kingston niciie nec rege nec populo sed utroque vol 12 saturday october23 1s0 no 17 literature original for the chronicle points in history gregory vii among his vast ideas of ag grandizement first formed the project of uniting the nations of cbrislian europe a- gainst the mahometans and of recovering palestine from the hands of the infidels intending himself to lead the christian ar my and desiring henry iv emperor of germany to serve as a volunteer a pro ject so wild and extravagant that nothing but the spirit of the times religion and valour can save the memory of its author from the charge of madness yet there is little doubt but gregory would have put his schemes into practice had be not quar relled with the emperor henry this ex traordinary enterprise was urged into effect by a far meaner instrument peter the her mit a man whose head was as weak as bis imagination waswarm a prevailing opi nion that the millenium was at hand also tended greatly to increase the excitement whicb at that time induced so many persons to undertake a pilgrimage to jerusalem maoy relinquished tbeir wealth and families to hasten to the holy land where they ima gined the lord jesus would suddenly ap pear to judge the quick and the dead these pilgrims although disappointed in una expectation of the day of judgment beheld with grief the holy sepulchre and other places which had been blessed by the presence of the saviour in the hands of the infidels and ibis coinciding with their still half believed advent of the lord filled europe with alarm and indignation ah who returned from palestine exaggerated the dangers they bad run and the cruelty of the turks who said these pilgrims of the cross not only profaned tho sepulchre of the lord by their presence but derided ihe sacred mysteries in the very place of their completion whilst ihe minds of men were- thus in flamed a fanatical monk peter the her mit a picardiao revived the project of gregory for uniting the christian arms a- gainst the infidel and of driving thom out of the holy land returning from a pil grimage to the east peter brought with him letters from ihe patriarch to the pope and the amhassadors of the greek empe ror alexius comnenus represented to the council at placentia the imminent dan gers which might bo apprehended from the infidel tyrants the pope afterwards m b pwhwhi nlftiftnfj firpm fhrwftrri this fanatic scheme peter the hermit with sandals on his feet and a rope round his waist and with an immense concourse of idle aod undisciplined vagabonds and banditti following his footsteps set forth for palestine the great leaders of theday conceiving that such a concourse of un disciplined and lawless followers must bring on defeat had urged the early departure of these misguided people who after a long tedious and disorderly march reached the city of nice where they were destroy ed by thesoldan having committed great devastations as they passed through hun gary bohemia c a shortly after the departure from europe of that unfortu nate host of victims to devoted zeal the regular army under the command of god frey de bouillon the couut de verman- dors robert duke of normandy ste phen count de blois raymond count de thoulouse and tancred the accom plished norman prince embarked the whole of this army when mustered upon the plains of bithynia were compared by the greek princess anna to leaves of the trees or tbe sands of ihe sea for multi tude the knights and their martial at tendants amounted to 300000 fighting men armed with the helmet and the coat of mail they took nice twice defeat ed the sultan solyitian besieged and took antioch and after many dangers at length laid siege to jerusalem which at the end of forty days they took by storm putting the garrison and inbabiiants to the word without distinction or mercy arms says an elegant historian pro tected not the brave nor submission the timid no age or sex received mercy infants perished by the same sword that pierced their mothers the streets of hi- erusalem were covered with heaps of slain and the shrieks of agony resounded from every house 6 will it be believed that these triumphant warriors when glut ted with slaughter threw aside their arms yet streaming with blood aod advanced with naked feet and bended knees to tbe a see maimhourg histoiic des croisades anoo domini 1095 6 anno domini 1000 sepulchre of the prince of l peace and that they there sang anthems t p deemer who had purchased u salva tion by his death and thatw tq tho calamities of their fellow crcaturesi they shed tears for the suftci e t i rings ot the messiah c so inconsistent r nature with itself and so easj i ily as is re marked by humedoes the mo stefleminate superstition associate both wi heroic courage and with the bar barity the consequence of the faff of jerugft lem was the crowning