He ¢ FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 10:9. \ Weapons of the Battlefields Are Now Being Converted to Meet the Pressing Needs of the Industrial World. marvel HE war's invention of lous dev déstruction will not be Thst to the feign peace, for peace-time uses have been found for war inventions. How practically everybody will be benefited by the industrial application of some of the greatest inventions vet perfected by man, and many thousands more will live to reap the benefits accruing froth the as yet undreamed . of applications for both-business and pleasure, of airplanes, tanks, 'wireless devices, submarines and a thousand and one other attainments of the world's master scientific minds, is pointed out by H. Winfield Secar, writing in the Electrical Ex- perimenter. 7 Take the airplane, for example, whose weon- derful development is attributed the war. Many persons have an idea that the airplane solely to is a peace-time luxury, not to mention a war-time necessity. But such is not the case. If for no other reason the airplane has come to stay in its everyday application to the transportation of mail and the lighter classes of merch multiplying its everyday development of aircraft is bound to result ndise as by utilities, the practical This country, as well as every other power, is keen, of course, to develop aircraft to the highest pin- nacle of practicability. The United States army, us well as the navy department, has only recently put up 4 stiff fight for many millions of dollars with which to carry on much-needed airplane developments. . \ One of the best wilds to train fliers, especially In this country, where a large standing army or Ripening Tomatoes by Wind Power OMATOES. ripen slowly, unless they get 2 sunshine on all sides; and as the first crops on the market get the best prices, a truck gardedler.decided sot to-mait-until his-tomatoss-- ripened on the vine, where the sun only reached them on one side. Accordingly he gathered half- ripened fruit and laid it, one layer at a time, on ' a turntable, which exposed all sides to the sun as it revolved. Next he mounted a light wind- mill on a plank base, fixed a small bevel gear on 'the horizontal shaft, and set it in mesh with a * install if a stream runs nar the garde bevel gear of the same diameter which turned on a vertical shaft running down to the wooden base, a small spur gear being fastened to the lower end. He then made a turntable by cutting a disk, two feet in diameter, of hard wood, with a com- pass saw, after which he cut notches in the edge 80 as to make teeth which would mesh with the spur gear on the vertical shaft. As the spur gear was very small, the gear ratio caused the turntable to revolve very : slowly, thus providing Wind-Driven Turntable That Exposes All Sides of Ripening Fruits or Vegetables to the Sun. the best condition for ripening the tomatoes with- eut unduly taxing the power of the mill. ! A table of this kind, which is described in Popular Methanics, works excellently with water power, and water wheel conneations are ea : but whatever motive power is used it is n ary to load the table evanly, so that it will balance an wrn without any unnecessxry handicap - 2 . RY : n sith navy personnel is never maintained, will be with- out a doubt to encourage in ev way possible the commercial application of flying machines of all types. Already in England a piano has been transported across the English channel by air- plane, and airplanes are at present which can lift very heavy loads, available and, moreover, they are daily becoming more reliable and less liable to accident, should any part of the chinery fail while in the air. Some of the lat types of airplanes are guaranteed to right them- selves and land safely if the engine stops in 'mid-air and the cont es become i ruptured. : » Tanks were dy in » for agriéult ng before the world ks used by the Br of France und other purpos the fir the battlef structed agricultural war, and in fact I army on were recon actors, built in the United States. These tract armed with steel plates and fitted with rapid-firing guns. Besides the usual plowing and cultivating operations tanks are now used for hauling large logs in the lumbering districts of the great West. In these localities it is difficult to build even small rail- roads, and it doesn't pay to build any extensive trackage for such log railroads, as they are not apt to be used for any great length of time Therefore, the tank tractors should prove very useful, as they can travel over practically any kind of ground, including ditches and even o iogs. A very good use for the boche's far-famed poison gas is to annihilate the rats by asphyxia- sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander" The Germans thought they had something brand new in strictly war inventions when they tried poison gas on the allies, but among other recent applications of this invention to peace-time utili- ties and. requirements was that of killing rats. Of course it goes without saying that before in- jecting a few dozen cubic feet of rhustard or cilorin gas into a rat hole, that you had best pro- vide yourself with a guaranteed gas mask and also buy a few dozen corks with which to plug up the other openings in the walls or floor boards. Gas masks, as well as gas detectors, find were TRANGE forms of greeting are prevalent in S various parts of the world. In Manila it is customary for women to caress the face of their man caller. In Lemntia, near the Philip- pines, two natives on meeting take hold of each other's foot and rub their faces with it.' In the Fiji islands they tickle each other's nose with red feathers carried for this purpose. In Burham they grovel before you while uttering the melodi- ous words "Hib-nib," whatever this means. In the South Sea islands they swing before you their necklace of sherk's teeth. The inhabitants of Socotra, an island in the Indian ocean, kiss the' person to be honored on the shoplder, while those of the Great Cyclades, in the Aegian sea, pour water on his head. A Laplander greets you by rubbing his nose against your forehead, while a negro of Cape Lopez' wili kneel down before you and clap thrice with his hands. The Japanese takes off his wooden shoes and the Chinese, while shaking his own hands