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I'lisiiuiisiiiiimflis." WHAT ARE THEY? Observations and [Deductions or Scientists Concerning the Display of Aurora Borcalls. “’e have had recentlyseveral magnificent displays of Aurora Borealis, and a brief reference to our present knowledge of this phenomenon will be interesting. As the movement of the aurora, as most frequently seen in the northern hemisphere, seems to orginate in the northern regions it is most commonly known as aurora berea- lis, a name signifiying the Northern Dawn, and more popularly still the phenomenon is known as the “Northern Lights." There is also a phase of aurora called Aurora Australia, or the Southern Dawn. In times not very remote the appearance of the aurora was regarded as the precursor of war, pestilence and famine, and of course a formulated a. means of calculating few coincidences strengthened such super- stition. With this view, howover, I need not deal in this practical age. “has are these Northern Lights ?â€"is a. much more pertinent question than, “What do the NorthernlLights portend Tâ€"although that question has more than once been asked me. Professor Newcomb in that most valuable work of his, “Popular Astronomy,” says: “\Ve must include the aurora among those things in which modern observations have opened up more difficulties than modern theories have explained.” The phenomenon is now regarded as finding its true place in meteorology, rather than in astronomy. Whatever may be the primary cause, it originates in earth, and it affects the earth. SIR ROBERT BALL’S OPINION. The gist of this paper, which cannot pretend to dogmatise on what is at present a moot question, and one on which eminent physicists are still at work,may be gathered from a quotation from Sir Robert Ball’s “ ‘tory of the Heavens.” “ The earth’s magnetism is well-known to be connected with the phenomena of the aurora borealis, - inasmuch as an unusual aurora seems to be invariably accompanied by a great magnetic disturbance. It has also been shown that there is an almost perfect parallelism between the intensity of auroral phenomena and the abundance of sun-spots.” (This was well borne out by aurora of March 30, 1894). “ Besides these general coincidences, there have been also special cases in which a peculiar outbreak on the sun has been associated with remarkable magnetic phenomena on the earth. “ Before we begin to study causes,it will be well to speak of appearances. Professor . Loomis enumerates five varieties of form ' assumed by auroral displays : ‘V‘ First, a horizontal light like the morning aurora, or ' break of day; secondly, an arch 'of light ‘1 which frequently extends entirely across ; the heavens from east to west and cuts the L magnetic meridian nearly at right angles, ', «in the Polar regions five such arches have i been seen at once ; thirdly, slender, lumin- ' ous beams or columns, well defined and I often ofa bright light ;fourthly,the corona, ; the centre of which is invariably near the i magnetic zenith, but not always coincident , with it; and, fifthly, waves or flashes of I lightfi’ . f If the horizon be examined carefully dur- 3 ing an auroral display, there will be seen a ‘ dark, misty bank of vaporâ€"you can scarce ‘f, ly call it a cloud because stars can be seen i with the auroral glow. It is asserted that l in the circum-polar regions crackling sounds, ‘ like that which accompanies the brush dis- , charge of an electric machine, are heard f during the flashes; but this needs confirma- ' tion by competent observers. DAYLIGIIT AURO RA. Aurora has been seen in daylight, strange as that may seem, since it is generally associated with the darkness. Dr. H. Us- sher. in the transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 1788, records that noticing one day that the stars fluttered very much in . the telescope at 11 a. in. he examined the sh y and saw an auroral corona with rays to the horizon. The same phenomenonhas , been seen by others whose observations can be trusted. Sir John Franklin, the great ‘ Arctic explorer, who made a study of northern lights, says : "Upon one occasion the aurora was seen immediately after sun- set, while bright daylight was still remain- ing. A circumstance to which I attach some importance must not be omitted. “ Clouds have sometimes been observed during the day to assume the forms of aurora, and I am inclined