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I ‘ ‘Mpâ€"wwwbww mwd‘i »w>~«-w~ saâ€" f‘a- ‘~ wvaa-vu v-«uMN-«w w: u~e~aw-v~r 'i.w WW. m. . _... . 292.5. v g;- »«__._......._ ..-....V ._,_._..,,, Russians are the most hospitable of people. Russia ,annually spends $15,900,- 000 on her army. Russia is traversed by the rivers in Europe. Moscow is the centre of Russian inâ€" ternal commerce. Russia has fewer labor strikes than other countries. The Czar is at the head of the Gracco-Russian Church. For every ten of coal, Russia burns nine tons of wood. Every year 280,000 canscripts join the Russian army. Houses in Russia are built of yel- low brick, and are of one storey. Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is the highest freshâ€"water lake in the world. Dairy farming is pursued in Fin- land from a scientific point of view. The yearly production of coal in Russia is more than 6,000,000 tons. It is considered bad form to carry an- umhrella in Russia during the Winter. ' The Czar has the power to appoint to every office in the Graeco-Russ‘ian Church. Russian stoves are so arranged in the houses that they heat two rooms at once. The city three large islands and a number of smaller ones. The Russian largest of St. Petersburg covers Empire contains a any other country. Common footsoldicrs in Russia re- ceive as pay only two kopecks, or one cent a day. ‘ Every male in Russia isliable to serve in the army after attaining his twentyâ€"first year. When the Neva is in flood, women can be seen washing their clothes in the backwaters. A great portion of Russia is under water in the Spring, owing to the rivers overflowing. _ When erecting a bridge, the super- stitious Russ throws a piece of new money into the water. ' Trains are conveyed across Baikal on the Transâ€"Siberian way by means of a steamer. All the granite used in the magni- ficent buildings in St. Petersburg comes from Finnish quarries. It is more necessary for a commer- cial traveller entering Russia to un- derstand German than Russian. To hire a carriage in the evening for a drive that only takes ten min- utes costs $4.50 in St. Petersburg. The cost of a Russian soldier is $154.50 per annum, towards which every Russian pays $1.18 in taxes. In localities where timber is cut, Watch towers are erected outside the overseer's house to keep a lookâ€"out for forest fires. The crack Russia is the Russian Ilegintent, having its quarters at Kieff. A woman in Russia, until the day of her death, if she remain unmarried, is under the absolute sway of her parents. When a. Russian dies, he is buried with a paper in his hands. On this is Written his Christian name, as well as a prayer for his soul. On every shopâ€"front in St. Petersâ€" fburg there is not only the Russian sign, but a complete pictorial repreâ€" sentation of the goods on sale With- in. In times of peace, the Russian army numbers 1,000,000 men. On declaraâ€" tion of War, this can be almost im- mediately raised to 2,500,000. To keep out the cold in winter, the windows of Russian houses are. fasâ€" tened up, paper being gunnned wher- ever the least draught might peneâ€" trate. i Conscription takes place in Russia‘ I Lake Railâ€" infantry regiment of Maloâ€"Ruski or Little headâ€" lannually betwoen November lst and December 15th, and those required to complete the active army are chosen by lot. The real power in Russia is Pobye- (lonots.*l'f, the I’rocuratorâ€" leneral of the Holy Synod of the Russo-Greek Church. He is also the most hated man in the Empire. The Governor of Via-(livestock has power to deport any person or per- sons he thinks fit at twentyâ€"four hours' notice. No reason need be assigned for this summary dismissal. The appanage Estates are the proâ€" perty of the Russian Imperial family. Their area is 20,000,000 acres. All profits from the timber go to the private purse. of the Czar. In the outside world of Russia, furs are considered a test of the financial position of the wearer, so that many business men are obliged to spend a good deal of money on them. Furs and winter garments are pre- served during the time they are not being worn by being stowod in deep straw hampers, with shoots steeped in turpentine laid betw a"; the folds. The period of scrvic» for Russian soldiers is fifteen yearsâ€"four in the ranks, two years on furlough (liable lo recall at any moment), and nine ears in the reserves, which can only in calch out in case of war or na- llo nal danger. l greater number of distinct races tianceits | each year. flingâ€"â€" “â€" !\ WM- . ._» .0... - -..-.__ _ I . . O . . O . . O . C . O . Q . . . ... .‘.. .. a I. ’. ... .. p....u.~.oo.n » 04.00.»... u.».oo.¢o.».u.oo.o . . .u . o 0 . . . .0: g .3 6:. 9 ~ 0:. Oz. ' a 0;. ’ : Q‘. - . ? 0‘0 . . O ‘3 9 0.0 o . . 0:. e .o. 2. § - 0:. a. -- a 0:. y - . .:O é .z. .5 ’ 0;. x . ' eoooooooooeoooo’ooboobeobo ~ coy... 9:0 9:0 0:. 9:. .1. oz. 9:. .2. 0:0 o} .20 9.. 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 e.o o, 9.. 0.9 0.0 a} 0.0 0.0 0.0%”; 0.”; 0.09.0... 