Prof, Keith,|the Anthropologist, Explains Why the Head of General von Hindenburg, the Prussian Ideal, Shows the Predominance of Brute Force---While My. Lloyd-George's, the. ~ British Ideal, Shows the Predominance of Intellectual Faculties "Professor Keith Found That the Typical German Skull, as Represented by General von Hindenburg, Was Marked by a Pro- jecting Jaw and a Some- what Retreating Fore- head, While the English Type, Represented by Lloyd George, Had a Larger Forehead and a " General v Germany's Greatest Gen . Ar. Lloyd-George, British Showing His "Facial Recognizes as Indicating Power Rather Than Brute Force and Physical Power M. D., Hunterian Professor of Anatomy in the Royal Col- iege of Surgeons of England, has been carriyng on a remarkable comparison of the skulls of rep- Tesestative Englishmen and Cer- mans. The Brofessor is one of the best- known anthropologists in England and is especially noted as an au- thority on skulls. He measured, restored and established the age of the famous Piltdown skull, the most interesting relic of prehis- toric man found in England. In making his present investiga- tion he estimated the skull meas: urements of representative Ger mans, including General von Hin- denburg, General von Mackensen and General von Kluck, and com- pared them with those of a num- ber of representative Englishmen, including Lloyd George, the most aggressive politician in the English Cabinet; Prime Minister Asquith, Earl" Kitchener and General Sir Douglas Halg, the new commander of the British army in France. As a result Professor Keith an- nounces that the representative German skull is essentially differ ent from the English skull in that the German skull is marked by a dquare fort and somewhat retreat. ing forelead, With a heavy project: ing Jaw of the type known to Science as "prognathous," ' while the Englishman of the ruling class has a long head, a more highly de- veloped forehead {and a: compara- tively 'slight jaw. Ji other words, the Englishman represents a morp advanced type, while the German Is nearer to the primitive man, such, for instance, a8 the Neanderthal or the Piltdown man. Jt is ia fundamental of anthropologic science that a large foreliead with a comparatively small jaw is an indication of pro- gresa in the scale of evolution and racial maturity. The heavy jaws of the lower races are partly at- tributable to chewing great qudn- tities of coarse food, while at the same time the great development of the jaw and face muscles due to this action checks the devclopment of the top of the skull.' Pin ARTHUR KEITH, In the more advanced and ma-' ture racés the moderate use of well tooked food through many genera tions and the long separation in habits and environment from "the primitive type that hunted and de- voured its food ave produced a finer and higher type of Jaw and favored the development-.of the forehead and top of the skal. One reason for Professor Keith's investigation was to decide the question whether the Jnglishman belongs to the same racé as the German. \ Is it a fact that one Teutonic race id fighting its racial cousin for the, dominatisn of Europe? It is known, of course, that the Anglo-Saxons, who colonized Eng- land about the eighth century, were #& Teutonic--otherwise a Germanic ~4#ibe from the 'shores of Germany touching upon the North Se It is believed, upow grounds, tha: England today is milly AngleSazum, 1a opie. of § : J { ad: " "The Fact Is, We and the Gormim Have Skujls That Are Made Differently. They Are Proud of It, and So Are We,' Said M. Pichon Recently, and the Remark Is Equally True in Our Own Case, as Is Clearly Shown iri the Above Diagrams, Which Contrast the Dolichocephalic ,or Long- head, Briton, with the Brachycephalic, or Short-headed, Teuton."---Prof. Arthur Keith, large admixture of Celtic and other racial elements, It is, therefore, assumed by the majority of persons familiar with history thatsthe dominating strains iz England'and Germany are the same--that is, Teutonic. Profes- sor Keith, as has been seen, has completely upset this view, and his arguments, as far as they are based on measurements," are unanswer- able, If modern Englishmen are mainly Anglo-Saxon and of Ger man origin, then it seems that a new and different racial type must have arisen in Germany. Professor Keith's investigation is mainly based on the skull of Gen- eral von Hindenburg, the most suc- cessful commander in the German army and literally the idol of Prussia, for a colossal wooden statue of him has been erected in Berlin. There is little doubt that the majority of Germans would ac- cept him as the best representative of their pation to-day. A profile portrait-of (General von Hindenburg shows vefy plainly the characteristics of 