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“111... . . rmemfimm... ism... ~2¢Jms.wvu~ .- :‘av‘. n. -(.<m...m1:¢1oun l l l I l t 1 ., r ~._<..n-‘;3=. ' 1:.s w . fit}. ’13:.“ n1 (EL. "rm 3.2C ~ . M‘Gflflfifin. '1“. A," 1.57 w 4.»- wrgv n no... 1; : fr: it: ,. 3'37. as some may: at...- if: 52 El :3 23 i 5 i m: .m- l l l 1 .llllllllll i‘E‘zza‘zs‘“ WHOM WE, RELY. 3323i? 3.533331.122.3223?“ °f 29â€"1 During "the first part of the war in OUR GENERALS ARE nor MERELY South: Africa, the foreign press, in its SPURS AND GOLD LACE. ~ They Are Seasoned Veterans ‘VVilh School- lug In Endla nml Egyptâ€"Sympathy \Vilh Their Commands. The British army has a larger pro- portion -of generals who have seen ac- tive service in the field, than can be found in that of any other country. Nearly forty generals of various grade-s have taken part in the war in South“ Africa; but in what 1 have ven- tured to call our “reserve” of generals. officers who have not been in the present war, and who number con-' siderably more than a hundred, there are very few whose records do ‘not inâ€" clude two or three campaigns. There are constantly upward: of fifty of our generals in India, and as any army man will tell you, "Indian men are always good men,” meaning thereby that they are experienced and proficient Commanders, it follows that in them We have a large and reliable reserve of generals. During the last twenty, years there have been several campaigns in Egypt and the Soudan, each. of which has helped to transform men; who otherwise must have been more closetâ€"students of warfare into trained and tried leaders of armies in the field. , NASCITUBv, NON FIT. ’Whlile it is no doubt the case that the great soldier, like the great post or the great anybody else, is born and not made, stiil it cannot be disputed that knowledge derived from personal observation of actual warfare must be of enormous service; and in this very valuable knowledge our generals are rich. Nor, numerically considered, are they any insignificant body. There ‘ are on the active list nearly one hun- dred: and sixty generals, of whom fifteen'are of‘thlc full rank, thirty or more are lieutenant-generals, anda Hundred and ten are major-generals. Brigadier-generals 'are not usually in- cluded in the list of “generals,” but if they are added, then our army has Mose upon two hundred generals. MUST WORK THEIR WAY. Among so large a number of generals it (may surely be said without offence that all have not the same ability or the same particular gifts, but there can ,be no question that most of them are capital soldiers; some of them, in- deed, have proved themselves remark- ably able and brilliant men. ~Except in altogether unusual circumstances, a general» can hardly be a young man ; and while some of our generals have reached their rank earlier than others in the service, their average age is rather above than under fifty. All of them have had to “work their way up” -â€"-a process which has taken them from thirty: to forty years. Some 'of them, perhaps, are physiâ€" cally. not quite so “fit” as when they were younger; but the conditions Which surround an officer’s life are such as to make him as good. a man practically at fifty, or even sixty, as, a civilian who is many years his junior. A' general must be able to be in the saddle! for many heurs at a time if necessary, and the “mobility” of our generals :in South Africa shows how well they can stand this test. GENERJA'LS AND MEN. The relation betWecn generals and their commands have altered very ~much~ Ifor the better in the army dur~ ing this last twenty or thirtyyears. Formerly a general ‘had very little con- nection-with, or influence upon, his troops, and took ‘bu-ta comparatively insignificant part in their instruction. He used to be dreaded as a great mag- nate whose principal function was the . carrying out of the annual inspection, and of course his was a familiar fea- ture. ofa field day; but this man him- self was an unknown quantity. It is quite otherwise to-day. The general now knows his officers and men, and they know, their general. In! no other army is there so much sympathy between commander and command as there is in ours, and this applies to the whole body of our gen- erals. '_ LARE NOT ORNAMENTAIL. It is unquestionably an excellent fea- ture in our Army that our general-s are none of them “ornamental” soldiers, holding themselves apart ina sort of splendid isolation, as it were, from their men. On the contrary, knowing what" their men can do, they are not likely to be either hurried or flurried. The. personal element has always entered very largely into warfare; so much so, inâ€"fact, that nearly all cam- paigns are identified with? the names of' individual generals.