ftatc however difficult it m ay be to explain n what manner this heat is generated and confined in every department of nature our inquiries are terminated by ultimate fidts beyond which further refearch becomes vain the conftant generation and envflion of light from the furface of thefjn is more inexplicable and furprifing than the cmllmt generation of heat in the ceite f the planets but we cannot tcfufc ur ailnt to the fa though it is far beyond the power of the human mind to conceive by what means the particles of light are propelled through pace with fuch aftonifhin- velocity we are to apt to meafyc natural operations by their coincidence with the received fyftems of philofophy and to make our own igno rar ce the flandard of truth had all the volcanoes in the world been dormant for th 0 two thoufand years and were we only acquainted wrh their exillencc by the wunujg of ancient hiftorians we fhould diferedit tbefaand prove its impoflihdity by an appeal to ertabliflicd chemical prin cipals we fhould further accompany the proof wiih a pathetic lamentation over the credulity of former times thrdefeenc of itonea from the atmof- phere was denied during a longer period though the faft is now eflablifhed beyond all doubt this fivuld teach ns to be lefts confident in our own knowledge for there are dill rermininq more things in heaven and erth than are dreamed of in out philofophy admittm the exigence of central fire rt the earth it is not difficult to conceive that there may be determinate caufe by which itnntengty is incrcafed or diminifh- cd at ce tail- periods we knw little re- pefting the operation ofclesric or volui enrgyinthe laboratory of nature but from the exiilence of electric light at the pole we may infer that ekrie currents are pafllqg though the earth and are important agents in many fubterranea phenomena peihips the different bed f foek vrhick environ th globe may act like a icries of plates in the voltaic pile ind produce cffefta eommerforate w th their vai magnitude voltaic energy is nearly as far as the eye can reach and this plain is bounded on the vv s w and s s- w by the regions of the peak and on the e and n- e by a range of fteep perpendicular precipices and moun tains called by the spaniards las faldas m efcolar informed me that the wall could be traced for many leagues the whole circumference of which evidently formed the fide of an immenfe crater this tratt called las candles contains according to the fame authority twelve fquare leagues- as we enter it from the south weft there a 0 be teen fevtral declivities of lava and itrata broken inwards towards the plain and evidently a continuation of the abovementioued line of wall and the remains of the original crater the cone of vefuvius is thus partly encircled by the walls of a much larger crater of which mount somma formed one of the fides the other cxtinft craters and foflffrieres in the vicinity of naples are of immenfe iecompared with any that arc in an aftive hate- the magnitude of their opening mull have been commenfurate with the quantity of matter thrown out for the cratera themfelves are formed by the eruptions we cannot avoid the inquiry refpeing the ufe of thefts mighty agents in the eco nomy of nature were we to conlider volcanic craters merely as the vents for internal fires a further inquiry would arife refpeing the utility of thefe firea for we cannot fuppofe that the laws which govern the interior of our planet are not direded by the fame defign and ficill which are difpiayed in the external umverfe now the only inftances which we have of aitual rock formations in our own times are volcanic and when we confider the vail number and the magnitude ot extintt and caoable of fupperting the mod intenfe debtee pf heat without accefs to atmos pheric air even in vacuo and this for an indefinite time whatever origin we afcribe to fubtcrfa near fire there can be no doubt that it will make its way through the furface in thofe places where the incumbent rocks offer the lealt refinance or where they are moll fufible by the accefs of water to this fire the fudden evolution of fleam hydrogen gas and many phenomena of volcanic eruptions will admit of an cafy explanation mod of the active volcanoes being fituated near the fea or great lakes we may infer that water is in fome way rcceffuy to the production of volcanic phenomena boiling fountains and hot fprings may be claffed with volcanic phenomena for it can fcarcely be doubted that the geyfers in iceland which throw up columns of boiling water at intervals co the height oi feventy or eighty feet are occafioned by the fubterranean slc which extnd under that illand to the fame caufe mnft he afcrfhed the boiling fountains in th ifland of st mi chads one of the azores the ho fprings in the vicinity of the pyrenees and in italy and other parts of the word miy with much probability be fuppoied to have a fimilar fource of heat the unvaried equality of their temperature for centuries pioves tht this fource jits far below the agency of thofe caufes ivhi h operate on tjlc lonacc it iias been remaked that hot fprings are moil frequent