BN } How to SE YOURSEL As YOU REALLY Are HE remark of a bystander as he stood watch- ing the members of an "awkward squad" stumbling through their military manoeuvres on a coli:ge campus that "it is a pity the sol- diers-in'making cannot see themselves as others sec them," set an ingenious mind at work to de volve some sort of a device that would help drill sergeants to impress rookies with a sense of their deficiencies, physical and otherwise. The result was a "posture machine," or the "schematograph," as it 1s technically called. . This device is the invention of Clella Duel Mosher of the department of physical education for women at Leland Stanford University and was perfected by her in collaboration with Prof. lgglll The FUEL of the FUTURE T no distant day an entirely new system of A fuel utilization will be adopted in this coun- b20™ try," says Dr. Joseph E. Pogue of the Smith- sdmian Institution. "The entire coal supply of each city or town will be delivered to a central municl- pal plant, which will attend to the business of its _ distribution. "But nobody will get any 'raw' All of it will be put through a process by which the fuelstuff that it cotftding will be separated out, for subse- quent delivery to householders and other consum- ers, while certain valuable by-products are saved. "Anthracite will soon be regarded as a luxury for the rich. It will go up and up in price. Ordi- nary folks will have to content themselves with soft coal. The latter is an excellent fuel, but dirty. It gi¥88 off a dens& Black smoke that dirties the home, pollutes the atmosphere and menaces health, "This is the one great disadvantage of bitumi- nous coal. But It will be wholly done away with under the system that must before very long ar rive. ' Either the fuelstuff that is in it will be con- verted Into a smokeless artificial anthracite or an equivalent result will be attained by extracting all of this fuelstu® in the form of gas, for delivery to consumers through pipes. "We object to the black smoke of bituminous coal, and no wonder. But what in reality is this smoke? Of what is it composed? The answer is that it contains most of the valuable ingredients of the coal. They pass off into the air and are lost forever, "Any city gas plant (taken over by the munici- pality) may at a future time be converted into and expanded Into an establishment that will supply all the fuel the community consumcs--partly in the form of gas, partly in the thape of artificial anthracite. Its mains and much of its other equip- ment will be retained, but, by a new system of coal distillation, all of the precious by-products will he saved." The' SCHEMATOGRAPH Vividly REVEALS Bodily DEFECTS Due to INCORRECT POSTURE SCHEMATOORARH le BLACK CURTAIN How the "Schematograph" Reveals Bodily Defects and Indicates What Corrective Exercides Should Be Taken. E. P. Lesley of the departmeht of engineering of the same institution. For the past year the schematograph has heen widely used at the University of Wisconsin where, it is said, remarkable results have been secured. The schematograph, as described in the Illus trated World, is a means of registering in outline form the natural figure in various poses, all calcu. lated to show the ordinary defects coming from faulty posture, The whole idea of the machine is /to show the subject, graphically, the physical de- fects as indicated by his or her posture. The device is. an oblong box, about the sizé of a large camera and is mounted on a table placed in a small room Which is lighted only at one end. The bottom, sides and ends are of wood, but the top has a sliding cover made of ground glass. A triple lens is mounted in the front. Inside the box, at the end opposite the lens, a reflecting mirror is mounted at an angle of 45 degrees, the purpose of which is to catch the rays from the image on' the lens and reflect them to. the ground glass cover above, where they can be ob served by the operator. The schematograph "operating room" at the University of Wisconsin is long and narrow. A black screen about seven feet high stands against the wall at dne end. Some 12 feet from the séreen hangs a thick black curtain. Behind this the op- erator is posted, only the lens of the camera pro- {ruding through the curtain. This arrangement serves the double purpose of shutting off all rays of light and insuring complete privacy to the subject. To make a schematogram, as the tracing is called, the subject undresses and mounts a minia- WHITE SHADE ----3 SPINE HIPS of Pormssisttush+ Ri foie Pain Rotation 4 wlan apd Displacement SLs dust Lom bin Gus : Deviation " -- Pwat To ; CORRECTION 2s c Si CARRIAGE s € (iin tand ) and nem asd I ea All Defects Are Reflected by the Mirror Onto the Glass Cover Where Tracing Paper Is Used to Record Them. ture model's throne in front of the screen. The operator focuses the machine with the lens direct- ed about at the subject's waistline, Just above and in