to connect with these clouds the deviation of the needle which was occasionally remarked at such times." ' Mr. H. R. Proctor, the writer of the article in the Encyclopedia Britannica, says that he has seen aurora which could not be "distinguished from clouds, till a further development of the display made their real nature evident. It is well known that weather-men clas- sify clouds. In their classification we found “ cirrus” and “ cirro-stratus." The former name is applied to awisplike or curl-of-hnir-like cloud, and the latter to a thin layer of cloud made up of such cloud- lcts. These two kinds of form appear to beintricately connected with the aurora; in fact- it would seem as if occasionally the display merged into this form of cloud. Such clouds have also been noticed to pre- sent a sort of auroral display in them- selves. . M. Silbermann, speaking of the remark- able aurora of April 15, 1869, says : “ At 11 hours. 16 minutes, the phenomenon dis- appeared in a singular fashion. It appeared as if the columns of the aurora were still visible, but the stars were hidden, and it soon became evident that fun-like cirrus clouds. with their int of divergence in the North, had to 'en the lace of the aurora. Between land 2 in Us morning these clouds had passed inc zenith, and let fall a very line rate. On stretching out the back ofthe hand one felt a pricking of cold, and now and than there were minute scintillations in the nearest strata of air, like a hail of tiny crystals of ice, which afterwards turned to rain of larger and larger drops. At 4 o'clock in the morning the cirrus of the false aurora was still visible, but deformed towards the top. and- presenting a unity aspect. One interesting point is that the cirrus never appeared to replace the aurora either from the right or the left, but to substitute itself for it. like the slow changes of a dioramic View." The Iainc‘ or. meat olwewer also says through it-which forms a strong contrast. that on a night of September, 1865: "A stormy cloud was observed about 11 p. m. in the N. N. 52, and lightning was dis- tinctly visible in the dark cumulous mass. Round this mass extended ‘ glories’ of a phosphorescent whiteness, which melted away into the darkness of the starry sky. Round the cloud was a single and uninter- ru ptsd corona, and besideszhis, two fainter coronae, broken by rifts which corresponded wi h each other. After the cloud had sunk below the horizon the ‘glories’ were still visible. The light could not have been due to the moon or any foreign cause. The rays showed great mobility, and a. sort of vibration intermediate between that of the aurora and the ‘brush discharge’ of the electric machine” ‘ ACIIORA AND CLOUDS. This bringing the aurora down to the region of the clouds may surprise some. The position usually assigned to it is “ 'far away” in space. Such, however, does not appear to be the case. Professor Newton the height of the auroral arch and found that ' of 23 the range was from 33 to 281 miles. Another was reckoned to be ' 100 miles, which is well within the limits of our at- mosphere. In the paper on meteors, in this journal, it was stated that their visibil- ity depended on their ignition by the fric- tion of passing through. the atmosphere, and that the height of these heavenly bodies at the time of ignition was not so very great. Twenty of those calculated gave heights varying from 40 to 118 miles' The aurora, therefore, need not be regard, ed as outside the air covering of the earth- although, of course, the density of the air at such heights approaches that of what is ordinarily called vacuum. On several ec- casions, however, there is strong evidence that the glow has been very near the obser- vers. Captain Parry, in his third voyage to the Arctic regions, saw auroras very near the earth’s surface. He says that while he and Lieutenant Scherer and Lieutenant Ross “ were admiring the extreme beauty of the polar light," they all simultaneously uttered an exclamation of surprise at seeing a bright ray of the aurora shoot suddenly downward from the and between them and the land, which was only 3000 yards distant. The ray or beam of the polar light then passed within a dis- tance of 3000 yards, or less than two miles of them. - ' A Mr. Farquharson saw in Aberdeen- sliire, Scotland, an aurora not'more than 4000 feet above the sea level. , “Sir \V. R. Grove states that he saw an aurora some years ago at Chester, in which the rays came between him and the houses; and Mr. Ladd observed a similar case in which the lighthouse at Margate (England) was invis- ible through a my.” 