought that Arabia does not matter, but evidently Britatn's ferently agents and leaders think dif- To most Arabia is just a EBeographical expression, but from the activities of both Briton and German agents 'i Powers their at Arabia | not that the fimst and thei land is friends, ere evacuating Tif-|Sessed of tie w The | O'8anizatior powerful n the em-|8BBOYINE,. like insects i worried the Bagdad expeditions o British, 1 stop the plies m terior is different. {appreciate sea power to him t appear on the oceans. trader w | meant war against the Germans, Aus- jLar, Bombay or Alex effected under the mest adverse cir-|(rigng native Christians and all the !'s decidedly interest. drive him too off the se interfere or in the tio! troyed re | the vil steamers fro hn destroy me eas they go to supply the British The result is that Britain has little | to fear f strongho point on well garrisoned {such a case kill at first his wives and | Hie British : uouse and property | Protect the eastern end of tl arms for the cause | Britain has other [rtifie This is the promise of | the southern coast Moslem must [810g the Arabian, Persian, And | The coasts are safe ard that is esséntial ! very { win the tribes of the | Arabian peninsula so s {side that an att ad ed upon side. than int the Turc and wou of Suez car many and Turkey anticipate' {attack upon Palestine and conse invadihg t must be judged that' the count Arabia in in making rategical calculations Yet § hardly a nation She has unfty or driving power which Mohammed and the Caliphs I new faith gave her. The one of wild tribes, faithless treacherous + but not pos- It knowledge or which could make them it factors i foe hey have { the ut by themselves could never Anglo-ihdian rosts. "This ap stly to the tribes of the in- With the seafaring Arabs it The desert man cannot It is nething flag dare wot But the Arab nzibar, Madagas- andria knows and pro-British. It is to his The British fleets would as {* he dared hat the German ho visits Za with traffic th Indian Oce Tom Arabia. ld and the Aden is a great commands a route to India. It is and from it as a base warships can operate to ie Suez. points along Oi" Arabia and as well as on 'the shores of the .ersian Gulf that is all But it would be if. Britain could interior of the ecurely to her ack could be lzunch Palestine from the desert vantageous Britain coming upon the Jordan {country from the est like the Midian {tes or Mouabites of old vould be more eresting. It would paralyze to-German power in Palestine Id 'end all the Kaisc™s dreams Egyp. from across the The rezson is that Ger fA Sea quent. nal Ne PAP NN PI Err inti Bn J raw | are | rough the Suez | an or tried to stop | m the Persian Quit | fleets? danger ! (1) PALL @ 3 Lg The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where a great -ampaign has been waged b.tween the British and Turks The exact location of the Garden of Eden has not been fixed to the satisfaction of many scholars. * i8 a theory that two existed; one, Semitic, that of the Sons of the other Sumerian, that of thé Sons of Man. Many claim that the Biblical garden was at Kurna at the Junction of the two rivers. A A A A A SA AA An ly built their DemaScus to Sinai rail way away east of Jerusalem. { Then, too, from Arabia the power of Turkey all through the middle east could be threatened Damascus is | very near the Arabian desert, likewise | | Aleppo and Bagdad and Mosul. Con | | querors have come out of the southern | desert before and may do so again, {only wearing khaki and puggarees in- {stead of turbans and carrying the A A A A SELEUCIA-CTESIPHON | Remarkable Population of These An. cient and Storied Cities ~~ Seleucia and Ctesiphon, under the | Persians, were the jewels of the Tigris | Valley, materially and intellectually. Union Jack instead of the green flag | The fertile soil of the district yielded of the Prophet Hut ith the Arab | crops in profusion, and in the city as he Is, unorganized and unorganiz | _ hs {able, nomadic, barbaric, . distrustful | CTPet weavers, gold ana silver Smiths land treacherous Arabia can hardly be | 8d armorers were thriving in pros. looked to as a certsin avenue of | perity. Though Persian in religion, Brifish advance. Britain I use | the people were under the influence Arabia as a buffer. She can higid the | of the later schools of Greek philos- shore and defy the desert, whilé turn- ophy. Seleucia and Ctesiphon were ing her attacks upon the i finitely | bullt to take the place of Babylon, richer and 'more accessible linds of | which latter city tell rapidly into de. Mesopotamia. In Arabia Brithin has | cay after the death of Alexander the little prestige to lose and mich '2 | Great. v gain, In that countr: Islam has | Seleucia itself | everything to lose, for the home of | Séleukus, son of A the Prophet and the capital of his | general, Antiochus. religion now sees the Fait'.ful in the | terial was furnished by the rulas of hosts of the greatest of Christian em. | the wonder city, Babylon. For many | plres and others of the Faithful allied | years the left bank of the Tigris, op with the greatest of modern pagan | site Seleucia, wis the site of splendia empires--India and Egypt with Brit. | Bardens and fertile fields. Meanwhile ain and Turkey with