'heavy, progna- thous jaw, retreating forehead and square-headedness. which the pro- fessor finds is the prevailing Ger. man type. The same characieris- tics appear in the other leading Germans, but General voa Hipden- burg shows them in a more marked degrea, The leading representative of the English type is David Lloyd George, at present holding the po- sition of Minister of War Muni tions, and admittedly the greatest driviag-force in the British Govern- ment. Mr. Lloyd George was dis- tinguished before the war for hav: ing done more to improve the con- dition of British' working people than any other man. It is reason- able to take him as a representa-, tive of English public life, since" military science is not the chief interest of England as of Germany. Professor Keith gives an inter esting technical analysis of the dif ference between the prevailing English and German types of skull. "In the majority of Britons-- English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish," he says, "the hinder part of the head, the oceiput, projects promi- nently backward behind the line of the nptk; the British head is long in comparison with its width. In the vast majority of Germans the occiput is flaltened, as if the hinder part of the 'head, when still young and plastic, had been pushed for- ward and upward. Thé peculiarity of the German skull is due to no artificial means: we know that the prominent occiput and flattened oceiput are characters, which breed true over thousands of 'years, and that they are characters which in- dicate a profound racial divergence. "Even in the sixteenth century Vesalius, who is universally re- garded as the 'father of anatomy,' regarded the flat ozcipit as a Ger man characteristic; but seeing that he was born in Brussel® in 1514, it is possible that Teutonic anato- mists may now impugn his verac- ity. We have, however, the evi- dence of Virchow--the greatest of German anthropologists. He came, rather unwillingly, to the conclu: sion that the vast majority of mod- ern German people differed from British, Dutch, Dane and Seandi- navian in form of head. Professor Keith then offers an ingenious explanation why it ig that although the Anglo-Saxons) were originally a German / tribe, ence between Englishmen and Ger- mans to. "With the exodus of the Franks to France and the Antio-Saxons to Britain in the Fifth, Sixth, soventh and eighth centuries of our dra, Germany was almost denuded of the 'long-headed elements in her population," says the Professor. "These were concentrated in the western ghorelands, znd in moé- ern Germafy it is only in these sw.me lands, forming less than one Copyright, 2916, By the Star Company, Great Britain Rights Reserved " Opposite Types of 'Humanity. Slighter Jaw." Skull of Easly Man, from Whom Both Briton and Prussian Are Descended--and Diagram Line Indicating General Change of Shape of Skull as Man Has Progress in Intel- ligence, and. Lost the Brute.like lower Jaw. fifth of the total empire, that we find a good proportion of 'long- heads' among the German people. When the Franks and Aaglo-Sax- ons were moving into France and Englang the great area now cov- ered by the German Empire had been invaded from the east--from the regions now occupied by Rus- sians, Pojes and . Czechs--by swarms of people with flat occiputs and short heads--mén of the Hin- ' denburg type. "History relates that by the end the western ls and His "F Eel Anal Sho " \» wi ai of she Lower Past of of H Indicates Which Are Fighting for Opposite ldeals. of the sixth century this type had overrun all the area of modern Germany, except the lands along shores. We now know, however, that the permea- tion of Germany by men of the Hindenburg type did not begin with the break-up of the Roman Empire. In ancient graves of the 'early irom, bronze and neolithic ages we find the Hindenburg type, showing that the westward move- ment of the flat occiputs had set in thousands of years before the days of the Roman Empire, "With the exit of the Franks and Anglo-Saxong-the short-headed an- cestors of modern Germany were left as the dominant type of Ger- many." When the Professor argues that the predominant English type of skull represents a more advanced race than the Gefmhan many people will point to the great scientific achievements and tremendous ma- terial progress of the Germans in recent years. To this it may be replied that fone of the great scientific discov- eries, inventions and ideas. can be credited to Germans. Such epoch- making discoveries and ideas as those of Darwin, Stephenson, Watt, Franklin, Pasteur, Marconi and others came from the Anglo-Saxon and Latin races. inality and intellectual cre- ative power are, according to this authority, the highest tests of a mentally advanced