'We may, therefore, conclude that although in the majority of cases the auroral display takes place at heights where the atm0spheric pressure is very slight indeed, yet there are instances 'whcre, beyond all doubt, ithas taken place near the surface. THE POWER OF MUSIC. floleni Nelson. the Engineer, Made the Piano Go. “ I was loitering around the streets one night,” said Jim Nelson, one of the old 10- comotive engineers running into New Orleans. “ As I had nothing to do I drop- ped into a concert saloon and heard a sleek looking Frenchman play a piano in a way that made me feel all over in spots. As soon as he sat down on the stool I knew by the way he handled himself that be under- stood the machine he was running. “He tapped the keys way up one end, just as if they were gauges and he wanted to see if he had water enough. Then he looked up as if he wanted ‘ to knew how much steam he was carrying, and the next moment hepulled open the throttle and sailed on to the main line as if he was half an hour late. g ' ' “ You could hear her thunder over cul- verts and bridges and getting faster and faster, until the fellow rocked about in his seat like a cradle. Somehow I thought it was old '36’ pulling a passenger train and getting out of the way of a ‘ special} = The follow worked the keys on the middle divi- sion like lightning, and then he flew along the north end of the line until thedrivers went around like a buzz saw, and I get excited. A r . “ About the time I was :fixing to tell him to cut her off a little he kicked the dampers under the machine wide open, pulled the throttle way back in the tender, and how she did run ! I couldn’t stand it any longer, and yelled to him that he was pounding on the left side and if he wasn’t careful he’d, drop his ashpan. . . “ But he didn’t hour. No one heard me. Everything was flying and whizzing. Tele- graph poles on the side of the track looked like a row of cornstalks, the trees appeared to be a mud bank, and all the time the ex- haust of the old machine sounded like the hum of a bumblebee. I tried to yell out, but my tongue wouldn’t move. “He went around curves like a bullet, slipped an eccentric, blew out his soft plug. went down grades fifty feet to the mile, and not a controlling brake set. the meeting point at a mile and a half it She went by minute, and calling for more steam. My hair stood up straight, because I knew the game was up. - “ Sure enough, dead ahead of us was the headlight of a ‘special.’ In a daze I heard the crash as they struck, and I saw cars shivered into atoms, people smashed and mangled and bleeding and gasping for water. professor struck the deep keys away down on the lower end of the southern division, and then I came to my senses. I heard another crash as the French “ There he was at a dead standstill, with the door of the firebox of the machine open, wiping the perspiration from his face and bowing to the people before him. If I live to be one thousand years old 1‘11 never for- get the ride that Frenchman gave me on the - u r 7 ~ piano. -â€",l\cw Orleans Times Democrat. , am..â€" The cit-Empress Eugenie frequently uses the diamond pen with which the treaty of Paris was signed. This pen was used by the fourteen plenipotentiuries who signed the famous document. It was a quill plucked from a golden eagle, and is richly mounted in diamonds and gold. Hoop-skirts first appeared in 1530. An iron cage was prepared and the skirts were stretched over it. The cage was tipped to one side, the lady crawled under- ncath and the cage was fastened to her waist by a strong leather belt. The cun- trivance often Weighed as much as forty pounds. general ' mass of . light ' llllll MAJESTY sTiiiiL To Deliver It Iii- Canada Thirty Millions of Miles are 'I'ravelled- Fscts and Figures Respecting Toronto's“ Immense Postal Tramsâ€"It ls Double That offlontrenl. The annual ‘report of the Post omce De- partment which has just been presented to said he Md “'3 “mad, '1 Parliament is a most interesting document. dead letter branch, gives an interesting ac- count of the operations of the branch. As an instance of the extraordinary way in whichcorrespondencesometimesdisappeafl. the following extract from a letter written by Mr. Adam Brown,postmaster at Hamil- ton, Ontc is given: “A few days ago one of our letter carriers dropped a letter through the slit of a door, rang the bell and walked on. When a short distance away the door was opened and the occupant called him back. asking if he had rung the bell. He at a letter the woman. through the slit.’ ‘Well,’ sai It shows that on June 30 last the number of "here is 3° letter on “‘0 [10°73 and "‘19 post-offices in operation i_n the Dominion was 8,477, which, taking the population according to the census of 1891, would give one post-office to every 570 persons. In the United States the proportion is about one post-office to 925 persons, so that in respect to the accomodation afi'orded by the post-office to the people at large, Can- ada compares very favorably with the United States. On the 33th June, 1892, there were 8,283 post-offices in Canada; the increase during the year has therefore been 189. During the same period the mail routes have been increased by the ad. dition of 2,313 miles of new-"routes. and the annual mail travel, which" in 1892 was 28,462,384 miles, was for the year ended 30th June, 1893, 30,495,723 miles. The actual railway mileage in‘ operation daily was 13,703; the actual service, however, covered 29,825 miles. Last year the in- crease in the annual travel as compared with the year previous was 884,425 miles ; this year, in spite of the fact that the ad- dition of new lines of railway was less, the corresponding. figures are 1,461,- 185 miles. The explanation of this is that on several of the principal lines the train service has been increased, and the department, pursuing as far as possible its policy of making the facilities for transmis- sion of mails correspond with those offered for travel, at. once availed itself'of the ad- ditional trains forthe conveyance‘of mails. This affords a convenient opportunity for pointing out the advantageous nature of the agreements betwecu this department and the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk rail- ways for the conveyance of mails. Over the whole of the Grand Trunk railway and the principal part. of the Canadian Pacific rail- way, the mails are carried at a fixed rate per train mile per annum, one of the terms of each agreement being that in the event of the railway company's finding it to its advantage to increase its train service this department obts ins the right to use all ad- ditional trains without increase in the cost. During the past year the Canadian Pacific railway, in order to REDUCE THE TRAIN TIME between Montreal' and Vancouver, was obliged to leave a number of the less important stations to" be served by sup- plementany trains, and the result was that by the use of these trains all the more im- portant offices obtained a semidaily service, instead of the daily which they had up to that time. On the Grand Trunk railway, between Toronto and London, it was found that an improvement might {be effected in the transmission of registered and other matter by employing a second daily postal car, and the Postmaster-General was able to authorize this service,as well as an increase on the Canadian Pacific railway,with little hesitation, as the extra expense to be incur- red was only for service between the post- offices and railway stations, and the salar- ies of one or two additional mail clerks. MAILS T0 CHINA AND JAPAN. During the year there passed between Vancouver, B. 0.. and post-offices in China and Japan 143,378 letters,42,800 papers and 39,997 miscellaneous packages, an increase of 34,467 letters, 7,900 papers and 16,556 miscellaneous packages. From June 8, when the direct service with Australia was established, to Octob- er-21. 1893, there passed betWeen the A'us- trala‘sian' colonies and Sounds. 16,297 letters, 8.260 newspapers an! 2,089 beck and sam-‘ ple packages. The amount of mail matter which passed between Canada and the West Indian islands by Canadian steamships from 1st October, 1892, to let October, 1893, was as follows: Letters, 11,722: papers, books, etc., 3,768; parcel post baskets and bags, 139, showing that the West Indian mail service is progressing satisfactorily. FREE DELIVERY The figures of the free delivery by letter carrier are as follows:â€" l sqgegsa some: easn' ~ C:°°¢~= oznoh°==§=o=12”=: fiaoflodawgnndfidmn “w'fiadnnmdgfioé“ml 2"“57'0 0“ -- aflofi‘rl goe,=g.pog=.bo.l o .n--::,- 929:“ -n- ,q . ':,. .g., N .... . ._-.C‘-"_o .m: ; h: - -.;-m.pmr‘=, . H ::;-:,â€".;:-1:-*.T,,a : o ::;I: :w L. ~ to ;;.:;g‘.poe.