and inclining his head, will greet you with his "Tsin-tsin," ete. All this may seem ridiculous to an American, THE DAILY BRITISH WHIG Y SOUND PRODUCING Q SOUND RECEIVING MK The gas masks are e . squads and prove part y e use in gntering gas- tilled 7 : and other subterranean passages. Gas detectors are not so well known to the general public, as these proved one of the extremely valuable keys to the success of the allied soldiers i nious form of electrical gas detector alse of the measurement of the amount and of the gas present; also a pair of resist- coils and a galvanometer, forming a wheat- ne bridge system. the bottom of the apparatus is a meatal block in which there are two cavities, each con taining a gas detecting wire, and the gas reaches one of these wires through a series of perfora- tions placed in the external wall of the block This clever patent has been granted to Gilbert A. Shakespear of Birmingham, Eng. (United States patent No. 1,304,208). . Liquid fire should proye ef eral industrial such as burr from iron and steel structur:s, vessels, ete., and, according to. H. Gernsback, also for blazing a path or hole through ice jums, which frequently prove extremely dangerous during the American winters, when they clog rivers and streams, as i Under certain conditions it might uses, Il as dams. u'so be used to blaze paths through jungle brush Airplane photography was pre-eminently one of the most highly developed sciences brought out Complete sections of the lefront often had to be photo- graphed in a single day's time, and extrer rapid photographi thousands of pictures len a few hours in such a manner the film# were developed and h took a short tim ed used by the army in the field, ther: »uld be patched up by map experts so ts e a true composite photograph of an entire region. vices, could ma . Wi apparatus The work done by the photogiaphic department of the army i is respect. was 'nothi short of ¥ t & recent exhibit of this depart he.compesite aer the entire city of Washington, r The airplane flew over Wash- iu certain prescribed course and took all tographs which composed the com- little over two hours! The in: making up the about three inches square easy it now becomes to obtain cal maps of such regions as the Ro essible and trea loc »s 30 that geographies m a marvellous revelation to the cherous indeed prove school students How Fish Came to Be Sign of Christianity YMBOLS for many things seem to have been S icked utterly at random and without any ought of any logical connection, but, in most cafes, when the facts are known perfectly good reasons are found to exist for the choice of a particular symbol. One very notable example of this was the selection of the fish by the early Christians as the symbol of their faith. Without a knowledge of the facts in this particular case no one could assign any real reason for the choice of such a -- STRANGE. FORMS of GREETING but after all, it is not any more ridiculous than our own modern custom of almost crushing one another's fingers in shaking hands; nay, the cus- tom of Manila women will appeal to many as the more acceptable one. Taking off the hat by men, which for ages has been the accepted mode of greeting in the western world, was originally a sign of disarming or de- fencelessness or destitution in the presence of a superior. Polynesian gr African chiefs require more or less stripping, such as uncovering to the waist, which is the' custom in Tahiti Eastern nations, on the other han see disrespect in baring the head, the feet g uncovered. "Striking hands," used in the West to make the greeting more hearty, is the emphatic form of the original gestare of grasping hands, which makes its appearance in antiquity as a legal act symbolic of the parties joining in compact, peace and friendship. The American variety, called "shaking hands," .appears not to have become usual until the Middle ages. Among African tribes the parties press their thumbs together. ut insist on Making VOICE Like CANNON'S ROAR MAN'S voice can bs made as loud as the cannon's roar; it can be heard two or twen- ty miles. The ticking of a watch can be amplified until it sounds like breakers on an ocean cliff, f Wireless telephone operators say that it is ne trick at all to magnify sound four or five million times or indefinitely. All that is needful is to connect a number of vacuum valves in multiple with a wireless receiving set and the thing is done. At the first receiving contact a voice will be normal Cut in vacuum valve and it is raised seven times; fier 'it squares itself seven times seven to 49 for the next vacuum valve, and 49 times 49 for the next, and so on. Volume -of sound is meant, not power of trans. mission. : In a fest recently conducted in San Francises's a phonograph wae connected with an amplifier to, supply all the city with song and amusement wie the police urged the experimenters to desist. In the stadium at Golden Gate Park the tirk- . through each in the order described --TTT ing of a watch was made audible all over the grand stand while an athletic meet was in prog: ress. Capt. Robert W- A. Brewer, an experi- menter, moved off 2000 féet and spoke quietly to his dog, and the dog couldn't be held. A wireless station recently received a telephone message from Europe and through its amplifier startles duck hunters in the marshes eight miles away. The exterior of the vacuum valve used to amplify sound resembles an ordinary 16-candle electric light bulb. Throfigh the glass, however, can be seen electric windings that are dissimilar. Around a filament are wound convolutions of wire called a "grid." Above the grid is an encircling metallic plate. The current. it is explained, passes ing wireless signals travel down the aerial wire to the tuning set and then to the vacuum valve, which is a "detector" or receiver. ; For practical purposes the vacuum valve has its use, as in warships, where the wireless tele phone speaks its message through a horn to sev. eral officers instead of to ons using earpieces. 