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at“; .. v s I . . . WE EAT T00 MUCH MEAT- SOMR GOOD SUBSTITUTES ARE HERE SUGGESTED. â€"â€"-â€"â€" Humanity, as a. Rule, Overâ€"In- dulges Its Appetite'In Regard- to Meat Diet. The present high prices of meat have led to many inquiries concern- ing the possibility of securing cheap- er food products which may be _reâ€" garded as substitutes fonthe high priced meats. Vegetarianism is likely to become the. fad if the pre- sent prices continue, not so much ' by reason of any superior merit of its principles as because economical considerations compel its adoption, says H. W. Wiley, chief pf the bureau -of chemistry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture; There is no doubt of the fact that meat eating is not essential to huâ€" " man. life, and that- man can be nour- ished, and well nourished, without resorting to a flesh diet. The prim- cipal argument for the use of meat is based upon taste, since it is adâ€" mitted by all that the function. ‘of foods, so far as the human animal is concerned at least, extends con- siderably beyond the necessities of nutrition. Food is a. factor in so< cial economy and an important one in domestic economy. Not only do we demand that our food he nutriâ€" tious, but also that it be palatable. Just at the present time, however, the necessities of nutrition are pre- sented which demand careful scien- title and technical study. TOO MUCH MEAT. I think the statement may be acâ€" cepted without question that, as a rule, we eat too much, not only of meat, but of all forms of food. The question of limiting the diet, how- ever, is one that deserves more than a passing notice, and is based prim- arily not on the principles of econ- omy, but on the requirements of hygiene. Both under-nutrition, and overâ€"nutrition act unfavorany on the animal economy, causing, on the one hand, a deposit of unnecessary fat, and, on the other, interference with the vital processes, by reason of dimâ€" inished or insufficient materials for renewing the waste of the body. . Comparative anatomy has shown that man is an omnivorous animal, and therelore, there can be no ques- tion of the right and propriety of flesh eating. In addition to this, the taste of well prepared meats is most delightful, and man in his normal state has a craving for a meat diet, or at least one in which meat figures to a. considerable extent. This crav- ing may be satisfied in some degree without indulging too freely in the expensive luxury of meat eating at the present prices. THE WASTE IN MEAT. Aery few people realize what they buy when ordinary meats are plurâ€" chascd. In the, first place, ‘almost every piece of meat purchased in the ' market has a large quantity ‘of reâ€" fuse, viz., the bones, gristle, tendons and other parts unsuitable for the table. These, of course, are put in at standard rates; and the result is that the actual meat which is lit for condumption for which, say 20 cents a pound is paid in the market. is “’0ch 25 or 30 cents a pound before it is ready for cooking. Then, after the refuse is cut away, the purchaser buys an immense quanâ€" tity of water. In some parts of beef, and beef may be taken as a type of all meats- in general, the percentage of water rises above 70. In a sample of meat which was prepared for. canâ€" ning purposes, under the supervision of an agent of the bureau of chem- istry, in the Department of Agriculâ€" ture, it was found that after removâ€" ing the bones and other refuse porâ€" tions and passing 356 pounds of the meat thus prepared through a sausâ€" age cutter, a sample of the average meat secured contained 71.17 per cent of water. The average percentâ€" age of water in meats, of course, is not so high, but after losing 25 per cent. of the meat in refuse, the pur- chaser can safely count upon having . 50 per cent of the rest of the meat consist of water. So, after all, in purchasing meats in general in the open market, only about 25 per card. of the total weight received can be regarded as nutritive value. Since the flavor and taste of the meat are one of the desirable things, is is evident that a considerable savâ€" ing can be secured in meat by utiliz- ing the waste portions for making soup. The bones eSpecially are available for this purpose, and to genre the best results should be broken into small pieces before being treated for making stock for soup. Again, the flavor of the meat is imâ€" parted in a most agreeable way to stew and other preparations of a similar iature, where the principal ingredient is potato or some other vegetable, and only sufficient meat is present to give the desired taste and flavor. Portions of meat, also, which are not edible in the ordinary forms in which they exist, can be made quite palatable by being work- ed into hash and other similar preâ€" parations where vegetables are add- ed in large quantities and seasoned with appropriate