in volcanic and bafakic cuntries though no aive volcano exids in the pyrenees a late writer who has defcrihed the geoloey of thefe mountain fays thai the hot fprings and frequent earthquakes in different parts or this chain offer proofs of the prefect operation of fubterranean fire the volcanoes in south america throw out water and mud and flones of enor- fflotls magnitude but for particular infor mation refpefling them i mnft refer the reader to the interefting defcriptions of humboldt to ulioas travels and molinas miftory of chili the craters of ancient volcanoes which can now be traced are many of them of far greater fize than any that are in prefent ac tivity the whole of the mountainous parts of quito according to humboldt may be confidered as one immenfe volcano occupying more than feven hundred fquare leagues of furface and throwing out flames by different cores known by the denominations of cotopaxi tungurahua end pichincha in like manner he adds the while gioupe of the canary iflands is placed as it were on one fuhmanrie volcano the fire forces a paffbge fometimes through one and fometimes by another of thefe ifland3 teneriffe alone contains h its centre an immenfe pyramid terminated by a crater and throwing out from one century to another lava by its flank in the other canary iflands the different eruptions take place in various parts and we no where find thofe ifolated mountains to which volcanic tffefts are retrained the bafalticcruft formed by ancient volca noes feems every where undermined and the currents of iava fen at lanztroteand palma remind us he adds by every geological affinity of the eruption which took place in 1301 at the lfie of ilchia amid the tufas of epimeo the hon mr bennet in his account of teneriffe dcicribes the appcaance of the whole plain on which the prefent cone j fituated as a vafl volcanic crater after furmouming the lower fides of the moun tain at length an immenfe undulated olam fprcads itfclf like a fan on all fide active volcanoes it will iot appear un- reafoille to fuppofe that they have been opera ivc in forming the original materials of which all the various beds and it at a that cover the globe weie cmpolcd and that thefe materials have been fucceffiveiy thrown out by aqueous and igneous erup tions in the different hates of lava fand and mud and alfo held in chemical folutiun or mechanical fufpenfion by water the fubflances emitted or cjefted from volcanoes are either folid fluid or volatile- among the full we ma mention mattes tfrock ejefted at the commencement of an eruption without being acled upon by fiie among the melted fubflances may be enumerated lava pumice and volcanic glafs lava is poured out of the crater or tides of a volcano and descends in currents of redhot liquid matter of a patty tenacious confillence like that of melted ore or flag from a furnace the quantity of lava ejected during a fingle eruption is fome times inconceivably great the current which flowed from yffena in 1669 is two miles in breadth fifteen miles in length and two hundred feet in depth it retains a portion of its heat to the prefent day ferrara fays that in 1 809 when this lava was perforated at catania flames broke out and it continued to fmoke at the fur face after rain at the beginning of the prefent century or 130 years after its eruption the following circumhacc communi cated to me by a very intelligent glafs- manufaurer evinces the difficulty with which heit pafies through vitreous fub- dances when the pot containing the melted glafa cracks in the furnace it is common to pour out the contents into water a mafsof melted glfift in this fituation will foon become rod and folid on the out fide but the internal parts will prelerve a red heat for four or five hours after and may be feen fhining through the water when the temperature of the out- fide of the gl a ft is but fenfibly warm foreign njv8 goober 24 alderman bridge ha been invefted as lord mayor of london a main ohjea of a large body of the reformers is the equal dtstrihution of prop erty on the- 1 3th of oct ii e the senator tatischoff arrived at paris as minister plenipotentiary from the emperor of all the russia whirl lessened the idea of a war that had faen agitated the emperor o ltussia has abolished the liberty of the press in poland a paris article rfoct 12 states that the vintage in lhekpartmebtofltflfctite manic and the produce surpassed the utmost expectatis- it difiscuh to know hat t do with the plentiful stock of wines the pfti r had sudden- iv hlcti ttd th jwmllesf embarrassment was experienced i ma of thcm ten additional fie piece hare been ordered into the dttfiwto england under the commanj of major general sir john hyng the kineof frr vas well on the s7tb of october orders have been giv en to suppress theluhs in france who prefers to be the fiends of the liberty of the pres the princess of v travelling under the title of count- oldi angela was still at lyons the french mhter of warissned or ders for ait the rejrnents of cavalry and corps of artillery nful engineers to be completed to theiill effective numbers sandt the muvrcr of