of go- kine of jerusalem and thus in the r 1099 ended the first crusade having fully detailed the y ces of the first crusade it wilj a r not be ne cessary to give more ihan a i gance at those whicb succeeded it f vhich it will be our duty to make c r j ime few re flections upon the whole and dismiss tbe subject the second crusade was udierraken forty eight years after the fall of j at the instigation of st bero io the year 1147 by conrad iii emp of ger many and louis vii of frao fml an army of 400000 men of wv j40 000 were mailed knights after acricj of misfortunes the second cru endej with a fruiilcss siee of damascg j na the third crusade conducted r the lionhearted king of en against the no less illustrious sajadin is a nnrpal so replete with romantic ioterol j wildest and most glowing fiction has less to arouse the attention ot the young bri ton than has tho history of the renowned and cherished hero of ascalon- his his tory after leaving palestine if any reliance may be placed upon the history of the troubadours was even moreexcitingnnd interesting than the narrative of his great glorious and magnanimous career in the east who has not heard the tale of tbe gentle blondel which if as it is supposed is fictitious must have had some founda tion io reality and truth even thougb it were but in richards devotion to tho gen tle craft of minstrelsy a circumstance so credible to humanity might almost be ta ken as fact with even loss to support its veracity aod here ngain as it will be our duty presently we must remark with exultation that tho noblest bravest and most successful warriors of tho cross were richard and edward of england about this time the various ordersof knighthood attained the zenith of their power pride and criminality the chief were the templars tho teutonics and he knights hospitallers the fourth crusade was undertaken by baldwiu couut of flanders in 4qaa the fifth crusade was nnlg by simon demontfurtat the sigllion 0 in nocent iii against the albige ro by the king of hungary agaip which latter ended in the defea aq jj grace of the christiaof the sixth and seventh the wore both undertaken by st louis uut w out the slightest success the emperor frederic of gg in 1229 undertook an expedition gainst tbe saracens which was eminently successful but it is with honest pride we lnc glories of edward tbe 1st and tj 0o al a time when the armies of frao enc0ud tered defeat and disgrace aftc p tie of evesham where the ear 0 l terwas killed aod henry iii pre5erv from death by the valour of f ed ward the affairs of england were p ly settled but the valiant you pj urged on by a thirst for military ren0 undertook an expedition to palesf wnere he signalised himself by many fl 0 vn lour and struck the saracens w j 8ucn terror that they hired an assasaj l0 mur der him the ruffian stabbed me young warrior in the arm hut paid for n teme rity with bis lite the great aif g deeds of this heroic young p in the holy land revived the awe aujj venera tion the infidels had formerly f for the british sword when wielded b lne con quering arm of caur de lion ad nere again britain has cause te be 0 her offspring that the crusades should h p disastrous and unfortunate caq cau8e us much surprise the leaders rever pro- fitting by the errors of their pre nor should the remoteness of palestine from europe aud the baneful nature ofits climate be disregarded these wars display in the strongest light the influence of the church an iofluence whicb the student must not fail 0 traco out the great privileges granted by the popes to the crusaders may a great measure account fo the lon continuance e vortot hist des orrr de malty tome 1 of this spirit of adventure which must have actuated all classes the of fer aud promise of complete indulgence and full pardon of all crimes held out an opportunity to the profligate which was eagerly embraced of following a profession which placed war conquest and plunder in the list of activo duties and virtues the warriors of the cross were called crusaders or croises from the cross which they wore 00 their shoulder io gold silk or cloth in the first crusade all were red in the third the french alone pre served that colour the flemings adopted greem and the english white from the sera of the crusades may be traced the diffusion of various kinds of knowledge and hence arose a succession of causes which contributed to introduce order and improve ment into society judea or the holy land was the highest object of veneration to tbe christians of those ages there had livej the son of god his holy se pulchre was preserved at jerusalem and as a degree of veneration approaching to idolatry was annexed to this consecrated place a visit to it was considered as the roost meritorious service which could be paid to heaven these zealous pilgrims