race. The mod- ern Germans, who have good plysique and great Jndustry, are her navy almost exclusive Massive De- Face, Which ualities Rather Than In. tellectual Powers able to master the ideas and inven tions of the older races and use them for their own peculiar pur poses. In the prehistoric German or Teutonic graves the skulls are nearly always long headed, of the type very commonly found among Englishmen of the upper classes, English farmers, Germans in the northwestern corner of Germany, Hollanders and Scandfuavians. On the other hand, it was observed by - the great anthropologist, de Quatre- fages, that the modern Germans are generally broad-headed and the Ba- varians the most distinctly square- . headed people in Europe. _Ethnologists now belleve that a certain long-headed race that we call Teutonic, one of an innumer- able series of Aryan migrations from Asia, spread over what is now Germany and other parts of Eu « rope. It must not be supposed that they wiped out the earlier peqples of the countries they invaded. but being mentally and physically su- perior, they Imposed - their lan- guage and customs of the imbabit- ants of the lands they conquered. Descendants of the earliest prehis- toric peoples 'survive among the dominant races. The original Teutonic type is traced unmistakably fin ancient German skulls, in. Englishmen, from the time of Alfred thé Great down to the present day, and in Frenchmen of the northerm part of the country, descendants of the Teutonic race-that first estab- * lished the united French nation. In Germany, a large country and greatly exposed on the east to new migrations from Asia, the original Teutonic stock appears to have been swamped by luvasions of Slavs, Turanlans, Mongoloid and othér elements. Prussia 1s cers tainly largely Slavic. In Germany also there appears to have been a large and vigorous pre. Teutonic population, to which the peculiarly square-leaded Bavarians may be traced. Professor Keith finally makes the interesting point that races with the flat'Back head which character. izes modern Germans 'have never shown Say Saale for soa. Portuguese, nly, ie ope glans, British, all the raccs 4 haye been remarkable for EDRs at sea' have had the projecting back-head. Perhaps the euliar fact he cit rupert of this, is that Germany Ti men from the northwestern shores of the empire, where the long-head. ed Teutonic type still prevails. Why It's Absurd to Be So Afraid of Leprosy | East, bro years ago that leprosy Is one of the least contagious diseases, yet the ap pearance of a case of this disease in a com- munity still causes, a frantic demand that the leper be exiled. In this particular matter the A LTHOU aH the medical profession proved . public will not listen to the profession whose there is such a complete diverg- * judgment it honors on the majority of medical subjects. it is probable that this "inborn dread of lep- rosy and absurd fear of contagion was 'in- stilled into Europeans in the thirteenth cean- tury, when the Crusaders, returning from the ht back and distributed over Eu. rope a veritable plagne of the disease. It is now believed by the medical profession, ho ever, 4 that the disease which afflicted Europe at this time was not ieprosy fi the form in which it fs known today. Leprosy is believed to have been Introduced into Europe from Asia by the returning legions of Pompey in thg first century B. C. The bacillus of the d was not discovered until 1871, when it was first isolated by Hansen. That the common fear of the public is fll- founded is well proven by the medical profes sion in the following results of their tests. The bacillus has fever béen surely cultivated or inoculated with pathogenic Tele in: ant mals. Physicians have tried and failed to in- oculate themselves with Jeprouy. One even went so far as to introduce suppurations from # leprous lesion into a cut in is own arm, with negative results Of the hundreds of attendants in col onles many have worked at this calling for upward of fifteen years without contracting the disease, ite of their constant contact with lepers. Damien at Molokal is the only known exception to this statement. There are two hundred and seventy-eight known cases leprosy in the United Statos. OF Te na i hiuey In th forty are naiive- born. Hansen, investigating the history of a colony of I who settled many J pewrs 4 aso in our western States, failed Single irae of the disease among the .- Ouly five por cent of the Healthy people who marry lepers ever contract the disease, accord. BL a only se r cen Sopirch ra sin nse = sta t w reads ily seen that the Ee Sea Tile of transmission of Raids ease, absolutely nothing has gr the Lerrous bacilli Rs stomachs of flies, and it that isease may lig upen- "open ins or io mm ae