kotzebue is said to have been carried to mentz the london copier of the 30th oct sa amons le niany rumour in circulation in the ty within tlre days isthii of a rhangeof ministry for which we venture to a theru is not the slightest foundntio- earl grosrenor has addressed a ltt- ler to the commitlf- for raising an addi tional armed force the county of ches ter refuting to raninbute to that object a lare meeting of reformers has been held at ituflwrglen scotland the re- sident wore iw cap of liberty and the emblem of revolution a myelins has also been lieen held t maachline the came to the meeting to the tune of the campbells are coming played on the bat pipes the park and tower uns were fired 01 the 2ti of october in london in honor of th king of england entering upon the 50th year of his reign being four years ungcr titan any other british sovereign cobbett uys that paine shall have a funeral tttctt miles tolig and fhat he shall he buried in st tariff clntrcl london hou natural ia arikfocrney a eoalili u rumored to be mi the tapi bftwcm ajiinvtera and the oren- ville party vlijcfrj it i supposed will be completed b for th riein of parlia ment and hat lihe only obstacle to a treat ii the rropie of iord livrpool and l frrenis on the point of catbeik emaiu ipatio 0i ivlimv riilif at the different metmings of he union societies of radi cal reformer in london and westmin ster he bui of mr hunt was publicly brok n to pi e5 and he was pronouuctd unworthy olheir future confidence and u revolutionary indications f women were organized by weifhaupt the german revolutionift into clubs fimilar 10 thofe of blackburn sfcckpoit c c see barruel and robiufon 2 women took pahl in the revolu tionary mobs in the reign of charles the firft as at the commencement of the french revolution and at manchefter see lord clarendons rebellion the reformers in ensndor as they now style themselves the radicals have prevailed upon the claymoulders to join their standard who have produced rad ical jug out of which nothing excuea- bte is to be drunk the jugs are deco rated v i tn the following lines 0 may the british rore rcvcrblow the soortish thistle never grow the jfrish harp cense to play till henry hunt has won the day the london courier proposes to edd the following couplet tu and may our champion find lets hope his jnst reward four feet of rope 9 a tf 1819 london 0t7 23 the whig lou prkine has again taken tip his pen in defence of the higs agatnfl the charges brought apainlt them by the reformers of not having gone the whole length of their views of the queftion after dating that his opinions have under gone no further alterations than is to the bell and molt probably fuccefcful means of effesing an unchangeable purpofe under circumilances that have changed his lordfliip fays u thofe among the whig who at any time fupported a reform in parliament have not that i know of departed from their declared opinions that an extenfion of the reprefcntation is moll dcgtablej and is a tuft expeclation on the part of ihe people but in myopinicn and fpeakinft for myfeif they never can rationally aft with thofe who defame them they ought forever to hand aloof from fuch reformers not from refentment not even from a decent pride however natural and juflifiablc but becaufethe defamation proves their views to be different and that these defamers aie fecking nothing like an improvement in the houfe of common by a wifely adjuftcd balance of repreferta- tion but on the cortay countenicting every profpcdl of it by claiming rights in defiance of the eflablifhed hws and to ft cad of promoting pettitn- encouraging their followers to revile the leginatute of their country his lordibip flrongly deprecates the bringing together fuch large aflemblies as have lately been held however loyal it may be to do lb and finally calls upon parlia ment to avail itself of the prefent crifii to extend the eleflive franehifc without altering the charaw of tfc houfe o commons as the heft mean of quieting the errors of fedh in ivhs wjuw be from a liverpool paper female reformers in 1641 previ ously to the civil war in 1641 a petition was presented to the house of commons by certain females asserting that if proper remedies for the public miseries were longer suspended the petitioners would be forced to extremities not fit to he named and adding hat neces sity has no law and they had nothing to lose but their lives sec macauhs history of england the order of pe tition i remarkable first came a pe tition from young men then one from taadermen and manufacturers third from porters and a fourth from gentle women tradesmens uircs e- the close of mr pyms reply to the female reformers of that day is rither curious w we exhort you to return to your own bouses and tuir yoir tptiumi wbirli you hare delivered here into prayers at home for us we have been and shall be to the utmost of our power ready to relieve you your husbands and your chil dren to discharge the trust committed to us and perform ourduty to god our kins and our country as becomes faith ful christians and fajal subjects majesty make war for it it he pleases the