= I ‘, 271'-r:2'=‘==’a.. ‘ ..-.‘:<-:’.9l‘<'*__. II :::::§:"5‘w=:..: ......,.P:â€"F'co....l -â€"-â€"-â€"-â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"_____._I____H .8:- Er‘risfl :‘k‘fifl we-siviâ€"vsos- “Mi? Lettersandl’ost fineness: ssssl cm... 8...»:33 mo 43.23:; ' ,_â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"-â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"__.___. --l your-I ‘to 3‘3: .' °% 59 2&2; k ~ 55-. fang}, ewspapcrs. ’ 0: 3‘5 boon . - lbotters. Post . said.“ a . ’ .«3 a. g 12;? ()ardsEcNews- - ‘b - ' ' I (I V a, 88:9: papsis. to» Liv-£05 . _ w, __ u .a _ _ Actual Dc-l,‘ assess; a 8'33; "v__°v’-__ lsz ‘ I Including 159 u.. .- .. , Superin- lee 2855559523 #:33 Mullen“ lg?" l 5: Sorters.- Tllh' REVENUE. The net revenue for the year was $2,773, 507 and the expenditure $3,421,203. The arrangement which was made for a direct enchange of parcels with St. Lucia, was put into operation on the 1st Uctober, 1893. Propositions for a direct exchange of par eels by parcel post by the Canadian-Aus- tralian steamship line have been made to the Postcofllce Departments at Hawaii,Fiji, New South “Tales, Victoria, New Zealand, Tas.nania,Socth Australia, Queensland and Western Australia, and it is hoped that the necessary arrangeman will soon be completed. Proposals have also been made for a dir. ect exchange of money orders with the Hawaiian islands, Fiji. and the Austmliaz‘ colonies. HOW LETTER! DBAI‘PEAIL enough neither there was. The carrier, however, being sure that he had delivered the letter, shut the door, when, 10 and behold ! he discovered an opening between the stone sill and the flooring, and,pceriug in, saw the top of a letter~pulled it outâ€"â€" then he discovered another, and finally a third, all of which he brought to the sur- face. One of the letters being postmarked in August,I sent-up one of my mento‘day to make agthorough examination and he found there a mouse’s nest and he brought back nibbliugs of envelopes ; so that I have no doubt Mr. and Mrs. Mouse and family have had nice beds out of letters which the occu- pants shouldvhave got. ' Of course all the letters would notgo to the mouse’s chamber, only such as tipped over at a particular angle. "After we made the discovery I got de- partmental enquiry No 6,552,book 19, fora letter posted at Marshall, Micb., 26th Au- gust, containing 81, and would you believe it, this very letter happens to be one of the three. I have reported its delivery and how it was found.” W GENESIS OF INVENTION. Circumstances Under Which Things We Are Familiar with Came Into Use. Themold-board was first placed on a plow in Gaul. ’ At first two meld-boards wereused, to throw both right and left. The hand spinning, with spindle and whorl, is the same the world over and identical with that shown in Egyptian paintings 3500 years old. 4 The Roman legionary troops were a. sort of knee brceches. “The signs of tunic and brooches makers have been found in Pompeii. The earliest spade-shaped instrument is found in the Egyptian monuments; his a slaick with the pomt flattened and broaden- e . The discovery of iodine was accidentally made by Courtois, a French soup maker, who found the new substance in the ash of seaweed. The power of steam was discovered by a Florentine officernvho was idly experiment- ing with a glass bottle and a. few drops of water. The famous Tyrian purple dye was redis- covered by a lover who desired to gratify his sweetheart’s desire for a dress of a new shade of color. Vaucanson’s inventive genius was arous- ed by peeping through a chick in the wall of his mother’s room at a clock in an ad- joining apartment. A repeating petronel, on the principle of the modern Colt’s revolver, was in use in England during the war of Charles I. and his Parliament. The descriptions given by Strobe, of the osier houses of the Gauls and Britons,might be applied to human habitations in Central Africa to-day. Hoes made of clam or oyster shells,tortoise shells, flint obsidian, and even of the teeth of various animals have been found in many parts of the world. ’ The “ House of Fame,” by Chaucer, is a curiously accurate description of the Crystal Palace, London, built over 400 years after the poem was written. ' ' The‘germ of the trumpet, and all instru- ments