~ln on reserve of; generals there must needs be many differences of disposition, of tempera- ment, and of character in the men who are comprised within it, and it is well that it should be so. The point to notice is that the field of choice is wide oavnl kindly and friendly way, flou-ted and sneered at olur generals. They even (went so far as to say that Presi- dent Kruger had issued orders to the effect that his soldiers wars on no ac- count, to shoot at our :generalsgbe- cause they were of "more use to him living than dead." But when our re- serve of generals was drawn upon, and Lord: Roberts and Lord Kitchener ap- eared. upon the scene of action, with what results is now known to all the earth, these flouts and sneers were re- placed by the grudgin-g acknowledg- mout of the fact that, indisputably, we had generals who were generals in- deed. â€"_°â€"‘_ DREARY NEW YORK. There are streets which visitors to New York always remark;' the char- acteristic cross streets of the typical up-town region of long regular rows of rectangular - residences that look so much alike, with steep similar steps leading up to sombre similar doors and a doctor’s sign in every other window. Bleak, barren, echoing streets where during! the long, monotonous morn- ings "rags-anâ€"bot’l" are called for, and strawberries are sold from wagons rby aid of resonant voices, and nothing else is heard except at long intervals the welcome po'stman’s whistle or the occasional slamming of a carriage- door. Mean-time the sun gets around to the north side of the: street, and the airing of babies and fox-terriers goes - on, while down iat the corner one elevated train after lano-ther approaches, roars, and rum- bles ,away in this distance all day long Iuntil at last the men begin coming home fro-m business. These are the ordinary .unromantic streets on which Elive so few. New Yorkers in fiction, it ’is so easy to put them on the. avenue 'o-rl Gramercy Park or ‘Wash‘in'gton swim to live in real life. A slice of all its layers of society and all its mixed interests may be seen ina walk along one of these Vtypica'l streets which stretch across the island as‘straight End-stiff as iron grooves and waste inot an inchl in their progress from one lriver,‘ out into which they have .gradually encroachi’ed, to the other ,river into which also they extend. It is a short walk, the island is so narrow. _â€"_¢____ PRINCE CH’IN G. “Prince Oh’ing is well known, and yet not well known. He is a nobleman in every sense of the WlOII‘d, as has been indicated by his conduct towards the imprisoned ministers during the imonths of the s:icge.~i He constantly ri'sked his life U0 defend them, and to IS'eond t'hlem provisions. He has been for years a member of the Tsimin Yamon. He is a man upon. whom we lmay always depend for pro-foreign views, and yet a man whlorm all thel Chinese love. , “He is not a genius. 'He is not a crank. He is not a mam. \V'lllO'. does things which are talked about. He is not a man Willlolm every foreigner wants to interview; he dloes not take extreme views. He is not sought by the Chinese or by foreigners to settle international disputes as Prince Kung and Li Hun-g Chiang are sought. “Prince Clh.’itn;g always employs a foreign physician, which is one of the sure signs of progress in a Ghinaman. There are those wrho‘semd for the forâ€" eign-physician in extreme cases; but men like Li Hung Chang, Chang Yin- boom and Prince Oh’ing employ him in all imstamces.” â€"+__ OCEAN RIVERS. Running westward fro-m the Rocky Mountains and finally emptying into the Pacific Ocean between the states of' \Vashington and Oregon, is the great Columbia River. 80 strong is its broaduc'urrent that its fresh water is carried’ three miles out to sea before it becomes mixed with the salt water of the ocean. At that distance from shore thefresh water spreads out in the form of a fanâ€"shaped po‘ol twofeet deep. If a bucket dropped into the pool is allowed to sink to a’ greater depthl it will fill with salt water, though Pit may be dipped full of fresh water‘ at the surface in the same place. The fresh water current of the great Amazon River of South America ex- tends 20 miles into the sea. . The'wa‘;~ ‘ters'of the Gulf Stream and other warm rivers of” the ocean are Said‘ to taste less of brine than 'the great seas thlroughnvhich they flow. ‘ ' ' The. shortest and'suresl: way Ito live witlh honor in" ‘the'wdrld' is 'to be- in (reality what we would appear to be; and if we observe, we\ shall find that all human virtues increase and strongthen themselves by theprac- tice and experience of them,â€"-â€"So- crates. :Square, but on which most of them ' IN A MODERN LAUNDRY. b.