front of the subject two powerful electric lights are switched on to make the outline as clear as possible, On the ground glass at the top of the machine is clearly visible the image of the white figure, standing out against the dark screen. If the image is satisfactory the operator lays a thin sheet of paper over the glass and traces the outline. "We take three poses," explaing Miss Alice Brownell of the university's department of physi "Schematogram" Showing the Subject's Incorrect Posture and Suggesting the Remedy. eal training for women, as she ran through a filing cabinet for some typical "cases." "Here you see the results," and she held up a thin sheet of paper, approximately five by eight inches. "In the first pose, you observe, the girl stands with her back to the machine and we trace a back view to see whether there is any lateral curvature. In other words, we. want to know whether the spine is normal or curved to the right or left. "See that drooping right shoulder?" she went on, pointing to the schematogram of this first pose. "That convinces the girl more than any lectures of ours ever could that her spine is ab normal. You should hear the girls when we show them thelr charts. 'Oh, I never dreamed I looked like that!' they wall" : The second pose is made In profile. The sub- fect is asked to stand in her ordinary posture, slouching or erect, as the case may be. From this pose the anterior-posterior curve is traced. Here the instructor finds cases of zeund shoulders, for ward head, hollow back and protruding abdomen. "The third pose is another profile, the same as the second, except that the girl is told to stand as nearly erect as possible," the instructor continued, "This gives us a chance to deiermine how near ghe can come to correcting her faults in posture when she consciously tries." When asked if all this was intended as a beauty aid, Miss Brownell sald: : "It is small wonder the girls stand so Incorrect: ly when so few mature persons realize the effect that impsoper posture has on the health. They seem not to realize that forward shoulders mean" a flat chest with derreased lung capacity. And Six-Foot LIZARDS That FURNISH Delicious STEAKS an animal that is to be used for food in order that could not eat the flesh of a reptile; yet this is untrue, for who would refuse turtle soup or terrapin? Prof. A. M. Reese of the University of West Virginia, admits that no American would knowingly eat a snake, but he thinks that lizards are among our possibilities, and he especially recommends some of the large ones. Alligators, too, he says make fine eating, and but for silly prejudices would make a voluminous contribution to the supply of flesh food. Me persons would say unthinkably that we STRANGE African DISEASES Due to PARASITES has been known as the home of peculiar men and beasts. -Modern sciénce, especially medical science, now teaches us that the minute, even microsgople, life of Africa is no less (ndl- vidual and remarkable, especially its parasitic life, while the syniptoms these parasites produce fn the unfortunate human beings infested. by them are equally welrd and generally extraordi- parily unpleasant. Many of the diseases pro- duced by these microscopic parasites have been known to: physielans--at least as far as their symptoms were conceérned---for many years, but only lately have the wider settlement of Africa and the progress of medical science, with the establishment of schools of tropical medicine like those at Liverpool and Harvard University, toade the nature of these diseases clear. When we ftrivel in the tropics, especially in Africa, and see---as one often does--a person with enormous enlargement of one arm and hand or one Jeg and foot, we may be _guite sure that it is a case of filariasis, and that there is a colony, as above described, living in the a¥mpit or groin. These cases occur also in other countries, indeed In al fa earliest times the 'dark continent" most every tropical and subtropical land into which the disease is introduced through travel. . There is another species of filaria, the Filaria loa, very common in Africa, which is transmitted to man by the mangrove fly, a common blood- sucking insect in that country.. This worm set- tles in some of the tissues just beneath the skin, often in the lower eyelids, where it produces uncomfortable swellings. Another peculiar African parasite fis the - guinea worm. This, too, has an Interesting life history. Little or nothing is known of the male worm, but the female, very slender in diameter, although attaining a length of three or four feet in adult life, is found immediately beneath the skin, usually of the lower Hmbs. It has probably been fertilized before entering, and, lying im- mediately under the skin of! its host, when fully grown {it pierces this skin and through the minute aperture extrudes countless minute young or larvae, in successive crops. By this time it has caused snuch