4 can be availed of to address audiences. , are apt fo The "Ichthus™ (Fish) of the Early Christians. symbol of Christianity, for what possible connee- tion could there have been between fishes and the faith of the early Christiana? How the fish came to be chosen as the emblem of thé early Christians came about in this man- ner, as students of the Greek language will readily recognize: The Greek word for fish is ICHTHUS and is made up of the initial letters of the five Greek words JESOUS CHRISTOS, THEOU yIos SOTER, meaning Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour. The icthus has been frequently found en- graved on the tombs of the early Christians, on their ornaments, vessels and other objects, where it was used to indicate that the owner was of the Christian faith. v composite v ew, Jixsobbiesy af the Electrical Expertmenten of tomorrow Airplane photography in its mode sect and with the high speed available lend If well to the. xeguirkments of large farnts, railroad Sites other localities which is very simple in con- a speaking tube in form, veral novel and distinct yA others, an acoustic am- fier, making th wice very efficacious for CAYTYiIng on between the pilot and obseyver in where it is extremely difficuit to ary conditions, due to the great noise of the engine. A new application of this device is here sug- gested, namely, to nruffle the ever-present and detestable "movie pest" Not o 'are miserable atoms of humanity present in the dark of the movie theatre, but also in all of the theatres." These bmiliant insects: must 1 h 9 times sb h nowledg "gtar" and ail the lesser satellites appearing They will tell you loudly the climax before it comes off, and so on. So, it should not be so "mortals" shall be real estate, ndreds of airfone struction, resembles but - Iincorporat improveme conve an on hear u these 'thanks the airfone long before able to go to the t} without having o in dramatic com- pendiums rac knots all the way through the play and telling his sweetheart every move just before it happens 5 The geophone is a remarkable physical in strument greatly improved and perfected during the war by the engineers connected with the al lied technical stafls, and used with great success for the purpose of locating enemy artillery and other military Now it has found a disti ) rs' lives has been made possible, thanks to t geophone, which can detect sound vibrations through the earth at surprisingly long distances. It has been used . cessfully in some government mine tests to up the sound of 8 pick-axe at a distance of about one-quarter mile. By means of this wonderful instrument, therefore, it is now possible actually to locate entombed miners at considerable dis- tances. Communication with them is also pos sible by this means. Knowing the location of the entrapped men, it becomes much more expeditious to carry on rescuing and excavating Qperations in order to save them The submarine detector, which was wonder fully perfected during tl.» world war, should find many peage-timg applications, particularly on all ocean-goin inland lake vessels, for the pur- pose of locating other vessels in a fog or at night, and also for accurately locating the presence of icebergs and reefs. The submarine detector, of which several different types were developed dur- ing the war, operates on one gener8h principle, "That of sound Wave Transmission Chrough the wa- ter. The sound produced by the propeller and driving motors or engines of the distant vessel is picked up by a sound-sensiive electrical instru- ment, known as a microphone. For locating ice- bergs or other obstructions, which, of course, do not produce any sound themselves, there is re- quired a sound producer such as an under-water electric bell or siren. Depth bomb apparently seem to be one of those peculiar inventions which follow the old adage--"killing two birds with one stone." Not only did they prove the undoing of the career of + many U-boats, but they likewise show great prom- ise of performing many useful peace-time tricks as well. Among other things, the depth bomb should prove uniquely successful in blasting ice jams in river gorges, etc. And as one of our' naval officer friends recently told us, thousands . of fish are stunned and killed every time a depth bomb is detonated on the water. Therefore, why * fish with nets in the ocean, when by means of a few depth bombs detonated S80 to 40 feet helow the water you can stun or kill thousands of fish? Then by a simple suction arrangement pull them into the fishing smack so fast that it would take 17 book-keepers and three adding machines to keep account of the catch. Another practical use for depth bombs is the clearing away of derelicts or other obstructions in harbors, lakes or on the ocean. America and the other allied countries can make use of all the superfluous U-boats without a doubt. For exploring the flora and fauna of the undersea regions they are ideal. They can be fitted with powerful electric projectors, observa. tion lenses and windows, when not only can visual observations of the deep sea life be studied, but even motion pictures can be taken. And for pleasure trips at the seaside resorts who would rot like to explore under water? How to MAKE Inexpensive WATERPROOF GLUE OME of the ncw waterproof glues developed primarily for aireraft purposes during the war offer the/ possibility of overcoming a difficulty that Las proved very annoying, both to the autorhobile owner and to the manufacturer, wherever linoleum is used on the running beards or as a covering for the floor of the car. Ordi- nary glues which are soluble in water are not very effective in cementing lincleum, and most automobile owners have soon discovered that the glue disintegrates and the linsleum comes cose after the car has been washed a few times. Casein glues are admirably adapted to this purpose, according to the Scientific American, and if the quality is right and they are properly , applied the linoleum should give no trouble during the life of the car. Casein glues are exceedingly resistant to the action of water and retain a very high percentage of their original strength, even. after long immersion under water. They are comparatively inexpensive, and the materials from which they are made are readily available in the market. They are applied cold and will get without the applica of he=st. . Information or casein glues and their applica. tion may be obtained from the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Forest Service which is located at Madison. Wisconsin