condiments. By the practice of a little ingemlity,‘tlle housewife can utilize to excellent ad~ vantage portions of meat which otherwise would be wasted. RIGHT KIND OF BREAKFAST. A‘ the early breakfasts which we are wont to indulge in, that is a hearty meal before going to our daily work, the omission of meat is to be earnestly advised. Many of the oniinary breakfast foods are to be preferred, especially oatmeal, with sugar and cream, and this, together with a couple of eggs, a. few slices of toast and a cup of coffee, makes a, breakfast which is entirely sulli- . cient for the man of sedentary em- ployment, and with a little addi- tion of materials of the same kind, quite enough for a laboring man. 1n so far as actual nourishment is concerned, the very cheapest and best that can be secured is presented by the cereals, viz., Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, rice, etc. These. bodies centain all the nourishment neces- sary to supply the waste of the body and the energy and heat neâ€" cessary to all animal functions and hard labor. in a form well suited to digestion, and capable not only of maintaining the body in a. perfect condition, but also of furnishing the energy necessary to the hardé’stk‘md of manual labor. The waste mate rial in cereals is very small, and, as compared with that. in meats, pracâ€" tically none at all. NUTRITIOUS AND HEALTHFUL It so happens that the cereals conâ€" tain all the elements necessary to the nutrition of the body, having in themselves the types of food which are represented by the fats, the niâ€" trogenous or protein bodies and the carbohydrates. In addition to these, they contain those mineral elements of which the bony structure of the body is composed, viz., lime and phosphoric acid. If, therefore, man were confined to a single diet, there is nothing which would be so suit- able for his use .. as the cereals. Starch and sugar are primarily the foods which furnish animal heat and energy. and, hence, should be used in great abundance by those who are engaged in manual’ labor. The workingmen of our country, espe- cially, should consider this point. and accustom themselves more and more to the use of cereals in their foods. When properly prepared and properly served they are palatable, as well as nutritious, and their juâ€" dicious use in this way would tend to diminish the craving for flesh, which, however, it is not advisable to exclude entirely from the slot. By persons whose habits of life are sedentary, requiring but little phy- sical exertion, starch and sugar should be eaten more sparingly, since, if not used for supplying enâ€" ergy for muscular exertion they are largely converted into fat, thus producing a condition of stoutncss which is looked forward to with fear by all who hope to retain undiminâ€" ished their bodily powers. In other words, the well-to-do person, as a rule, whose habits are sedentary, can eat meat with less danger of ac- quiring that excess of adipose to which reference has just been made. It seems probable that the prices of meat, now abnormally high, will never again descend to as low a point as they reached a few years ago, and, hence, the condition which now confronts us, which so accenâ€" tuates the question of the cost of living, is probably one of consider able permanency. ..___+________. JACK AT HIS TRICKS AGAIN. Many years ago two sailors were one Sunday sitting in the gallery of an old country church, paying very great attention to the service. Durâ€" ing the sermon one of them heard a distinct sound of snoring come up from the body of the church, and, looking down, he saw a. fat old farmâ€" er fast asleep, his head thrown well -back and his mouth wide open. The temptation was too strong for Jack, who, making up a plug of to- bacco, shut one eye and, glancing along an imaginary plumbâ€"line, dropped it into the old man's mouth, causing the old fellow to close it with a snap and jump to his feet, spluttering and spitting, with a face almost purple. Confusion reigned supreme, and Jack's chum innocent- ly asked: “What’s up, Jack? Man overâ€" board?” “No,” said Jack, with suppressed laughter, “I dropped a bit of baccy plumb dowu the main hatchway and into his old grog-tub!" THERE WAS A BOOM ON. A citizen of a flourishing western towu was boasting of the growth and enterprise of the place to a. group of strangers in the smoking compart- ment of a Western express train. “Only eight years old, and one of the finest young towns in the West." “I don’t think much of it," said one of the smokers. “You don’t?" cried the man from the town in question, aggressively. “When were you there?” “Used to live there." “When did you move away?” “Two weeks ago.” “Oh, well, you ought to see the place now!" +__._. EXPERIMENTS IN BURIALS. Sir Seymour Haden reports from experiments carried on for twelve years in the burial of animals that bodies buried four feet deep required more than