Important Part | : ~~ In Operation of Automobile Electricity in its many applications as found on the modern motor car, plays no small part in the successful and satisfactory operation of the motor car as & unit and the degree of comfort and luxury if is possible for the manufacturer to provide. It is responsible for the spark that . fgnites the mixture of gas and air © in the cylinder and makes the engine operate; it lights the car, starts the engine, and operates the horn. There are cars in which it heats the fuel, others in which it shifts the gear, and in some still newer designs, even replaces clutch and gear-set In the 1 on of the power of the engine the rear wheels. he exact nature of electricity is not known, and no attempt will be , made fo give any explanation as to what it may be. You can, for con- venience, think of electricity as be- ing the name given to that something which produces certain results which we call electrical, such as lightning, thgt are formed when a trolley wheel breégks contact with the trolley wire, the sparks fornged in stroking the cat's back, etc... We are all familiar with the fact that if we step opt of a window without any means of support, we are sure to fall to the ground or sidewalk, The reason of our falling ie due to the attraction of the earth on our bodies, which is called gravity. The exact nature of this attraction is not knowa any more than the exact nature of electricity is known. The action of gravity under certain conditions, however, is well known, and so is the action of electricity under certain definite conditions quite well known. Since we knowsthe action of elec- tricity under definite conditions, it is possible to make practical use of it in operating the lamps, starting motors, ete, on the motor car, even though its exact nature is not known. For the sake of conveni- ence in dealing with electricity we can think of it as a fluid such as water, but it must be remembered at all times that this similarity has to do with the action only and does not necessarily mean that the two are identical. : The electrical circuit is the fun- damental basis of the many applica- tions of electricity to the motor car, and, in order to understand, thor- oughly the principles, operation and maintenance of these applications, it is essential that we have a quite complete khowledge of the electrical circuit and its more common propor- ties and characteristics. The electrical circuit is the path in which the electricity flows, just as the water pipe is the path in which the water flows or a river bed is the path in which a river flows. There is one great difference, however, between the electrical cir- cuit and the ordinary circuit in which the water flows, and that is that the electrical circuit is always closed on. itself, while the water cir- cuit is not necessarily always closed FEBS PE Ber Ge Pty & Mints to Motorists, | a ------------ Every other sweater one sees is of Shetland wool and is shrimp pink in color. The reason is that it launders . splendidly, does not fade and is oct the right weight for summer wear) Of course, the same sweater is to be had In popular stripe combinations and in the non-fadable yellow. neck, which is finished with stitch- ing. This allows for a narrow turn- over collar and a white square bow tie, which is cool for summer, LUBRICATING LESSONS LEARNED IN BIG RACES. Tests Develop Weaknesses in Motor Construction, Ex= pert Claims. tion is stencilled on. EXPORT DOCK AT SYERLANE PLANT, One of Interesting Spots at Toledo . for Visitors. A vigitor throne large Willys- Overland ctory at Toledo, Ohio, would be"hard put after a tour through the automobile plant to state which operation in the building or shipping of the Overland automobile he deemed most interesting, ; Some stop and look in wonder at the gigantic toggle press that presses 2,000 side rails from cold steel every eight hours; others marvel at the methodical efficiency that prevails in the assembling building where the light, economical mode! 75-B is put together and tested. But there are also many who stop for a long time on the export shipping dock and watch the crew of carpenters encase Overland and Willys-Knight care for foreign shipment. Here is a box labelled "Sydney, Australia." Soon the car inside of it'will be ploughing through the sand and bush of the Antipodes. Here is a car whose destination i$ Calcutta, or, perhaps, Karachi or Bombay--all in far-away India, Yokohama in Japan, Aden in Arabia, Durban in South America, Shanghai in China, Rio Janeiro in Brazil, Puenos Aires in Argentine, Santiago .or Valparaiso in Brazil--it is from this dock that dozens of car loads of Overland and Willys-Knight care are shipped to these and many other points each month. After a car that is marked for ex- port shipment has been assembled it is driven to the export dock, where it is placed on stout planking which will soon be the