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~ Farm Drainage - Cl mk kk within 24 hours from the surface of Sn rm ens ' THE DRYDEN OBSERVER, jr The drainage of farm lands should; receive increased attention. Many farms and even whole districts are not as fertile and roductive as they would be if drained. A 'drainage system is essential in this humid, temperate zone of heavy rainfalls. Fortunately throughout the greater part of East- ern Canada theere is adequate natural dranage. The land is rolling 'or hilly. The surface formation is more or less porous and water, even after the heaviest rains of summer, disappears the soil. ; There are many farms that have fairly good natural drainage, but not sufficient to remove the water quickly} Sifter heavy rains or spring freshets. These can usually be greatly improv- ed b ya system of surface drains in- cluding the plowing of fields in lands so that each dead furrow may be a drain with 'a definate outlet. i that the natural drainage cannot be i] derdrainage. A soil is frequently cold and wet on account of an impervious subsoil, Other soils are of very little sini fm agricultural value because of seepage. The tile drainage.of such as these is a valuable permanent improvement to the farm. It will enable the farmer to seed his crop earlier-and to grow healthier and much larger crops. It will be better than insurance against drought and spring frosts. It will in- crease profiits; save valuable fertiliz- ing ingredients from being washed from the surface of the soil. Tor any drainage work a sketch or map is esdential. On placed the data obtained from a survey of the surface of the farm, contours marked and drains located; than it served: as a premanent record and will save time and labour in future drain- age Measurements marked on the map from these to the underdrains. In laying out systems of tile it is important to keep the slope or fall as uniform as possible. It should not be less than 2-nches per 10-feet, and where changed suddenly a slit basin should be built. Three-inch tile is the it should be 'sions to i | 4 governed largely by the depth at which they are laid. Much tile has been laid from 2% to three feet below the surface. The present tendency /is to lay tile shallower. At these depths for field crops it is usually found neces sary, others can be laid between mak- ng them 50-feet apart. ; The efficiency of all drains depends largely upon a satisfactory outlet. It must be large enough for the purpose and be low enough to drain the tile dry when they are flowing. J. A. CLARK, Supt. s Dom. Experimental Farm Charlottetown, P.E.L - ALCOHOLIC INSANITY IS : INCREASING IN NEW YORK New York, May 12---While admis- state hospitals of persons suffering from mental diseases due to alcohol decreased from 583 in 1910 - to 226 last year, according to the re- port of the state hospital commission., smallest profitable size, and as the 'There as been a steady increase in al- Heavy soils and lands that lie so volume of gathered water increases so coholic cases from the low mark of the tile should be increased until the ;122 in 1920. Drugs are not a prom- eacily determined usually require un- main drain for a twenty - acre field } inent cause of mental disease, the re- having a fall of 5 inches per hundred port states, only twenty- six drug feet should be laid with 6 inch tile. cases being listed among the 7,015 The distance between tile drains is patients admitted last year. SEE ES Te Se "ouble-Ender and Driver. {n the passing of Charles Clarke at his Toronto home, the Canadian Pacific lost one of its oldest locomotive engineers. In the pioneer days of Canadian railroads, the late Mr. Clarke used to drive an old wood-burning engine known as a double-ender, and the engine on which he made his first run 48 engineer on the Canadian Pacific is shown above. : _iarted railroading at the age of eighteen with the old Midland line, joining the company from whose «service he was retired about twelve years after, we He was born in England 76 years ago amd