â€" Proccsses Through Which Sollcd Collars Must Pass. lAltho‘nrgh a penny pays for_ the laundrying of a collar few people who do- not have. something to do with the laundryingrealize through how many processes that same collar goes before the penny is earned. In a laundry where nothing but collars, shirt waists and shirts are laundered the process is as follows: The bundles brought to the counter on the ground floor of the establish- ‘ ment are taken to the top of the building, where they are untied and the different articles sorted out and marked, each person having his own mark, which. is chosen according to the whim OII‘ the convenience of the marker. The collars are then sorted out, the colored collars going into one basket, the turn downs into anothâ€" er and the white stand ups into a third. When'the huge baskets are full each. basket is emptied by itself into a revolving washer. This is a holâ€" low cylinde-r perforated with augur hloles. (When set in motion it turns over one way through another cylim- dor containing water, and then turns back the other way. By this process the collars are washed, boiled, rinsed and blued, this water being changed four times while they are in the cy- linderr. One girl attends th'ree washers at a time. There are small dumb watchâ€" 'es attached to each washer which she sets to tell her when she is tot make the next change of water. When the collars are thoroughly washed, rins- ed, boiled and blued, they are put into an extractor, which is set in motion, the water being extracted by means of centrifugal force. The collars are now taken from the extractor, straightened by hand and put through la machine, which dips them into .starchz, passes them between several rollers, and drops them upon a screen not the other end of the machine. A girl in attendance here picks up i the collars, lays them straight in piles and they are passed to a long marble- : topped table where s'ix girls sit. These ,girls rub the superfluous starch off . the collars with cloths and lay them in smooth piles in shallow baskets. The baskets are taken to another end lof the room. where a girl- hangs the collars by the buttonholes onto hooks attached to long bars. xWhen abar is full, it is placed in a rack which will hold eight or ten bars and the rack .is slid .into the. drying room. From l the drying bars the collars are taken like chips into large baskets, the turn- down corners are sorted from the plain stand-ups and they are passed through a dampening machine. Then in great piles which contain from 500> to 800, they are placed in presses, where they stay from one hour to ten hours, as may be necessary. It is a good thing to know that coll-are that are taken as far as the presses Saturday night remain in the presses till Monday morning. These collars not only do up more easily, but are much better to wear than those that have remained a less time in the presses. After this there is the ironer, the poiisher, the edger, and it is to this last little machine that the smooth edges of collars are due. Then comes the point-marker for turn-down points, and the dampening of the crease with a small wheel like a dressmaker’s marker. The collar is then put into. the shaper and comes out ready to wear. Large baskets oft'h'e collars are t'ak-eln to this sorters, who put them into piles according to this little marks upon them. Another person searches out the box which has the particular mark. The list of the articles with this mark and the person’s name is attached to the box. 'A third person takes the garments out of‘ the box, puts them in pasteboard boxes, and passes them to be done up in paper with the list outside. These boxes are taken to the ground floor, put into lettered boxes to await the call of the owner, and all this for a penny acol- lar. ' â€"‘â€"â€"Oâ€"â€"- GREAT BATTLES 0E HISTORY. â€". immortals met them at Thermopylae and held the Persians in Check, but not until the heroic Spartan and his folIOWers were'killed. Subsequently _ at Salamis Thsmistocles met the Persians in a naval battle. Xerxes watched the struggle from a (lis- tra-noe and wept over the destruction of his army. 1 Under Hezekiah Jer- usalcm- was msnaced by 85,000 Assyr- ians, who threatened to ruin ,the city. Not one Assyrian soldier saw, Jerusa- lem. At Gougamela, Alexander the Great, with. 47,000 men felughlt 1,000,â€" 000 Persians under Darius. The Perâ€" sians were routed and Darius assassi- nated by one of his sa'tiraps. The siege