Sm - PAGE FOURTEEN r _THE DAILY BRITISH WHIG, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 23, 1919. = oT Used as Court Evidenee in Blood AKING BLOOD TELL Science's Newest and Surest Method of Solving Strange Crimes. Orystal Tests Must Be Fresh, or Only Slightly Clotted, to Yield Positive Results for Testimony. ' HEY have always said that "murder will out" J that "blood will tell." In no way is the truth of these--tWo statements betier shown than by the manner in which science has come to the aid of the law. 3 To Dr, Edward Tyson Reichert, the Intérnation- ally famous physiologist and biologist of the Uni: versity of Pennsylvania, belongs the credit of hay- ing bullt up the new sclence of blog) crystal lography, which has made it possible to bring crim: inals to hook eo surely. But that ig, after all, only one phase of the wide application of Dr. Reichert's discoveries. It is claimed that there. is hardly an aspect of plant and animal life which 1s not 1llumi- Dated in some way by Dr. Reichert's work. Blood hag always been held in a kind of super- stitious regard by humanity. Hurdreds of pro- verbs have blood for their theme, "Blood will tell" is one of them, Just what blood does tell Dr. Reichert's investi: gations aré now beginning to show and how it all came about in a very curious way is told as fol lows by a eontributor to Popular Seience Monthly: One day a scientist in a laboratory was inter- rupted in the examination of a drop of blood. Im- patiently complying with the demand upon his attention, he left his task for a few minutes, Re- turtiing, he resumed his work at the microscope, To his astonishment, he beheld upon the slide a totally transformed specimen. Hardly realizing the great significance of tha change that had taken place, he nevertheless mecalled the he had prepared the specimen. «He experimen again, als appeared. Scientists became interested and re- IRI Sr ie YUCCA as FODDER .+ FEW years ago stockmen In the Southwest might have scoffed at the idea of using soap- + weed and Lear grass as cattle-feed. When periods of dranght came around they either shipped thefr cattle to a more favorable state or imported vast quantities of feed from states to the east snd north. But during the past two years, being badly affected by drought and finding . the supply of other feed high-priced and diffiealt to obtain, they have utilized with surprising success the supply of fhe different species of yucca sur rounding thelr ranches * Not only have these WaY.in whieh iad peated the experiment, bit made nothing of it. To Dr; Reichert and some other specialists the red crystals with their sharp edges and flat surfaces presented a scientific problem of irresistible in terest. Did the crystals In blood really convey a message of which any practical use could ever be made? Dr. Reichert decided to solve the problem. He fecured hlood of wild and domestic animals, the former with danger and difficulty, He made tedious and refined tests of human blood, An exhaustive study Involving years of patient €fort and highly specialized knowledge in biology, crystallography and physiology began. At last he succeeded in disclosing scientific facts of inestimable value :to every scientific man who studies living things. The blood Iv an extraordinarily complex fluld which consists of what is called the plasma, in which living cells, "corpuscles," are held in sus pension. Most persons. think of blood as red; yet not all blood is red. In the"lower animals the blood corpuscles may he colorless or colored, and it colored they may be green, red, yellow, blue, violet, purple, madder, mahogany, brown or lilac. Some blood has corpuscles of varied hues. In all cases perhaps the principal function of the blood and in particular of the colored constif-™> uent of blood 1s the assimilation of"Ogygen from the air. We breathe in ordér that our blood muy breathe; for we care about oxygen only so far as Rods and 'Another «out blood corpuscles eare for it. Now, one of the @scoveries recorded by Dr. Reichert was that the rea coloring matter of our blood, which is called "hemoglobin," is closely re- latéd to the green coloring matter of higher plants, called "chlorophyl." Our blood is red merely be. cause it contains iron: the blood of an octopus is blue merely Lecauss it contains copper, The red blood corpuscles of the higher animals are mconcéivably numerous. It has been estimated that the total number of cells in the human body is 26,500,000,000,000, and that of this number 22: 500.000,000,000 are red corpuscles. Think of this': vast crowd of corpuscles--numbering in the 'case of man more than 10,000 times the population of the earth--hurrylig through the channels of our system at such a rate that the majority of them complete one entire elrcuft in the space of less than a minute! The traffic of the New York sub- ways is slight in comparison. It is the crystals formed by blood which reves: - fo much to Dr. Reichert. Suppose he has a speci bo i plants been of real value as a supplement to regular feed, but it hhs been discoyered that cattle actual: dy lve entirely on Abe food. contained dik ¥ tatives of the' depariffient of agHeul estimate that, even allowing for men of blood to be examined. Dr. Reichert adds oxalate of ammonium to prevent coagulation. Then he shakes the mixture with ether to free the hemo- globin from 0 corpuscles in which it is found. After that th€ ether is separated from the mixture and some of the latter is placed on a microscope slide, protected with a glass cover and scaled with Canada balsam. 