four years for their com- plete dissolution; three feet deep, three years; two feet deep, two years; one foot deep, one year; while bodies not buried but simply covered with a foot of earth disappeared, all save their bones, in less than a year: but in all cases without injuring the pur~ ity of earth or air. #â€" Proud Father: “Always be a good boy and mind your teacher, and some day you may be Prime Minisâ€" ter.” Johnny: "I don’t. want to he Prime Minister." “What do you want to be?” “I want to be a mounted policeman.” UHILBREll ON THE THRDNE ALFONSO XIII. ONE OF ‘MANY TO WEAR A CROWN. â€"_ Thirty-Six Small Monarchs, Boys and Girls Who Have Been Rulers. Alfonso XIII. of Spain, when he takes the oath of allegiance to the Constitution will be the only unâ€" married King in Europe and the youngest King in the world. The southwestern peninsula of the Continent of Europe has produced its full quota of the potentates in pinafores who have helped to rule the world. In the last sixtyâ€"nine years, counting Alfonso in the ranks of the interesting little company, Spain and Portugal between them have seen two queens in tiny short dresses and two kings in Eton jackets. Modern history numbers thirtyâ€"six such small monarchs, Brazil, Greece, France, England, Scotland, Sweden and Austria. each contributing to the total of twenty-five royal girls, most of whom lived unhappy lives, and- many of whom met untimely or violent deaths. Alfonso’s own grandmother, Isa- bella II., was one of those into whose life came much sorrow. She came to the throne when a child of three and actually took up the reins of Government ten years later. Her troubles then began, to be steadily continued throughout her life. First her mother, Maria Cris- tina, tried to fdrce her to marry a man she did not love. Then the en- mity of her mother made trouble for her after the little Queen had been wedded to her cousin Francisco de Assisi. Then there was an uprising of the . populace against Maria, which drove her into France, and then, a. dozen years later, a similar outbreak of the mercurial Spanish temper forced Isabella herself to fol- low her mother. She abdicated two years later in favor of her son, Al- fonso XII., the father of THE PRESENT KING. In the meantime, across the line in Portugal, Queen Maria, whose father, Dom Pedro 1V., had given her the throne when she was but a slip of a child not yet 7, was tryâ€" ing against an illâ€"affected people and a hostile Ministry to hold the powerfor herself, while over in Brazil her brother, Pedro, one of the most charming of young men, was doing his childish best to satisfy the demands of a rebellious people. Maria of Portugal died of dis- couragement, it is said. Pedro of Brazil, driven from his kingdom, died of a broken heart. When, in 1833, Isabella was Queen of Spain at the age of 3, and Maria. was Queen of Portugal at theage of 7, and Pedro was Emperor of Brazil at the mature age of 8, Greece was in the rule of a boy not yet out of his teens. Prince 0tho of Bavaria. He sat on the throne at Athens dur- ing twentyâ€"nine years of almost constant disaffection and turbulence, and then, in 1862, was expelled, only to he succeeded by another young man of 18, Prince George of Denmark, brother of Queen Alexan- dra of England. England has entered upon her chronicles the names of ten child monarchs, the latest of whom was Victoria herself, who was but 18 on that historic J une night when she was awakened from her sleep in the palace at Kensington to hear that the King was dead and that THE QUEEN RULED. Henry III. came to the English throne when he was 10, and Richard II. when he was 11. Two of- the Kings in whose reigns the island was rent and torn by the wars of the Roses, Henry VI. and Edward 1V., began their ruling when little more than mere boys ; Edward IV. at 20 and Henry VI. when scarcely 8. The next Edw'ard never lived even to be crowned, for’ Edward V., rightfully succeeding to the throne when 13, spent the twelve weeks of his mockery of a reign as a prisoner of his uncle of Gloucester in the Tower of London, where he was murdered. Henry VIII. began his reign when 18, and when the throne descended to his son, Edward VI., that boy was in his tenth year ; he died be- fore he was 16. Lady Jane Grey was England’s Queen for just eleven months, which measured for her fortyâ€"five weeks of plots and counâ€" ter plots, strife and suspicion, end- ing in her execution before her nine- teenth birthday. - Five of the seven potontatos in pinafores who sat upon the ancient Stone of Scone in the neighboring kingdom deaths. James 1., who began to rule when 12, was murdered when 113, and his son James II., was accidentally killed I when 30, having worn the crown. of his father twenty~three years. THE THIRD JAMES, coming to the throne at the age of nine, was murdered when 45 : the fourth, who began to rule when 15, was slain in battle when 4,1: the fifth, only sixteen months when his little head was first weighed down by the crown, was dead at 30, while James VI., under whom the two kingdoms were at last united, was the only one of all the line of whom it may be said that he lived out the natural span of life. He came to the thronewhcn only a month more than one year old, and died when fiftyâ€"nine. ‘ His mother, Queen of Scots, the illâ€"fated Mary found in her por- of Scotland met untimely ' tion all the sorrow that has come ‘to be as<:ociated'with the lives of in- fant monarchs. She eight days after her l)i:.