of Jerusalem was the Igloomiest event in the history of mankind, In A. D. 70! the temple of Herold was just completed. The Jews were nevér so lhnrug'lrty. and .so patrio- tic. They were neverso disorgan- ized. Innumeu‘able factions divid- eid them. But the feast of the Pass- over and the common danger- enalbled Vespasiatn and Titus to shut! them up in tho city. John and Simon, their partisan leaders, {hated each’ other as cordially as they hated the Romans. VVhien their followers were not, fight- lug 'onei anotherr during the siege they were opposing the Romans. Vespus-v inn and Tibus cast trenches about the city, not one stone was: left upon anâ€" other of their beautiful temple, a the._ Savior predicted, and 1,100,000 Jews perished in that awful holo- can-st. In the Russian campaign Napoleon lost 475,000 meal. His legions melted and died under the falling snowflalkes. - naval battle of Lep‘anto be- tween the (Christians runder Don, John iof Austria.- annd the Turks was one of the fiercest contests of the middle ages. The Christians numbered 80,- 000 and the Turks 120,000 men. The Tull"leth fleet was-destroyed, its’ com- mander killed and the Moslem naval power was crushed on the Mediter- n‘anelan. ' At Waterloo Wellington had 70,000 mam. and 159 cannon. Napoleon con- fronted him with 72,000 men and 240 cannon. Napoleon claimed he had \Vellinlgtion in. his 'grasp. But he was [facing destiny. A rain storm of ‘lllre night before wrought havoc' with the movements of his artillery. Grouchy failed to come up. Accord- ing to Victor Hugo, the sunken road of Oham ruined the charge,’ of Napol- eon's cavalry. ' lV'hen the night came Napoleon was a fugitive. ...__..__ ..- BUDDlHlA’S TOMB. tomb of B'a-ddah in the Himalayas. He found a pillar bearing an inscription iwrittenl by Asoka about 253 B. 0., re- ,cording the fact that the pillar marks Ethel site of the garden where Buddha iwlas‘ born. It is inaregion which is ifilled. with relics and memorials of :Buddha. I The region is covered with small mounds which are Buddhist iburia-l‘ places. One of these mounds, .which ri-ses‘jt-o a height of 21 feet above ithe plain, is 110 feet in diameter and l he been excavated by Mr. \V. Pepe and; Prof. Davids. {A number of in- ,tcresting‘ objects were discovered, inâ€" small ornaments and beads. This tomb work. Down the center there is a lcuriou's pipe-like drain, the purpose of which is obscure. (At a depth of. 18 feet below the 7 :surface was found a large stone slab, which covered a stone ,chest in, which were found three urns, 'a box of steatite and a crystal bowl. These objects were beautifully finish- ed and presented all the appearance of glass. The urns contained Ornaments [in gold, gold bead-s, etc. Some of the gold leaf fragments bore figures of elephants. One of the. vases is in- scribed ivs follows: “This shrine for the relics of the Buddha, the August One, Iis that of the Sakyas, the brethren of the Distinguished One, in associa- tion with their sisters, and with their children and their wives." If this in- scription is genuine, we undoubtedly .curious ,pipe-like drain, this purpose of the remains of Buddha, and the bones found in the vases must have been taken- from this fun-eralgpyre at the incineration of his remains. The writ- ing points tea more remote age than that of‘the pillars. ' H...â€" THE EVAPORATION OF GOLD. Providence Is Not Always mi the. side or Sir; lV. C. Roberts-aAiusten has proved, '1 he Heaviest Bannllous. through an experiment extended over When Napoleon said "Providence is four years, that when a column of always on the side of the strongest lead is allowed to rest upon a column battalions” he proved the falsity of of- goldaslow diffusion, or evapora- his, own precept in his last battle- field. '- It. is ,notv without interest to see-how this applied in some of the worrld'sgreattbattles. At Marathon t‘hieire' were 200,000 Persians conâ€" fronting 11,000 Greeks. The Persian army was routed and the; invasion of Greece was ended. tion, of this gold takes place, resulting in? the appearance of traces of gold in the lead. W'th a degree 'of heat not sufficientxo melt ‘eithcr. of the metals is applied, the diffusion of the gold, takes place more rapidly. The tendency of the particles is upward into the lead. was far as is yet known Xerxes moved on Greece with his the evaporation of gold occurs only in army of millions. Leonidas with his the presence of another metal. Prof. Rhys Davids has located the ‘ .amxrzmxrmwimwmx--. .. »... WAR OFFICE 0N RIFLES. Captured Arms Become llle Property of ' the Queen. Interrogated as to .wh'at becomes of arms taken from