Germany. | the Partian dynasty of the Sassanides had again made Persia into a Tr ful state. Seleucia lay on and com: Holy War in Zgypt manded the main road from Syria to The only place where the Turkish { Persia and India, and the Sassanides jihad might have made some impres- | therefore decided to counteract the sion in the present war, perhaps, was | existence of its very important stra in Cairo and Alexandria, amgng the |legic base by taking the left bank mobs of those cities. Even there the | Of the Tigris and founding there the agitation is of political rather thang city and fortress of Ctesiphon. The new city grew rapidly. wis tounded by lexander's favorite The bullding ma religious origin, being the. work of | It is the so-called Youug Egyptians, who |s2id' that when Saud took it, it had are nothing more than a second edi- {over & million inhabitants, while the tion of the Young Turks of Constan. | Population 'of the territory, north, east tinople, and the leaders are for the |and south of it, numbered no less than most part Turks, rot Arabs, who have | 3.600,000. Plenty of water from the resided ih Egypt since the 1urks were | Tigris and a most fertile soil, two in power in Northern Africa. | essentials hii in the hot climate of 4 : ~~rnn | Central Southwest ~ Asia, produced a 7 re | great agricultural wealth, made this | Aggregation possible. | : a | .. MOTORS IN THE DESERT | Incidents of War in Desert of Meso: | "potamia | a-- A British officer takin; part in the | Mesopotamia campaign, writing to | relatives; says: "At Nasirych, they've been having lots of fun. Some piquet {In the outpost line there is selected | almost nightly for attacks, and bullets | fy into the remotest corners of the camp. We Lave had a certain large and fairly powerful Arab tribe, led by a celebrated cut-throat of the name of "Jamie" (at least that is exactly how his name is pronounceu), and the are responsible for these little excite- jments. We went out two or three { days ago and burned a couple of their | villages, but haves': yet 4 whether | this has had a salutary effect. or, pot. ey did rather an amusing thing ong J ax They got into the slaughter house, where there were about -300 | sheep, in the dead of night, cut their | talls off, ahd got aw with Is kuowing an | Without y { about it Hl] the next morning. Tr to the Slaughter { that the Strange { bouse was mined, and a ouple of I Suppose, they the same game on agiia, | nights later, when, | were t , J [they i ed Wie Mine, oo i ! t of them. Ce then they left | the' slaughter house alone. "e | "Our Iatést attack wis not ni -de {until we had everything absolutsjy { ready, and whem once launched there back on cur side. The den pled "a1 crum; 'up, els in fall fight | and armored motor | them. Their defen ¥ well up to'ajand the then all of a sud: and pext mcment th the world; Mecca, in fact, Socugies 3e from eral "Go in Khar © | loum. : cto areas unde were erec tian.--Norman Li THE NEW CRUCIFIXION Jerusalem, Sinai and the Mount of: Olives webe turned into ) control, and at here the Moslem bh V y Lindear, Srdsey Bulletin . In Ces, as usazl. were up-to-date description, ._ | elaborately 16d dur and" perfect in Turkish arf | avery Uitte, detat, mas an pearricel 8 rifle butts in the long run. the Ch sométhi | to be Cl irresistible our ad Iforces fn Mesopotamia." tof the most Golgothz (Calvary) might learn to shoot ---- with our canary | Apart from its fascinating con- trasts of ancient and modern, Sphinx and motor truck, Soudanese and Len- doner, Mohammedan and Christian and everything else, Egypt rivets in- evitably the attention of every mili- {lary man in the world &nd of every | British patriot. For Egypt'is the base | Of operations for the defence of the | Suez Canal, as well as the t | recuperation for the other Mediter- {ranean and Oriental campaigns. The | canal is the vital thing in the Anglo- Writers call it . the | jugular veln of this empire. Without { control 'of the canal England -and mn- |dia are separated, the head from the (body. As the body needs the head, 80 Hind needs the British Isles. | Since Beaconsfield made the great. est stock market. and at the same | time political, Coup ever made by a | statesman in purchasiug a controlling | interest the foreign policy of Britain |and the domestic policy of the India | Office has been' centred around the Suez ditch. It may not Carry as much {trafic as the Sauit Ste. Marie canals jor be as gigantic an undertaking as {the Panama, but, strategically speak- ing; it eounts 'mcre for the Empire, | both in war and pedce, than its en: | gineering achievement Carrying | records would ind'cate. Prestige Counts | The fact that Egypt is a part of | the Mohammedan world 1s also of {the greatest importanc. to Britain {and Germany. With Mohammedan | Egypt loyal the loyalty of Mohamme- {dan India is much surer than other- What happens in Cairo is soon half-civilized Moslems. is found the greatest example of a Mo- hammedan country raised to pros- perity by a Christian country. This has impressed Islam. . But shoull the invasions from Palestine succeed in wresting permanen the canal from British hands ane in shaking Egyp. tian loyalty then indeed would the security of British prestige be gone. It 1s small wonder that the