‘h ; she was a widow at 18. When 23 she married Darnley, Bothwell when 25, and through- all these years her hopes were constant- ly disappointed and her plans turnâ€" ed to naught. Forced to abdicate the throne that was hers by right. she was beheaded in the end. On the Continent eight Kings have assumed the reins of government when only boys. The present Em- peror of Austria. was 18 when, in 1848, he was proclaimed. Charles XII. of Sweden, was 15.; Louis IX. of France 11 ; Louis XIII. 9; Louis XIV. and Louis XV. each 5. Louis XVI. was 16 when he began the reign that was to end in deposiâ€" tion and death on the scaffold; Louis XVII. who became rightful King ' when 8 years old, was dead two years later. On the other hand, Louis XIV. wore the diadem of France royally for seventy-two years, the longest in history. To this company of boy rulers Al- fonso XIII. of Spain is now to be added. “5......â€" BOOKS WISE MEN ENJOY. Chopin rarely read anything heavi- er than a French novel. Lord Clive said that "Robinson Crusoe" beat any book he ever read. St. John Chrysostom never tired of reading or of praising the works of the Apostle John. James I. of England was a lover of the classics and very familiar with most of the Latin writers. Bunyan read little besides his Bi- ble, and often said that Christians Would do well to read no other book. Salvator .‘Rosa liked any kind of poetry, but more especially that re- lating to the Country or country scenes. ' Hume‘ said that Tacitus Was the ablest writer that ever lived. and himself tried to model his style on that of the Roman historian. Locke gave most of his attention to works of philosophy, He said: “I stand amazed at the profundity shown by Aristotle." , The elder Pitt liked Shakespeare, but not the labor of reading plays. He enjoyed hearing them, and once said that he had learned more Engâ€" lish history at the theatre than at the university. Shelley read with close attention all the works he could find antagonâ€" izing Christianity. He thought he was an atheist, but was mistaken, as there is not a. more spiritual wait- er in our language than he. He read the Bible with great care and some 'of his finest imagery is bor- rowed from its pages. Tennyson would not talk about his poetry, but once intimated that he regarded the “Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington," as contain- ing more inspiration than some of the others. He- once said that he did not expect much of the “Charge of the Light Brigade.” and was agreeably surprised at its reception. Scott believed that "Waverley" was his best novel, and “The Lady of the Lake” his best poem. He and the Ballantyncs had more than one lively discussion on the subject, but he would never admit a. change of opinion. He knew “The Lady of the Lake" by heart and once repeated the whole to prove the fact. +._....___ LORLIE FRO CK. A dainty frock intended to adorn the baby beginning to walk, and is made of lawn. The full skirt is gathered four along the line of holes, and placed to rows of holes, on yoke the gathers being sufficiently far apart to admit of pulls between. ,The sleeve is a full bishop sleeve, with a frill formâ€" ed by the extension of its own full- ness over the hand. Rosettes of pink or blue ribbon give a delicate bit of color to the frock. Quantities of Material Required: The size for two years will require three yards of lawn thirtyâ€"six inches wide. The size for four years will require three and one-half yards of goods thirty-six inches wide. 'llliree-eighths of a yard of tucking will be needed for the yoke. Three and one-half yards of edging for sleeves and edge of ruffles, with two and oneâ€"half yards of insertion for one row around the skirt. --â€"o SIGN OF MORAL DlilPllAV'l'I-Y. For a. number of years a distin- guished French physician has been making observations pertaining to the habit of lingerâ€"nail biting. He examined the pupils in a number of ~â€" schools. The habit is much more fre- Mr“ W qucnt among girls than among boys. In some schools fifty pcr.cent. of the girl pupils had the habit. It was noted that the nailâ€"bitcrs were 'thc poorest students. The habit preâ€" vails most frequently between the ages of twelve and fourteen. In most cases it is hereditary and as- sociated with moral depravity. The most incorrigible pupils were found invariably to be nail-bikers. It is not a wilful habit to be cured by some little punishment, but an indi- cation of the first stage of degeneraâ€" tion. The" habit should be treated as a disease. It affects the general health greatly. Proper food and exercise are important factors in cur- ing the habit. l l 1 times at the yoke, {should be in every family. LEBANON’S OLD TREES . was crowned Some of the Cedars Standing Af- ter Thousands of Years. At an elevation of about. 