bottom of a pack- ing/ box, The gasoline tank is drained, the wheels are taken off, steering column and wheel dismounted and the top taken down. All these parts are firmly lashed to the seats of the car or the sides of the box. The latter are lined with water-proof paper to prevent the salt air of the ocean from rusting the metal parts of the car. In a surprisingly short car and its contents are made snug for their long journey, a piece of can- vas is laid over the car, the wooden cover is nailed down and the destina- RECORD IN PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. time the Cincinnati Automobile Club Tests * Overland Six, W. T. Foley, assistant secretary of the Cincinnati Automobile Club, re- cently conducted a gasoline te=* of a model 86 Overland. A car was tak- en form the stock of the Citizens' Motor Car Company. The main tank was disconnected from t car- buretor and a small tank, which held one gallon of gasoiime was connect- ed. The carburetor was then set so that the engine ran freely both on low and high speed. The speed- ometer reading them was taken and the car was run over a prescribed course, until it stopped for lack of fuel. The speedometer reading was then taken again, and it was found that the car Mad travelled 17.83 miles on one gallon of gasoline, This gasoline was not high-proof, but an ordinary grade, of which the hydro- meter test showed a reading of 59 degrees. This feat was considered very remarkable for a ear of the size of the Overland model 86, especially as the car had just been taken out of stock and had never been- run be- fore. The switch was not thrown nor the clutch disengaged during the trip. In other words, the car was not coasted at all. A cork extractor patented in Eng- land comprises an awl-like stem with a logse cross bar, which is pas- sed through a cork with the stem, turned against the cork as it is with- drawn. pt IN MOTOR CAR DESIGN. It Makes Studebakers Hold To - Road--AlImost Perfect Balance- . In reviewing the progress that has been been made in automobile de- signing, the results secured by engin- eers in the direction of proper bal- ance. deserve a big share of atten- tion. By reason of long study and ex- perimenting, Studebaker engineers have developed Studebaker cars to the point where the present day mod- els show almost perfect. balance. Specifically, there is only 60 Pounds difference in the weight that is car- ried by the front and rear wheels. Considering the weight of the car, that is almost a negligeible amount. The reason why good balance was sought for and secured was to give high speeds by preventing it from bouncing and swaying about. Then, too, it was appreciated that even bal- ance of the front and rear construc- tion would prevent uneven wear on the tires, and would reduce tire ex- pense. , Five more cities in Hungary are to be supplied with natural gas by a syndicate to which a concession has been granted by the government, which maintains a monopoly of the gas deposits, the car safety on the open road at 'Halliday's: Phone 94 : * Electri Sho SD: Stroet ic 345 of the hammer is proof. 'that the crippled auto sent here for mending is now in first class condition. For thoroughness is a religion with us. We do work as quickly as possible, but never at the expense of thorough- ness. That's why car owners who know always send their machines here when they need attention. Porritt Garage Ca., Ltd. Phone 454 Wellington Street For detecting leaks a in under- ground water pipes an instrument has been invented consisting chiefly ~n of a rod to be thrust in the ground to pick up the sound and a telephone receiver with which it can be heard. New Series Model 75 B " | According to word received from Lessons derived from automebile wu in the Philippine Islands, the Among the smart new coats is one racing are bound to prove valuable to | | = series model 75B is there accom- in soft grey peau de peche that is ac- | worthy of description. It is in a full raglan model, with corded drop sleeves which are finished with deep violet cloth cuffs. The collar is a convertible rever model of the violet cloth, and when it is turned up it buttons with white pearl buttons. When it is down it lays flat on the shoulders. The coat is lined with soft violet silk and is buttoned with large pearl buttons, 5 Flannel robes made of two-faced materials--drab or tan on one side and plaid on the other--are good for touring use. On the plaid side the plain-colored material is turned and stitched to form a trimming. These robes are lighter and less bulky than the English and Irish robes and are quite as warm. Foot rest cases covered to match the upholstery of the car are in use again for the touring season, One is fitted with a man's toilet articles in ebony and a boot-blacking outfit, with (black, tan and white dressings. In the cover are two leather pouches. One holds a looking glass and the other a manicure