were long exposed to the insulting extor tions and cruelty of the infidels when per forming their pious task but at length their complaints roused the europeans t at tempt the redemption of palestine from the despotic sway of the crescent the crusades according to hume are the most durable mooufpents of human folly perhaps it may so still those armed multitudes corrupt and extrava gant as they appear to have been could never bavo obtained the object of their destination had they pot exercised the greatest courage and de courage aod devotion were the palest virtues of a former age piety and magnanimity may be the greatest virtues of ou own but to place ourselves in the situation of these men they saw the lahtl which had been blessed by the footsteps pf a merciful sa viour polluted by the tre of tho infidel his unassuming followcr8 trampled upon and outraged in witnessingnjeh scenes and acting as they were irijuced to do the crusaders only submitted to the same as sociations of feeling wfcwh exist in our common naturo and h as impossible for us now as it wns for formerly to behold without vcnerati9 nnu suc scenes and such movements to us runnemede has featf of attraction beyond its hills and wp palestine is not a common land tf jerusalem a common city far indep i nature from teaching us to think sp could we be sure that the objects wfffeb f 9w8d touched were indeed tho real crowo of thorns and tho real cross the instru ments of our saviours passion we should sink down in veneration before them and exteod the voluotary sacrifico of our hearts it would not be tbe idolatry of reason but it would be a natural effusion of admiration and awe it is only the ex cess to which these feelings were permitted to reach and the extravagant direction which they followed that we can justly condemn not virtuo and religion qualities so respected that we are willing to allow them what ourcold reason would be inclined to withhold who can easily escape from the infatuation which is thrown round all these scenes and subjects the hoary pilgrims and the red cross knights claim attention and respect aod it is not without pain we turn to the deaths and misery which attended the histories of such times it is from an attentive peru sal and close research into the history of the limes alluded to in these three prelimi nary essays that we shall find ihe mode of turning to use the study of history by this we shall learn the causes that have occasioned the present superiority of eu rope over the rest of the world and by this we learn above all the deplorable na ture and effects of feudal ignorance and learn to appreciate the raeritof every roan and of every set of men who endeavoured to contribute something to the dispersion of it and to the improvement of the human race in kuowledge happiness and virtue the books to which the student is refer red for this subject are gibbons decline and fall vol 8 c 59 c robertsons charles the v vol 1 and humes england vol 1 aud 2 tho authorities used id con structing this paper in addition to the above are vie de greg vii matthew paris hist maj jvi westra hcuricus humlingd lib vi maimhourg hist des croisades tome 1 virtot hist des che va- liers de malte tome 1 brisgelins knights of malta tho student will derive an in crease of knowledge from an attentive per usal of ivnnhue and when on the subject of the holy land an hour should be devoted to the purusal of palestine a poem by re ginald honor bishop of calcutta selected the scottish exiles song air the banks o cayu dy thomas princle by the lone mancazanas margin grey a heartsick maiden sung and mournfully potird her melting lay in scotlands border tongue o ton ny grows the broom on blaikla knowes jlnd the birk in lcrdan vale jlnd green are the hills o the milkwhite eiaes by the briery banks o cayle here brieht nrc the skies and these ralleys of bloom may enchant the travellers eye but all seems drcst in deathlike gloom to the exile who comes to die o bonny grows the broom fyc far round and round spreads the howling waste where the wild beat roams at will and yawning cleuchs by woods embraced where the savage lurks to kill o bonny grew the broom fyc full oft oer tcviots uplands green my fond dreaming fancy strays but i soon wake to weep mid thedceolate scene that scowls on my aching gaze o bonny grows the broom c i wake with a withering heart nor find a hand to bring relief forlthc proud cold eye of power unkind but mocks our mortal griefc o bonny grows the broom r ob light light is povertys lowliest slate on scotlands peaceful strand compared with the hear broken oxuttia fac fa this wild and weary end o bonny grows the oroftm from the sailors magazine the refugee proji the massa cre in bcio 18 emersons tourhb jf frigate the the following day a strong beadwind de tained us till evening betj