6,000 feet above the sea, on the left of the road to Bualbek, is a group of the noblest specimens of the vegetable kingdom in the east, which are be« lieved to be thousands of years old and the remnant of 'the far famed cedars of Lebanon, of which David and Solomon sang, and from which came the timbers of the temple. Djebelâ€"elâ€"Arz (the mountain of the cedars), which rises 7,770 feet, is generally coveted with snow. says William E. Curtis in the Chicago Record-Herald. As I have explained before, the term Mount Lebanon is misleading. There is no peak of that name which is applied to a lofty range with several conspicuous sum< mits extending about 106 miles from the neighborhood of Damascus to the sea and being about twenty-five miles broad from base to base. The most elevated peaks are those that I have just mentioned, Mount Hermon, 9,- 383 feet; Daharâ€"el-Kudhib, 10,020 feet; J cbel-Makmal, 10,016: El Miskych, 10,037; Fumâ€"el-Mizab, 9,- 900; Sannin, 8,900 feet. These peaks are broken by rugged ridges, precipitous cliffs and deep gorges. A parallel range, which does not reach so great a height, is known as Anti- Lebanon. When the word Lebanon is used the higher range is meant, and it is reâ€" ferred to frequently in the Bible. YOU WILL REMEMBER that Moses begged earnestly to Je- hovah, "Let me go over, I pray thee, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan and that goodly Mountain Lebanon,” of which he had doubtless heard in Egypt, for its; glory extended over the entire world. The patriarchs and the poets of the Bible praised Lebanon and sang of its forests, the snows that crowned its summits and the streams that bathe its feet. The Romans and the Greeks never tired of describing its beauties, its climate and its for- ests. The Arab poets use it as an il- lustration of grandeur, symmetry and strength. It is a proverb that Lebanon bean winter upon its head, spring upon its shoulders, autumn in its lap and that summer lies always at its feet. Of all the mighty forests which . formerly covered the slopes of Leb-; anon only five remain toâ€"day, and; they are limited in area. The lofti-. est trees and thosemost celebrated for their antiquity are found near the town of Becherre at an altitude of 6,300 feet and are known as “The Cedars of God" â€" “The Cedars of Lebanon which he hath plantedffi and according to the botanists. who count their age by the circles in their trunks, they are 3,000 or 4,- 000 years old. Like the immortal cliffs that tower above them, they have watched the passage of a pro- cession of kings down the centuries,. led by David, Solomon and Hiram. with a roar guard commanded by Kaiser William II, of Germany. They are not so large nor so lofty as the great trees of California, but their antiquity and association: make them the most sacred and the most interesting groves in the world, and pilgrims come here to worship them. ' .5..___.. HOW SHE SCARED TRAMPS. Timid, unprotected ladies who look under the bed before courting the sweet restorer, and who have been known to keep a masculine hat. hanging in the hall to keep away burglars, will be interested in the device of a. postmistress of 82 in England, who has taken a still more daring flight of imagination. The only door of the house faces the main street. Opposite the door is 0. table, and in the middle of the table rests a. policeman’s helmet. An in- quisitive surveyor, who tells this story in a. London publication, askâ€" ed if she had a. policeman lodging with her. She explained with some indignation that the helmet was a blind, for so'many tramps came begging but when they saw the helv met they passed on. “The helmet there," concluded the aged spinster “affords me great security.” , +_I_____ N0 WONDER. A few years ago a rich merchant, as a reward for long service and faithful attention to duties, released his head clerk from his ordinary pursuits and sent him into the coun- try to manage a large farm which had been much neglected and the finances of which were in a bad way. The next morning, in company with a friend, the new manager was look- ing about rbund the fields and incu- dows when be perceived one of the laborers sowing wheat. ‘ “Ah,” exclaimed he, "no wonder complained of mismanage- ment and waste. There’s that man actually throwing away corn. i shall have to put a stop to tlmt.” -+___.._..._ AT THE FRONT WINDOW. Merchantâ€""I want ‘you to lake this note to my wife." 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