set. - Chauffeurs' suits in mohair may! be had in gray, brown and navy blue. The suits are made aftér the usual models, but some, instead of having the military jacket collar, have no collar above the well-fitted remem manufacturers who need them, cording to J. Edward Schipper, who writes on the subject in The Auto- mobile. Oiling problems are so pronounc- ed in racing cars that it is very doubtful whether the questions of oiling the ordinary passenger car and the racing car are at all parallel. On the other hand, where the touring motor is operated at high speeds the question of proper oil féed is qujte important. Of late there has been quite a re- verse in racing motors as well as in some of the touring cars as regards cylinder lubrication. The question up to a short time ago was how to get enough oil to the cylinder. It has now become how not to get too much. With aluminum pistons the prob- lem of how to keep the oil supply to the cylinder walls properly regu- lated is even more complex. The difficulty lies in the number of con- ditions under which the car is hand- led, and the problem of securing pro-, per oil at all speeds and under dif- ferent load conditions becomes very much like that of carburetion. A variation in feed is really re quired to handle the work properly on touring cars. On a racing car the | 1 | difficulty is so pronounced that a car | oiled correctly plishing feats fully as notable as those being scored at home. In a recent test under the observation committee of the Philippine Islands from Manila to Las Banos and re- turn, a 75B averaged 22 miles per gallon under very adverse road con- ditions. In spite of the poor high- ways the little car was pushed to 45 and 50 miles an hour at times. At the end of the trial it seemed none the worse for the run. OVERLAND RUNS 117,000 MILES, Ed. St. Pierre, taxi owner in Wol- cott, Ind., owns a model 50T Over- land which he has driven 117,000 miles in livery work of all kinds. In writing to the Overland factory re- cently of its performance he says that his repairs for the entire period have not aggregated $100, "And it is still in fine condition," he says. "I have not missed a single day on account of the car." A Pennsylvanian has invented a cess for opehing cocoanuts by freezing them solid, then subjecting them to temperatures high enough to expand them quickly and crack their shells. Pictures are projected from the back through a new translucent motion-picture screen, the surface of at Sheepshead Bay, which is composed of prisms to pre- will suffer from too much oil at In-| vent distortion to persons seated. to dianapolis. --that increases. operating efficiency From the vice in connection with the as vital to its operati terials and In fact Studebaker does not discharged until every thoroughly understood by the owner. . To this end there has been esta DEFINITE Service. Th Studebaker car, at detail of care one side of the screen. beginning Studebaker has recognized that Ser- purchase of a motor car isjust ng efficiency as the high grade' ma- workmanship that go into its construction. consider its responsibility fully and operation is blished what is known as Studebaker is consists of a thorough inspection of every regular intervals, for a period of six months after i cease, { oadster $870 FOB. TORONTO. 920 Overland Sales Rooms: » An Unparalleled Victory " About a month ago we announced to the world our newest value--the $890 Overland." Arthur W. H. Callaghan, Dist., 22-24 Market St., 'Phone 1410. Willys-Overland, Limited Head Office and Works, West Toronto, Ont. { In twenty-four hours and from every section of the Dominion we had received more orders than we could fill in several weeks. So we immediately increased the production--filled the orders and notified our dealers not to push the model too hard as we were going night and day to catch up with orders. Before the end of the first week orders weré pouring in so rapidly that we decided to again increase the production so that there would be no disappointments. But still bales of business continued to flood the factory. Now we are shipping 500 of the new cars every single day and are fairly breaking our backs to keep pace with the great demand that now looks as if it never would We anticipated a great success, but we did not look for such a daily avalanche of definite shipping orders. Such is public opinion--the strongest force, the greatest asset, in the world. Never before has any automobile enjoyed such an unparalleled victory. Step in and see this extraordinary car yourself today. purchase, without a dollar of cost. Not only does this guard against motor troubles which prevail in any car, but it 'educates the owner to the proper care of his car so that he can get 100% pleasure and usefulness from it every day in the year. r You are invited to come in and see how Studebaker DEFINITE Service is operated to the benefit of the yser. UR