spanish people will be delighted if he should it would be the harbinger nf peace and freedom to them in three months afterwards u october 20 have just time to dve you the contents of my madrid let- tersof the 15th they confirm my sug estionsas to the probable time ol the de parture of general veres the new minis ter for washington u gen v says my correspondent was lately appointed to the expedition at cadiz in the room of sarsfield removed and is somewhere in andalusia of course he will have to go through a long quarantine before he can enter madrid then he w ill require some time to be instructed in the business he is going upon for he knows notlringabout our country or the nature of the dispute lie may also expect some detention to ct money for his outfit and then he has to obtain an absolution fur h sins the blessing of his confessor against the perils of a foreign and distant service the protection of the holy inquisition and the fellowship of the pope- so that up on the most moderate calculation he will not be in readiness to embark beforenext 77r btitvs nn j gentiecms fond of field on leaving home for church ua followed bj his lad who had charge of hi o who informed his mas ter hat the tad of the dogs waseshnost- ed tm4 that tiie nnimaii would starve ami requested to raow whal was to be done mr 15 who was vexed in b- ing addressed at such 60 unseasonable time in nn angry lone evclaimed l ilang the dogs the lad bade nn reply but re turned to the houss and carried the or der info execution on mr bs return from church he hrheld his brace of grey hounds and a hush of the best spaniels in dursetbhiie hangingdead in his sta bles among the reports of a chaneof min isters in england lord colchester is na med as the successor of lord sidmouth sierra leone has oeen remarkably un healthy the past reason almost every person in the cooy having been sick natives is well as coropeans one of the gold nuff boxes manufac- tured in ivigland iecoruted witji a min- intme of lie prine- regmlt in enamel studded with brillhtits of the first water and presented by itfder of the british go- verunieut to the srvereigns and princes assembled at vienii in the hands of a jeweller at 15rusls for sale a house in london had offmed 650 pounds for it a london kditor i anxious to know which branch oi tp holy alliniicerotld treat he present f the prince regent with so much indignity r nccefltuily fifert when their oph of punflhej bv th sta chamber the london coiricr of the 20thgives us the following revolutionary coinci dences 1 harrifon a fawtxal treacher ex ecuted at tyburn rr high treafon in the reign of charles tlufirfi 2 burdett sf thomas executed for hghtrcafon in the reign of edward the third g cochrane john arrefied for high treafon in the reign of william the third 4 cobbett areprle and cobler turned foldier and became colonel executed for high treafon in the reign of charles the second- 5 wolfey sir charles a reforming puritan and revolt who headed a deputation to rflcr jrornwell the crown 6 cartwrigbt t puritanical reformer for a libel from the norfolk herald dec 4 tfrem spain hy the hornet we have received late advices from spain through the politeness and attention of a friend in that quarter extracts of which we give below a few days ago we announced with confidence the existence of a secret treaty between spain and gmat britain which stipulated for the transfer of the florida to the latter it will be seen from what follows hat such a treaty was ncgociuted buf lie our ovn not ratified jetober the dh c the post from mad id is just anived my letters are y the pith informing me that on the th the any limited by mr forsyth for the fipal determination of the king as to signing the tieaty the spanish secretary of state mrde his answer to the demand of our minister in the following pithy and genteel terms that ii m adhe red to his former resolution of appointing an ambassador to he united states where his objections to the treaty would be made known and as his powers would embrace every object he would of course hear what the president had to say but line 11 m would not ratify the treaty this is plain english and for spanish diplomacy pretty short and terse capt read left madrid the 131b mr forsyth is to remain there until he receives further orders the marestlial de campo don francisco dionisio vesis named a envoy extraordinary tothe united states on this occasion and it is believed he will accept the office and set out on his mission some of these days i have the treaty of 1814 between england ani spain which i mentioned to ou but discover that it was never rat- ficd hy which party i know not here now we are set on a curious enquiry to find out under zebrd treat jj the foreign enlistment bill of the last parliament was made necessary tnthi treaty of 1m4 there were secret articles the onlj important one of which was that england should not allow supplies or assistance to be afforded to the revolted colonies in south america out this treaty was not ratified of course created no obligation for england to adopt such a measure then what treaty has been made since and