5 Slowly the crystals become visibie under the microscope. ' They ean be identified by reference to the Reichert classification of blood crystals. Soon after he began his investigations, Dr. Reichert found that the blood Crystals of one Epecies of animal ean be distinguished from those of others and that blood crystals of the human be- ing can he differentiated from those of the lower animals. Striking is the likeness between the hlood erys- tals of monkeys and human beings. Buch close similarity does not exist between the crystals of HOW to SEE a GHOST Hs fr rg a ghost? Much has been heard lgtely- of apparitions; distingufshed men like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Sir Oliver Lodge have declared their belfef in them. The reports of famous professors incline to the explanation that "ghosts" are really after-images impressed on the retina, or membranous scroen, of the eye. All images remain on the retina for a certain time after they are seen. Should the per- son enter a'dark room the image will remain for a longer time, and the return to the Hght will cause « the image to reappear, , Sometimes these 'images are s original colors, at others in differen latter phenomena are Srna - these periment of looking turning the eyes to ably see Fig. 2--One of Three Forms of Crystals in the Blood of. Anthropoid Apes. The Diamond Shape Is Similar to One of the Human Blood Orystal Formations. Fig. 3--Blood Crystals from a Horse, Fig. 1--One of the Three Forms of Human Fig. 4--Blood Crystals Blood Crystals. One Form Is Like Prismatic' from a Mule. is Diamond-Shaped. the monkey or human be- ing and 'those of any other living species. Rlood crystals under the micro- scope-shed a flood of light ' on Darwin's theory. The following erime is cited as an example of how blood crystallography was used to solve ' 8 murder mystery: The body of a dead Frenchman who had lived alone Was found in his.room, It was clear that he had given up his life only after a terrible struggle. There yas blood on the floor and on the walls-- ig Fig 62 Fig. BA Tiger's Blood Crystals. "Fig. 6-- Bar-S8haped Crystals Are Found in the Blood of a Leopard. blood everywhere except upon the body itself. Nor were there any wounds. The man had been stran- gled to death. And the blood? The dead man must have wounded his murderer. And so the detectives of the French town In which the crime had been committed looked about 'for a wounded man. They did not find him. There - were fingerprints enough. They revealed nothing, for they did not correspond with any fingerprint records at police headquartérs. At last It occurred to an official that" perhaps the blogd with which the room was so liberally be- spattered should be analyzed. That was done. It was not the blood of a luman being at all, but the blood of a bull! ' The crime was more mysterfous than ever. Here wae 3 murder which had been committed by strangulation; the finger-farks on the throat were those of a strong mun; yet the blood in the room was that of a bull. True, it would be easy to ob tain blood from a slaughtér-house; Lut why? Someone remembered that one of the few per- rons who disliked the murdered man was one who worked In a slaughterhouse not very far away, He wis arrested. His fingerprints agreed with those upon the wall of the room where the crime had been committed. The man confessed. Wild BURRO STEAK a Ia SHASHLIK ILD burros have become a pest in some W/ sins of Arizona. The little, long-earéd animals are not exactly wild, for the rea- son that they do not have enough energy and Spirit to be that way. They are a good deal like the bears of Yellowstone Park. The mountain DECISIVE EVENTS IN THE WORLD'S GREATEST WAR . cL 1914, yh June 28--Archduke Francis-Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, assassinated at Sarajevo. July 5--Kaieer's Crown Council meets at Potsdam and 'decides upon war. July 28--Austria déelards war on Serbia. Aug. 1--Germany decliyes war on Russia &nd in- vades Luxemburg and Belglam. Aug. 3----Germany declaes war on France, Aug. 4--Great Britaih declares war on Germany: Aug. 25--Germans deébway Louvain and rgassacre # thé Inhabitants, ¥. Sent. 1--Germans reach the outskirts of Paris. Sept. 6-9--Battle of the Marne, in which the French forced the Germans to retreat to the Aisne. Dec. 24--First Gérman air raid on England. 1915. May 7--The Lusitania torpedoed by a German sub: marihe, May 23--Haly declares waf on Austria, Aug. 20--Haly declares r on Turkey, Oct. 12--Edith Cavell sh by Germans in Brussels, 1956... fan va Feb. 21--German attackd on Verduy begun. April 19--American ultim®tum to Germany threat. ening to break off relations unless Germany stops sinking our ships. . May 31---Germans defeated In naval battle off Jutland. . Aug. 27--Roumania and Italy declare war on Ger many, J 1917. Jan. S1--Germany announces rithless submarine } warfare, £3 Feb. &--United Stites breaks off diplomatic rela. tions with Germany, ! " April United Stajes declares war on Germany, June 26--First American troops land in France, June 20--Greece declares war against Germany, Dec. 9--Jerusalem captured by the British. ~ 1918. 