Ger- mans have sent emissaries to all the countries around Egypt as well as to the land of the Pharaor .. Huns have tried continuglly to stir up the Wild tariptical tribes in all the hinter- lands of Egypt. The Holy War has been proclaimed from Constantinople, but that is rather a worn-oht and dull- ed weapon. Where it fails German gold and boasting sacceed better and Turco Has Great Bffect on Pe. FF ------y the watchful British eyes that lpok out from Egypt have a buy i To the west in the depert a. ~ |&Ne Morocco the | been remarkably act {took to turning every available ahd gullible race aguiust the forces of civilization. | The object of all | may have been TTass | colonial governments and hold large | garrisons away from Europe, but the | Brand object has Been alway: and is | stn the Suez canal Since nglena jabandoned the Cape route with its | Breat waste of time the Empire has | pinned its faith to the canal, a much | shorter it m this stirring up partly to emba was {and tourists and cessionaires in | Palestine were building barracks and | Strategic railways thr . the. { Land, and al Poring to ! desert of Sinai and the | When their raiding - o | caught and thelr Grand h | Fleet bottled up in the Kiel essentially land {the Germans, | TS, Saw their chahee in an ove! attack on the Suez canal, (he | route being beyond them: { » Britain's Strong Hold { But not all the advantages are with e attackers. The reason for this Egypt. Egypt is near and wedlthy. {It furnishes great supplies of food, being a great grain growing country. | The British officials 'have Somania; the administration, of all the sources of the land, its railways, | public buildings and harbors Fats. It has a : L lation wh {pends upon he wizardry of the | ish engineer, Willcocks, for ite | giving suppl The 8 | has fascina | { t | tellaheen, th. farmer of the Nile val- { ley, from. his contentment, from | satisfaction over the regulation of the {| Nlle by the Assuan dam, his | lack of religious enthusiasm for the | cause of Kultur and Constantinople, {if he 1s to disturb British - control of 1 Egypt, of the Suez candl, of India. ° were Seas 1 t. pe - -Gernian Holy W ay One of History 's Jokes Day of its Declaration Was Test. ing Time of a Great-Plan That Proved a Fiasco--Years of Plot ting. The fact that the Turks put their lot in the balance with the Germans was due chiefly to two main causes. First of all, the Turks aving their military instructions irom 'German of- ficers, and some of the Turkish of: ficers, as for instance, the present War Mir 7" Efivér Pasha, having him: Self resided for a time in Germany they were acquainted with the Ger- man military conditions and had formed a firm belief in the strength of ness. mans had well persuaded the Turks of the sibility of a4 revival of Mo- BA religious fanaticism of old- en times--a kind of re-institution of that islamic power that in the past had partly encircled Europe in a crescent shape. The Young Turks, as the old Turks of Abdul Hamid's tinle, cherished at the bottom of their hearts the great idea of creatth. a pan- Islamic world under the avShlces ot [tue Rhalifate of Stamboul. emis saries of the Young Turks, by well thought-out methods by J for the last four or five years before the wgr had gone forth from the Ot. tomaii capital to Northern Africa, fo Egypt, t0 the Cajicasiis," Persia and India to make world-wide propaga~da for the cause of Islam ' To Divide ifie World Beforé the outbreak of the war Ger man representatives Appa the Turkish leaders and put the question of a general religicius war Christian powers as were in conflict with Germany. Their arguments were not enforced with mere words: they promised men and money, ang. to German bar a - with which the Bonninedan were to be won, Enghnd, Russia had most of the lslsms their yoke, 8, chiefs ce and under while Germany had none, Turks were told that all their | co-religionists ¢ to" be liberated from the C and united with (the Chadha' rok a great yud powerful M med through the - strenght] and remain 0 !in the' West. . Heli | Orient and | wgre to have an Em- the German army and their préjared- ¥ In the second place, the Ger In their ands, 'very much 1ike the plan of and Gun Wasn't Loated Paradise was promised to the Tu and they believed they could Torta and anything else they wanted Ag Obedient pupils of the they followed them, were caught. by the bait, echoed their call, and declared the Djihadi Sherif (H War of ; Hgion). But, as the Oriental provers Says: "The bargain made at home has uo value fn the bazaar": 80, whatever they had on paper, whatever y bad in mind, did not work in COMING OF THE KAISER | Chief Hun's Visit to Damascus ang Ancient East dl, Thirteen years before the WAr when Wwe entered Damascus, writes ai Eng- lishman, we found the old city turning in its sleep after an Imperial vis. We saw painted on ail e facades of the houses what 1 shoul have recog. been wi a8 "the wall" the mark of the R of all this coil atively. certainly--to be tight and, as after. suffocating embrace. welling was spared, not house of Apanias or the St. Paul was let down and the little mou takes ane on to Lebanon anit th: wore on every the livery. And, last of all, of Ji the sea, same at Boglbec on tl 1 and tho Sun was i "Imperita N