through the straits of scio aod alternately tacking from the woodeo shore to the opposite coast of chfsme and asimioor the view 00 either shiro is splendidly beautiful but 00 both tfie association ol memory cast a feeling of disgust over eve ry object we could not leek on the verdant hills of scio without a juddering recol lection of the slaughter which had so late ly stained them whilst the opposite ande- qually beautiful const wh alike detestable as the home of its perpetrators bat whilst the scene was anything but a pleasing one thero vtri one iodividual on board our vessel to whom the signs of this devoted island seemed to summon up the most heartrendering reflections this was a young greek lady of twenty- two or twentythree years of age a native of scio a witness tails massacre and a destitute exile iu conseqnence of the mur der of her family she was now on her way with us to smyruain order to place herself under the protection of a distant re- ktive tthom fmt imped though fftiotty to find still surviving she sat all day upon the deck watching with wistful eyes the shores of her native island at every ap proach which our vessel made towards it she seemed straining to recognise some scene that had once been familiar or per haps some now deserted bouse that had once been the shelter of her feieuds aod when on the opposite tack e again near- ed the turkish coast she tutmed her back on its hated hills to watch nhc retreating shore of her desolated home i had not beeo aware ofter beiog on board as her national retiring habits had prevented her approaching upon deck dur ing the early part of the voyage but as she drew near scio feelings seemed to over- coma educatino aud prejudice and she sat all day beneath the awningno satiate her self with gazing aud with necollcction towards evening we drew near the ruined town built on the sea shore t tbe foot of a wooded hill which had hren the site of the ancient city of scio itshouses seem ed all roofless and deserted while the nu merous groups of tall and graceful cyprcs- ces which rose amidst their coutrasted sadly with the surroundiug desolation all was solitude aod silence wo could not discern a single living creature 00 the beach whilst from the shattered frrtress 00 the shore the bloodred flag of nahomet wa ved iu crimson pride over lb scene of its late barbarous triumph at sunset the wind chanced we pas sed the spalmadores and ipsara and rounding the promontory of krytheca eo- tercd the hay of smyrna is we caught the last glimpse of scio the ao fortunate la dy pointed out the remains of a house tow ards the north of the town which had been her fathers it was now in ruins and as clearly as we could disccru appeared to be of large dimensions and situated on one of the most picturesque points of the is land her name she said was kalerdji and her father had beeo ono of the commission ers for collecting the revenue of the sultan from the gummastics of the island ou the breaking out of the revolution in the morea strong apprehensions of a similar revolt to scio wore enicrtainod in the di van and a number of the most distioguish- ed greeks of the island were selected to bo sent to constantinople as hostages for the loyalty of the remainder amongst these were her father and her only brother her self her mother aod two elder sisters be ing left alono in scio tranquillity conti nued undisturbed in the isfaod for more than a year though the accounts of tbe rei terated successes of the moreots were daily stirring up the energies of the inhabitants whose turbulenco was suppressed only by the immediate dread of the turkish garri son in the genoese fortross on tho beach the only strong hold in scio one evening however a squadron of three vessels manned with samians en tered the harbour attacked the uosuspect- iug garrison and aided by the lowest rab ble of the town succeeded in despatching the guard and taking possession of the fortress but the deed was done without calculation and could be productive of no beneficial result the fort was untenable and on the almost immediate arrival of tho ottoman fleet a capitulation without a blow ensued the news brought by the hostile arma- meni was the instant execution of the ill- fated hostages the moment the accounts of the revolt bad reached the poite over whelmed with grief for the loss of their on ly and dearlyloved protectors the family of the kalerdji spent the few intervening days in poignant but vain regret and in the seclusion of their bereft mansion knew nothing of what was passing in the town where whilst the greeks were occupied in supplications and submission to the captain pacha and the turks in false protestations nf forgiveness aud amity the troops of the sultan disembarked at tho fortress at length the preparatioos for slaughter were completed and