4--GPn. Foch appointed commander-fn-chief armies. { Paris begun, Juné 6--American marines smash Germans bac «at Chateau-Thierry, marking turning point of April 1 ne June 23---Italians drive the Austrians Jig Piave with losses of 150,000. war, Gén. Omar Bundy, an commander, 'back across valleys of not only Arizona, but of New Mexico and northern Mexico are overflowing with droves of burros. They infest the mining camps and ranches and are a nuisance. . Hundreds of them are killed for their hides and grease. It has been suggested by Dr."C. C. Young, a noted Russian traveler and Karakul sheep breeder 'who has lived If the southwest for several years, that the wild burros be utilized as a source of meat supply for the people of that part of the country. Dr. Young says that he has eaten the flesh of camels and "various breeds of sheep and that they do not com- pare with burro meat. "As far as the meat of the young burro 18 con- cerned 1 can only state that I have eaten it for months and like it," he said. . "A fat burro about 1 year old furnishes a steak that will satisty the taste of the most fastidious, especially if prepared in 'shashlik' fashion, which means that after the steak has been cut into Short pieces and properly seasoned it fs put on a spear and placed [nto the low flame of burning saksaul until dene. "Burro shashiik is not 'as delicious &8 shashlik rade of Karekul mutton, but it #8 good enough for anybody, and for that reason I eannot understand Why there exists so much aversion to burro meat in this southwestern country, especially when one bears in mind that there is no cleaner domestic animal in existence than the burro. "Smoked burro meat, called 'bastrama,' is very nice and is eaten raw like Westphalian ham, and is especially. adapted an long Journeys and in hard | countries. "Dried burro = iat, resembling the well known Mexican earne seca; 1s not bad, providing the burro Is killed while young, otherwise the meat is very tough, but free from the odor of an old goat." 'A FLOATING SAFE MADE OF STEEL A Soin or ¢ sale, the Invention of Membtti Nanni of Chicago, was given an official trial recently and came through successfully, thereby fulfilling the predictions of the inventor and proving to everyome that it is now posaidle to 'sateguard mall and treasure aboard steamers, even if the ship shopld sink, Mr. Nanni's floating safe is ratheér complicated in design. It consists of a steel outér shell with a door. The next shell is also steel,' perforated With a nuinber of holes. for all the world like Swise cheese, and this case has a door. The real workings of the contraption, however; aré centred I. the inner case, which like the two others has a door. This is made of two layers of steel, the space hetween the two shells being filled in with a substance "stronger than concrete, lighter 'than cork and of secret campositfon," and it's thig that does the work. When the watep penatrates the two outer shells. it forces out the Inner case, 'caus: Ing it to push 'off the lid and fiv to the surface, Retaining Shafi 1s Shown st the Right and i Buoyant Safe at the Left. . = » A number of these floating safes are placed one above the other in a long tube or shaft extending down through several | each deck a door 18 provided, so as to give Access to the safe opposite that deck. In this manner any safe can be reached with the same convers fence as tite conventional safe, and by turing the & = liner . arrangement any - compartment. can be brought # Jine with the door. A The tbe his peally two skins: the onter one, which is intact but for the exception of "the doors at each deck; and an inner or perforated skin. Ths abject of this double skin arrangement fs at onee evident: it permits water 10 pour down through the tube to the very bottom of the shaft; 50 as to give 'the proper buoyancy to the safes." The top of the shaft, extending through the upper deck, Is provided with a buoyant removable cover which, in turn, hes-a suitable inlet for water, / Should the vessel be sunk, water would enter through fhe inlet In the buoyant removable Cover of the shaft; and pour dow between the skins and through the perforated imner wall to the sates. Soon the safes have sufficient buoyancy, und press up through the shaft and out at the top, themes making thelr way to the surface. 5 , How COTTON Is PICKED Ca Is now picked In the Tmperial Valley of California by a device, that works on the principle of the vacuum-cleaner.' It {8 as- Serted that cotton picked in this way is cleaner than that picked by hand &nd that with this ma-- chine an inexperienced laborer can work three or four times as fast as experts in the old methods. The apparatus weighs buf 1000 pounds, and is easily moved. Around its light skeleton are m 300- poiind, 16-horsepower engine, & suction pump for the nozzles, and a centrifugal separator for parting the cotton from leaves, sticks and other debris tak. en in bythe picking nozzles. These nozzles are DOGS of ST. BERNARD LL but six of the famous St. Bernard dogs kept by the monks of that ancient monas- tery in the Alps have been killed, accord- to a recent report from Paris. Shortage of caused by the war was said to have léd to The St. Bernard pass 1s of historical renown. It connects the valleys *" deavors constadtly Pipes coumected with an eight foot running transversely over the machine. oe: in 'The powerful suction-pump on the misclifie en. 1 to keep the picking pipss in a state of vacuum, wherefore, when Passed over & row of bolls, the cotton and earrfes it th the centrifugal feparator. Here a powerful fan with 'hollow vanes, a departura in fan construe. tion, separates the cotton from the leaves, sticks and the "motes," which are. not désirabl And fnally drives the separated mass: throngs. curved pipe at the rear. The leaves and are driven out perforations in t) the pipe, the cotton t or basket at the end. TAR ay ip ch one of the five pleking nottles snd fub pipes is handled by 4 man, and the speed of - depends on the skill he nequires, A / of the patent nozzle geross a ; decks of the stéamer.. At. VACUUM = c .