what reeompencc does england get from spain for the foreign enlbtment bill so manifestly against her interest as regards her relations with spain and her colonies this mystery will be developed soon it is said the government of spain had the modest to request of captain read in madrid to give a passage to a minister to the united states and the 1 fill greater modesty to require that the united states shall not now or at any time hereafter acknowledge any of the revolted colonies of south america as independent states c perhaps a premature report that mr forsyth demands his passports if the treaty is not accepted he will probably remain to receive orders from his government after the meetingof con- gress- if their resolutions will have no effect on spain they have only one alter native left besides an open declaration of war take all the territory you have con- tmuydfor to the colorado or the rio del nortcpiy your citizens for spanish spoliations c as lib rally as circum stances will justify and let his catholic summer tha t ts lo gay if he ac eepts lie appointment which he may not do three others of equal distinction bavirg alrea dy refused it he may poss arrive at washington about the time the rep resentatives from florida arrirc thete w take their seats in congress u the spaniards are not to fe driven out of their own way of doing things and so long as our government content themselves with xcordr in whatever lan guage they may be couched we shall ne ver make any thing of them the same discord prevails in the councils of spain amongst he present ministers as before the duke n fer- nandos appointment aed some think al ready that tiie duke wont retain his sit uation many days longer th nothing is talked of here but the en- trance of the new queen and the royal marriage which is ro be celebrated the gist the affairs of america can never be compared with the po- session of a rib bon or a star and e shall probablyhear no more about the matter till we are ag ain roused cither by despatches or some- thins more effective from washington u we have all eyes open for the pea cock the commodore with his squad ron waits her arrival and immediately afterwards the erie capt stockton will sail for america 41 accounts from cadiz represent tie mortality by ihe fever still at 100 per day but great hopes are entertained that the cool weather now set in will destroy it a letter of the i ilh oct from a friend in madrid in whose intelligence veracx ty and means of information entire con fidence may be placed contains the foi- lowing article which if to be reduce to conviction mot denounce spain as an outlaw in the eyes of nations and to the rights of diplomacy and justify us in any measures of redress which would be pur sued even against the algrincs u it i the d termination of the jorernment c spain in case the united states touch florida as ihey most certainly will and that very soon too to make reprisals on their commerce to do this with effect that government has adopted a plan to encourage tfre english french c tn fit out vessels and put them under the spanish flag in spanish names c we shall 5ee how thh proposition tdies ftflf in the mean time the above may be relj ed on comment is unnecessary on thfe point even if it be proved that the spanish government have dreamed of such a scheme at th time enquiry is now on foot jean baptise arimerdi r been ap pointed vice president of the republic of venezuela in the place of the hon francis antonio zea resigned aris mendi has issued a proclamation which declares fhat in consideration of the ex boosted state of the national treasury and to meet the necessary expenses of war that hereafter all hides of black cattle whoever may be their owners are declared to belong to the state n k d advt a crystal summer house furetim has given a description of a curious sum merhouse invented for the king of siam the description was transmitted to him by a friend who has had the lienor of a seat in it the king of siam has in one of his country palaces a most singular pai illioo the tables the chairs the closets c are all composed of chrysta the walls the ceiling and the floors are formed of pieces of plate glass of about an inch thick and six feet square so nicely uni ted by a cement which is as transparent as glass itself thai the most subtile water cannot penetrate there is but one door which shuts so closely that it is as im penetrable to the water as the rest of this singular building a chinese engineer has constructed it thus as a certain reme dy against the insupportable heat this pavillion is twenty eight feet in length and seventeen in breadth it is placed in the midst of a great basin paved and ornamented uith marble of various col ors they fill this basin with water ia ftboat a quarter of an hour and itisemp- tied as quickly when you enter the pavillion the door is immediately closed and cemented v ith mastick to hinder the water from entering it is then they open the sluices and this great basin is soon filled with vater which is even suffered to overflow the land o that the pavil lion is entirely under water except the