of the trumpet family, was the cow’s horn, used by savages as a signal or to fur- nish noise at their feasts. The hand-mill, composed of two flat cir- cular stones, was in use almost all over the world until the fifteenth century. It was commonly worked by two women. For many ages the Chinese have had an irrigating machine, consisting of a trough and an endless chain of buckets which car- ry the water up an inclined plane. Berthollet made the discovery of a. new bleaching process by accidentally noticing the corks with which he had stopped the bottles containing his chlorine gas. LATE FOREIGN NEWS. An English football player was sunstruck in the end of last March. An exhibition of gold ores and of precious metals and stones is being organized at St. Petersburg by the Russian Technical Society. The date of opening has not yet 5‘ o in :1 p r1 '1 m t: a: m a. Exhaustive experiments in the cultiva- tion of tea are soon to be made in Russia. The Czar is personally interestcd'in the plan, and experts are arranging for the cultivation of the plant in the western limits of the Caucasus, where the tempera~ ture is much the same as that in which the plant grows in China. At the general election in Japan the first of this month the Liberal party, which is tolerant toward the foreign element. in- creased its strength by a gain of some thirty seats. This will give the Government strong support against the anti-foreign fac- tion, which has been making considerable trouble of late. Automatic slot machines for the supply of hot water were put up in the streets all over Paris a few months ago. but they have not proved a success. Their purpose was the supplying of hot water to people too poor to afford a fire in their homes at all times. For one cent the machine was sup- posed to deliver fourteen pints of water at a tem erature of 140 degrees Fahrenheit. But t e machines have mostly delivered cold water, and often nothing whatever. The Municipal Council has ordered the proprietors to put them in order or remove them from the streets. -â€"â€".oâ€"n~_â€" Wire hairpins were invented in England MEN radial-("intents AND sun: mac-shim sores. new The Lightning-rod Agent Gets In Ills Deadly Woekâ€" The Barn Painting Fnkir And [Its little Scheme. “ A couple of slick~looking individuals are working on farmers in Essex county. They receive permission from a farmer to paint a sign on his barn and then ask him to sign a document stating that the work has been done. Later the document mus up as a promissory note.” The above paragraph, clipped from an exchange, contains a whole host of inform» tion about the credibility and gullability of the Ontario former. City people laugh at the idea of a man in his senses signing his name to a document without first examin- ing it closely, just as they laugh every time it is reported that a g anger has been found almost asphyxiated through blowing out the gas in a hotel room. Frequent are the accounts in weekly newspapers of hay- fork men and lightning rod agents going in triumphant raids throughout the'rural dis- tricts and reaping a harvest of promissory notes which will materialize in tenfold the amounts which their makers really intend- ed. _ The solution of the stupidity of farm- ers in matters of this kind will be found in the method of his “ raising," or early train- ing, and his environment. The first lesson a child receives in the country from anxious pprcuts is to be respectful,espceia1ly to men 0 EDUCATION AND coon PRESENCE, and this class is exemplified by the school teacher and the district minister. This is all very well provided the child were taught to be respectful also of himself. This les- son is seldom or never taught and hence the bashfulness and timidity so often observable in country boysand girls. The result of such training is that the children grow into men and women likely to be abashed in the presence of sharp-looking strangers who have a gifted command of the English language. Nor is the effect of dress to be under estimated. There are men in To- ronto to-day who were raised in the country districts who confess that it took years of residence in the city to remove the impres- sion that good clothes indicated worth in their possessor. .This being the case the hay-fork man has half effected his sale the moment he crosses the threshold of the farmer’s doorway. His manner is polite- ness itself and the