irritation and suffering and per- haps disability to the host. The larvae find their way into the water as the natives walk through streams and puddles. TREES From Which Many MEDICINES Are MADE ful and most used stimulant to the heart . A™ any physician, "What Is the most use- and nervous system?" and he will answer *Strychnia." Strychnla is an alkaloid found originally in the seed of the strychnos nux-vomica, jthe poison. put tree, found in India, Burma and Siam and growing also in Cochin China and Australia. It Js of moderate size and has a fruit the size of a small orange, with a hard shell and a bitter pulp enclosing one to five seeds, loss than one inch in diameter and one-fourth inch thick d shaped like disks. It is the bitterest sub- ce known, and when one has heart failure, or nervous exhaustion, or is run down or needs & tonie, some doctor is sure to give him the alkaloid from ome of these peculiar Indian trees. Textbooks on medicine frequently refer to 'emergency heart stimulants, meaning by this | used; by 'hypodermic injection to produce p it stimulation of a weakened heart. Some of the most valiltble heart stimulants require a 3 woh Ey good deal of time after being given to produce their effects, hence the need of emergency heart ™ stimulants, © Strychnine, we know, is a splendid emergency heart stimulant, i y A tree which has various hundred, in fact--throughout the world, and is of some medical' inter is the acacia The acacia senegal is the type of tree which fur nishes gum acacia, or is not possessed of any r ties of itself, it 1s a constituent of many, impor< tant preparations in pharmacy, as, for 5 tn the making of emulsions, where its: heavy is qualities make it a valuable vehicle mucilaginous for oily and resinous substances. - it is also " Gum catéchn, a substance ug arable. While acacia arked ewrative proper- y "Lizdrds are important to mankind chiefly as destroyers of insects," writes Prof. Reese in the Scientific Monthly, "but a few of them are used as food in tropical and semi-tropical lands. Of these-the giant iguanas, reaching a length of six | feet or more, are the most important. The flesh of these lizards is' said to be of a delicious flavor, resembling chicken. In the Bahamas the lizards were formerly one of the most important articles of fond; they were hunted with dogs, and kept in captivity until wanted. "The eggs of the larger lizards are also used as food in some countries. "Though snakes are esteemed as food in many lands, it is not Hkely that they will ever be an im- portant article of diet in this country, both be- cause of the almost universal repugznance with which they are regarded and because of the com- parative scarcity of large serpents within our hors, ders. Our larger black snakes, though reaching a considerable length, are so slender that the The Iguana, Better to Eat The to Look at. a t of flesh in their bodies is not great, and th is probably hardly one person in ten thou sand who would knowingly eat a snake. 'With the crocodilia the matter of size cannot be raised as an objection, since the largest mem- ised in the preparation of pills and : acacia was at 'extensively used as a remedy in colitis and sumals, both native to India. country. > aftér his king," the crow tribe is inh abundance, and ~ griffon vulture, the "eagle" of Bel the flesh be not tainted with the musk, It may be a lack of care in preparation that has given rise to the impression that alligator meat is too strong to be pleasant. 3 "In many parts of tropical America the vari ous species of crocodiles and caymans are said to be very abundant, so that if a means could be devised to preserve the flesh near the place where the animals are killed, a large supply of meat might be obtained." decreased lung capacity means less oxygen tO purify the blood, with a consequent Jowering of vitality and a strong tubercular tendency. "The lateral curve," Miss Brownell continued, "means not merely an ungraceful body, though. the chart in your hand tells its own story as to that. On the side affected hy the curve, all the internal organs will be smaller, because they are com: pressed and dwarfed. Naturally they ot func. tion properly. On the opposite side the organs will be stretched out of their proper position, and . will also function abnormally. : "The hollow back, with the consequent protrud- Ing abdomen, tilts all the abdominal organs for ward, and the resultant relaxing of the abdominal wall serves to increase the trouble. This is a fruitful cause of stomach disorder We want our girls to be beautiful, of course, but first they must be healthy. "Look at that second pose," she directed, hold- ing out another chart. "Do you see the slant at which that girl is standing? Her head and shoul ders are thrown so far back that hgr entire body is thrown off its centre of gravity and the weight not poised over the feet as it should be. Suppose that were a soldier! Load him with