the work of death com menced it was on the evening of tho third day from tbe arrival of the turkish admiral that tho family of the wretched being who lives to tell the tale descried the flames that rose from the burning mansions of their friends and heard in the calm si lence of iwilicht ihe distant deathscream of their wi etched townsmen while a few flying wretches closely pursued byibeirin- furiate murdorers told them but too truly of their impending fate as one of tbe most important in the valley their family was among the first marked out for murder and ere they bad a moment to think of precaution a party of turkish soldiers be set tbe bouse which afforded but few re sources for refuge or coocealment from a place of imperfect security tbe distracted ihrosine was an involuntary witness to tho death of her wretched sis ters aggravated by every insult and indig nity suggested by brutality and crime whilst her frantic mother was stabbed upon the lifeless corpses of her violated offspring satiated with plunder the monsters left tho bouse in search of farthervictims whilst she crept from her hidingplace to take a last farewell of her butchered parent and fly for refuge to tho mountains she had scarcely dropped a tear over tho immolat ed remains of all that was dear to her aod mado a step towards the door when she perceived afresh party of demons already at the ihrcshhold too late to regain her place of refuge death with all its aggra- vaicd horrors seemed now inevitable till on tho momcot she adopted a plan she flew towards tho heap of slaughter smear ed herself witb tho still oozing blood of her mother and falling 011 her face beside her she lay motionless asldcath the turks entered tho apartment but fiiiltn ilich raoi umicipateo were again departing when one of them perceiving a brilliant sparkling ring on the finger of phrosioe returned to secure it he lifted the apparently lifeless hand and attempted to draw it off it had however been too dearly worn it was the gift of her aflian- ccd husband and hud tarried till it was now only to be withdrawn from the finger by an effort the turk however made but quick work after in vain twisting her de licate hand in every direction to accomplish his purpose he drew a knife from the girdle and commenced slicing off the flesh from the finger this was the last scene she could remember it was midnight when she awoke from tho swoon into which her agony and her effort to conceal it had thrown her when she lay cold aud be numbed surrounded by the clotted streams of her inst loved friends necessity now armed her with energy no time was left for consideration and day wnuld soon be breaking she rose aod still faint with terror aod the loss of blood flew to a spot w hero the valuables of the house had been secured disposing of the most portable about her person she took her way to the mountains she pointed out to us the cliff where she had long lain concealed and the distant track by which she bad gained it through a path at every step impeded hy the dead or dying remains of her fellowcountrymen by the time she imagined the tide of ter ror had flowed past when she no longer ob served from her lofty refuge the daily pur suits and murder of the immolated sciots and when she saw the ottoman fleet sail from the harbour beneath its crimson pen non now doubly tinged with blood she descended with her fugitive companions to the opposite shore of the island here af ter waiting many a tedious day she suc ceeded iu getting on board an austrian ves sel tbe master of which engaged to land her at hydra in return for the quantity of jewels and gold which she had been able to reserve she reached the island in safety where she had now remaioed for nearly two years but finding or fancying her various bene factors to bo weary of their charge she was now going to seek eveu in the land of her enemies a relation who bad been living at smyrna but whom sbo knew not if she should still find surviving or fallen by tbe sabre of the common enemy her tale was told with tho calm compo sure of oftrepeated and longcootemplated grief she shed no tear iu its lelatioo she scarcely heaved a sigh over her sorrows she seemed young as sbo was to have al ready made her alliance with misery slio had now she said but one hope left and if that should fail she bad only death to look to it is a melancholy reflection that this is but one instance from thousands of woes perhaps doubly aggravated arising from the fate of scio the inhabitants were the most delicate refined and luxuri ous of the east and it is calculated that- from thirty to fifty thousand fell during the three days massacre from the new york enquirer west india trade wo give below tho presidents procla mation opening the ports of this country to british vessels trading to british colo nies the