smile he wears makes suspicion fly before it. It is just about noon and he asks if he can purchase his dinner. He is told that he is welcome to dinner without the pay, and the farmer’s wife bustles about and prepares an extra good meal while the guileful hay-fork agent reads a pocket bible or shows the children his gold watch calling them “pretty dears,” . “ merry prattlers" and other such captivat- ing names. He finds out the old man’s politics and even outrivals him in emphatic condemnation of Mowat or Thompson as the case may be. He gives them all the latest news, asks a blessing at the table and talks a little on religion. After dinner he incidentally mentions that he PAINTS SIGNS 0N IlA'IlNS or is agent for the Jupiter Lightning Rod _ Company, or the latest improved hay-fork. The price he names is low and he does not appear at all anxious to sell at first. simply on his way fo another neighborhood where he. expects to sell forty or fifty in a Week. and shrewdness. Finally he presses home a bargain on his victim, and the rustic cannot find it in his heart to refuse. He hasn’t ready money, but this nice, religious agent will wait. A note at six months Will do the trick, and the next harvest will probably be abundant. So pen and ink are produced, and the farmer is told to “ sign here 1” He knows but little about business forms and does not scrutinize the note too closely. Even if he did his suspicious could be lulled to rest in two minutes by his smooth-tongued deceiver. He signs his name and fears no injury. He has absolute- ly no suspicions of wrong whatever. There is to him but one type of man in all the world and that is the plain, honest type of farmers, his neighbors, with whom he has associated all his life and who certainly wouldn’t beat him outof money by such mis- representation. The agent secures this note, hide all a good-bye, kisses the baby and proceeds on his way. A few weeks later there arrives at this farmer’s household 8. dray-load of hay-forks or enough lightning rods to protect a country town from com- flagratiou. Protests are useless; the note shows that he has ordered the whole outfit, and they are unloaded there and then, while the note has been discounted in a neighboring town. The goods delivered ARE I’ERFECTLY USELESS and half a dozen times more than he needs, even if they were useful, and he sits down on the wood-pile to tear his hair and curse the day he learned to write his own name. The proceeds of a year’s work are swept out of sight, and neighbours oint at him the finger of disdain. If the Bay fork dodge is played out in any one section, the barn- painting fake is almost sure to give good financial results. Nearly all the barns in the country lack paint, and the former has not the slightest exception to a sign or ad- vertisement. In fact, his untutored intellect thinks a sign ainter a wonder in the realm of art. An when it is all com- pleted in red and green and yellow what more natural than that the farmer should sign a document to prove to the sign- painter’s employe that the work has been done as a voucher for payment. And when this same doeument turns up as a promissory note the farmer in Igood :sooth wishes he wore dead, but will do iden- tically the same thing next year, provided the right man comes along to deceive him. The hay-fork man Will thrive, the lightning rod agent deceive and the barn-painter make money just as longas the farmer has the idea in his cerebellum that a man who wears good clothes is better than himself. After he evolutes from that notion he will probably take down the shotgun from tho wall when the city man enter! the lane. Untilsuch time, however, prommry notes will be given unwittingly and fall due in their season, and be liquidated in .000 many cases by mortgagiug the homestead.â€" in 15-45. Before that time the fcimh-‘J'f‘oronto Telegram. coiffures were held in place by fine wooden skewers. our, .a» um. “um... About 40,000 tramps, it is estlxmled, are on the {may of a notation, brigwd m. travellingover Germany all the your around. csntly killed in Turkey ivas round 816,000 There are twentyâ€"out law .‘lrms la the and a note book which shoved he had United States that are condurted icistkv by Major John Walsh,superintendent oi the murdered 192 men. husbands and wives. He is . He mentions names of purchasers « well-known to farmers as men of probity , .-â€"-â€"......_..__.-.s.