a 70-pound pack and you can imagine how far he could march with his weight so improperly distributed. "Here is & specimen of our record filed with the schematogram," added Miss Brownell, holding out a sheet of cardboard. i On one side, one ruled column contained the date, with age, weight and physical measurements of the subject. Another column held the personal history record, giving an account of the parents and a record of the subject's health. The reverse of the card showed the record obtained from the schematogram. The FLY in the WINTER HE United States bureau of entomology has | recently investigated the question of how the house fly spends the winter, and while the conclusions are to a certain extent purely nega tive, it is established that the iy may do-so ineither of two ways. There may be contin breeding throughout the winter in warm pl where both food and refuse material for oviposition are avail able; or survival from season to season may be in the larval and pupal stages, in or under large manure heaps. | : There Is no evidence to show that the house flv can or does persist as an adult from Novem- ber to April, either outdoors, in protected stables, in attics, or in heated buildings, Temperatures of 12 and 15 degrees Fahrenheit are quickly fatal, and there {8 reason to believe that anything below freezing is fatal if continued long enough. But individual longevity is not adequate to reaching over the winter in any event. TN If files find access in the autumn to heated bulldings where both food and media for deposi- tion are available, such as animal houses or restau rants in which attention is not given to the dis- poral of kitchen and garbage wastes, they will con- tinue breeding throughout the winter. In such cases theflies present in Match and April are the descendants, nog the survivors, of those which found their way to the place the preceeding fall. It is suggested that this method of overwinter ing is far more widespread than is realized, espe: clally in cities where the herdes of flies that ap- pear late in May indicate the presence of several such focl. Which method of overwintering is the more common cannot be deflnitely stated; but fit appears certain that only a small percentage of the larvae which are present in manure heaps in the autumn live through the winter and give rise to adults in the spring. Medley of LEGEND and FACT About CHRISTMAS token a hard and long winter, Bethlehem, Christ's birthplace, "The House of Bread." : An old bellef is that a Christmas bride will be fond of novelty and excitement. The Christmas "rose" is supposed to divine the events of the year if steeped In water on Christ: mas Eve, Churches used to be decorated at Christmas with rosemary, in special honor of the Virgin Mary. "Peace on earth; goodwill among men"! should, correctly translated, be, "Peace on earth among men of goodwill." Christmas feasting arose from a literal observ- ance of the fact that Chrigtmas Day, ecclesiastical- ly, is a great "feast" day. In the days when Christianity could enforce its will on people and princes, fighting was forbidden during Christmastide. ~ The "Wise Men" from the East who visited Christ, guided by a star, are stated to have been kings, and thelr names Melchior, Balthasar, and Caspar. : A N abundance of berried holly is sald to be means It 1s a very old tradition that it is extremely lucky to be born on Christmas Day. Food experts state that there is more nutriment in the Christmas plum pudding than in three times its weight of prime meat, The Scriptural record that Christ was "laid in a manger' is corroborated by the fact that mangers to this day are used as cradles in the East, One of the oldest names for Christmas in westeri christendom was "The Feast a ; hundreds of tapers and candles 3 ted in the churches. 1 ' "A picturesque medimval custom was to hang woodens hoop with candies in the chancels of churches at Christmas, in memory of the Star of Bethlehem. sfondi : ot As late as 1700, Ripon Cathedral brought, 'at Christmas, baskets of ar aters each The HOLY. LAND as a PARADISE for the WARMS of E birds visit Palestine In S vinter, and many there. The cranes, asin' Dante's fine line, still pass in winter "trailing their longdrawn line across the sky," and In the spring the voice of the turtle is heard in the land. The Holy land is appropriately a stronghold of the pigeon family; turtie-doves are found, the wood-pigeon comes in myriads in winter, and the common pigeon, the true dove of Scripture, is still abundant, both' wild and tame, t the ue] et : Beripture, to the spar- row-hawk. are a feature of the country. oy Ia the deep tropical Jordan valley we find a "port of aviary of real tropical birds whiclr Tound _ there a refuge from the lovely little sunbird, or species of gregarious thrush. Op the cost is found the great Indian fishing * So il # ® us owl, and among the rocks of Marsaba the monks have half-tamed the ¢ Sha'thonks