following remark accompanies its publication by the j s telegraph we have the gratification of laying be fore our readers the presidents proclama tion mado in pursuance of the arrangement entered into with the britrttr government relative to this important branch of our commerce those who are familiar with tbe subject will see and when the official correspondence is published it will ap pear that the terms upon which this im portant negociation ha been concluded were twice unsuccessfully proposed by tbe late administration by tte president of the united states of america a proclamation whereas by an act of the congress of the united states passed en the twenty- ninth day of may one thousand eight hun dred and thirty it is provided that when ever the president of the united states shall receive satisfactory evidence that the government of great britain will opon the ports in its colonial possessions ia the wen indios on the continent of south ameri ca the bahama islands the caicos and tbe bermuda or somer islaoffs to the ves sels of the united states for an indefinite or a limited term that the vessels of the united states and their cargoes cm enter ing the colonial ports aforesaid shall not bo subject to other or higher duties of ton nage or impost or charges of any other description than would be imposed on bri tish vessels or their cargoes arriving in tho said colonial possessions from tbe united states that the vessels ef tho united states may import io the said colonial possessions from tbe united states any ar ticle or articles whicb could be imported ia a british vessel into the said possessions from the united states and that the ves sels of tho united states may export from the british colonies aforementioned to- any country whatever other than tbe do minions or possessions of great britain any articles that can be exported there from io a british vessel to any country o- tbor tban the british dominions or posset sions aforesaid leaving all commercial intercourse of the united states with all o- tber parts of the british dominions or pos sessions on a footing oot less favourable to the united states thao it now is that then and in such case the president of tbe united states shall be authorized at any time before the next session of congress to issue his proclamation declaring that he has received such evidence and that thereupon and from tbe date of suchprp- cfamationtbe ports of tha uahed hiafcs shall be opened indefinitely or for a term fixed as the ca6 may bo to british ves sels coming from the said british colonial possessions and their cargoes subject to no other or higher duty of tonnage or impost or charge of any description whatever than would be levied on vessels of the united or their cargoes arriviog from the said bri tish possessions and that it shall be lawful for the said british vessels to import into the united states to and export therefrom any article or articles whicb may be im ported orexported io vessels ef the united states and that the act entitled an act concerning navigation passed on the eighteenth day of april one thousand eight hundred and eighteen an act supple mentary thereto passed the fifteenth day of may one thousand eight hundred and twenty and an act entitled an act to regulate the commercial intercourse be tween tho united states and certain bri tish ports passed on tho first day of march one thousand eigbt hundred and twenty- three shall in such case be suspended or absolutely repealed as the case may re quire and whereas by the said act it is further provided that whenever the pom of tbe united states shall have been open ed under the authority thereby given bil- tish vessels aod their cargoes shall be ad mitted to an entry in the ports of the unit ed states from the islands provinces or colonies of greatbritain 00 or near tho north american continent and north or east of tbe united states and whereas satisfactory evidenco has- been received by the president of the unit ed states that whenever he shall givo ef fect to the provisions of the act aforesaid the government of great britain will opra for an indefinite period the ports io ms co lonial possessions in tbe west indies on the continent of south america the baha ma islands the caicos and the bermuda or somer islands to the vessels of tho united states and their cargoes upon iho terms and according to tbe requisitions of the aforesaid act of congress now therefore i andrew jackson president of the united states of america do hereby declare aod proclaim that such evidence has been received by me and that by the operation of tbo act of con gress passed on tho twentyninth day of may one thousand eight huodred and thir ty the ports of the uaited states are from the date of this proclamation open to bri tish vessels coming from tho said british