prisoners of warâ€" say, the Boeu‘sâ€"«a responsible official at this War Office said: , “ It depends entirely our circum- stances and' upon the decision the provost-marshal on the field may come to. A provost-marshal, you may like to know, is an officer, usually of the rank of captain, “his is selected by this general to act as chief of the military police on this field, who are all soldiers, and his powers usually extend to two, or it may be in some cases three, divisions of an army. . “ Well, then, that officer receives all prisoners of war, and which these are' captured in fairly large numbers they are made to file past a certain given point, ulnder guard, where each man lays down his arms. "\V‘hlat becomes of the arms? In the majority of instances, perhaps. I may say generally in all instances, they are destroyed. The particular form of destruction rests with; the patteirln of the rifle. lSdme are brok~ em in two like sticks, as the Martini] for instance, while the newer sort are treated less brutally. Th'oir breeche are picked. . ' " All arms taken from prisoners of war become at once; thle property of the Queen. and although there is no doubt that sideaarms, and possibly many rifles too, and other weapons taken from the enemy, are kept by our men as trolphlies, yet the custom is opposed to official sanction, except where permission is given. “Many of thlese bro’ph'i'e's are kept by military authorities in some in- stances for distribution among tech- _ nical museums. I am, however, quot- ing exceptions to the general rule. “Captured arms are never at any time used by our own forces in the field. 'Every particular rifle has its own particular kind of bullet, and as the standard rifle of the British Army is the Lee-Metford, the bullet used for that weapon would not be prac~ ticable, for, say, the Mauser rifle of the Boer army. ‘ ‘Do we ever sell captured rifles sec- ondâ€"hand? No. The military author- ities would never sanction that step for we might be selling su‘ch weapons to people who might in the near or‘ distant future be directing them against us. Again, there arises the contingencyâ€"remote, but possibleâ€"if the Government undertook to sell cap- lturcd rifles, of these falling into the : hands of some Indian hill tribes, with lVVthlIIl. we are at peace only at the lpioint of the bayonetâ€"the Afridis, for example; for, of course, none of the Great Powers would purchase second- hand captured rifles. “ The several thousand rifles taken from Cronje’s army at his surrender at Paardeberig are safely deposited at 'Oapetown, land not until the war is over will any definite decision be come to with respect to their fate. All may be destroyed. “If rifleâ€"clubs were established all |eluding a steatite vase filled with Over the co'untry’ as is suggeSted: for the purpose of making an ideal marks- ,proper isa camposytion of 501m brick, man of every willing Britisher, would the military authorities in these cir- cumstances change the fate of cap- tured rifles, and hand them over to such: clubs for practising with? No, this Government wguld do no such thing. You must not forget that ev- ery type of'rifle is captured in war- fare, and if all and sundry were hand-- ed’ovver to your rifle clubs it would tend to promote the wildest and grav- est confusion, for, speaking generalâ€" ly, different rifles want different handling and different ammunition. “_I may tell you” that if it were re- quired and the necessity arose for War Office action in the matter, the mili- ‘tary authorities are to-day in such a position as would enable tlilem to put the British standard rifle into the hands of every available man in the country. ' " Yes, there is always a certain amount of danger accompanying cap- tured rifles. Just after the battle of T-amai, Egypt 1884, for example, a man of the Cameronians was busy break- ing up some of the captured rifles on the. field by smashing them on the whee-1 of a gun, when taking up one by the muzzle and wielding itagainst the gun, the .rifle,‘ which was loaded, went .off, and‘ killed the poor‘ fellow. .The- usual way is to take a rifle by this butt-end, and then dash the wea- porn against a cannon wheel whenever such» mode of procedure has to be carâ€" ried out." ..__._____ To be. proud of learning is the grca t- est ignorance.â€"Jcremy Taylor. He who commits injustice is ever made more wretched than he who suffers it.â€"-Plato. Miafii'i‘fidggl‘mo {not ' ‘ 1 «vo‘u'a‘rvv- 1 3,3,1: «In; ;.4 uni-4? - .. x..- «x. â€" ‘4 " 3.$.‘:. . ";\,\,V \i~\,'\_:..,_.‘. a: V~ I: I rvern '«V“â€"'\,"‘«~ -. -. x “iv W pv‘ AAA” 4 AAAAAAAAMMA‘fi‘ . ‘ ~WvW» V~JMV‘~':/v‘-V