0.09.. o’ 9.. a. u"; ..».. a. 5.... . In Japan there are over 80,000 miles of railways. In Japan every child is taught to write with both hands. Japanese officers direct their troops by means of a‘code of whistl- ing. Japan is 59,561 square miles larger than England, Scotland, and Wales. Until forty years ago, the Japan- ese were vaccinated on the tip 0f the nose. Japanese brides, during the mar- riage ceremony, wash the feet of. the bridgegroom. Chrysanthemums, served as salad, are a favorite article of diet among the Japanese. At a Japanese banquet it is con~ si-dered a compliment to exchange cups with a, friend. Fish are sold alive in Japan, the pedlars carrying them through the streets in tanks. Japanese spies have been working among the Chinese laborers in the great fortress at Port Arthur. Every workmen in Japan wears on his cap and on his back an inscripâ€" tion giving his business and 1115' cmâ€" ployer’s name. The principal garments of the Japanese infantry regiments are composed of specially prepared paper of a yellowish, color. On entering her husband‘s home, the Japanese bride does not become mistress of the household. She be- comes the slave of her spouse's par- The postal and telegraph departâ€" ments in Japan are very flourishing. Sixty-eight per cent. of the receipts go to the expense of their maintenâ€" ance. CensuiSrtaking in Japan is simple, original, but_ untrustworthy. The houses are counted, and for each of these dwelling-places an average of five persons is allowed. In almost every school in Japan it is the custom one day in 'the auâ€" tumn to take the pupils out rabbit hunting, on another muslirOOm huntâ€" ing at night with paper lanterns. ' The lower classes of the Japanese employ hardly any other material than paper for their clothing. Where wages are exceedingly low, cloth is an impossible extravagance. When a Japanese woman of the middle and lower classes is dressed for an evening entertainment, she generally shows as much of her feet as she can, and is sometimes bare- footed. The Empress of J span receives $20,000 worth of clothes from 1aris She cnlv consents to apâ€" pear in public ci..‘.hed in the gar-- ments of 'her native country once in twelve months. 'A spectator in a Japanese theatre. on payment of a small extra fee, is permitted to stand up; and the perâ€" son behind him cannot object, al- though the latter's view of the pen- formance is obstructed. The Japanese eat more fish than any other people in the world. With them meatâ€"eating is a foreign inno- vation, confined to the rich, or rath« or to those rich people who prefer it to the national diet. Public story-tellers still earn a. good livelihood in Japan. In Tokio alone 600 of them ply their trade, provided with a small table, a fan, and a' paper rapper to illustrate and emphasise the points of their tailes. Before the Westernisiug of the Japanese war department, a battle was frequently decided by personal encounter between the two commanâ€", ders, the retainers on each side giv- ing their chiefs encmiragement only. In Japan, small children of the poor, who have the gift of straying and no nurses to look after them, are safeâ€"guarded by the simple pre. caution of hanging labels round their necks which tell their names and addresses. An evidence of the striking unlâ€" formity of size among 'the Japanese is found in the fact that recent meas~ urements taken of an infantry regiâ€" ment show no variation exceeding two inches in height or twenty pounds in weight.- In the public schools of Japan the English language is required to be taught by law. The Japanese youths in the open ports and commercial cities are all eager to learn English as a passport to wealth, position, and employment. Most of the Japanese houses are of one general shape and two storeys high. They are put together by a curious method of mortising, at which these people are adopts, not one nail being used throughout the construction of the whole building. The Emperor of Japan is an ath- letc football into the Land of the Chry- santhemum, and amuses himself by playing an amateur game in his pri- vate grounds with some of his friends, most of whom are not so fond of it. Every Japanese barracl: has a gymnasium, and the Japanese seldâ€" iers rank among the best gymnasts in the world. In half amninute they can scale a fourteen-foot wall by simply bounding on 0: ch other's shoulders, one man supporting or three others. in his way; he has introduced grateful H he Suyg two turns to vinegarâ€"and it’s «'«Vzoo-3»?e~:»:»:«:~eo:~v:d:«:~:ofi IMPRISONED FOR IGNORANCE. Man Did. Not Know Greek and Was Committed. The Federal Government of Austraâ€" lia finds itself in an awkward posiâ€" tion as‘the result of .an extraordin- ary application of the language test under the Commonwealth Alien Re- striction Act. A man named Stelling, first mate Of a vessel, was sentenced to a term of imprisomnent for smuggling, and on his release was informed that he must pass an European language test or otherwise be liable to punishment as .a prohibited emigrant. He is the sou of a German doctor and an Egy- ptian mother. The authorities should be examined which language he is ignorant, and his failure brought him another sen- tence of six months’ imprisonment as a prohibited immigrant unlawfulâ€" ly in the country. It was officially explained that Greek was selected because Greece IS the nearest European country to Egypt, where Stelling was born. The man appealed against the sentence, and Justice Pring, of Sydney, grant- ed a rule nisi- for a habcas corpus on several grounds. , Mr. Deakin, the Prime Minister, thereupon issued a warrant for. Stell- ing's immediate release from custody, expecting that the latter would de- part on Saturday in the outgomg German steamer. Stelling, however, declines to leave the country, and has instructed his solicitors to issue a writ claiming £1,000 damages against the Commonwealth for false imprisonment. ,Public sympathy, is entirely with him. By the Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, which apâ€" plies to the whole of Australia, the following‘persons, among others, are prohibited from landing in Australia: “Any pers0n who, when asked to do so by an oflicer, fails to write out at. dictation and sign in the. presence of the officer a passage of fifty Words in length in a'European language diâ€" rected by the oflicer." +__..._._ NEW PORTABLE PHONE. M Will be of Great Service to Forces on Active Service. insisted that he in Greek, of The latest Swedish invention which is being discussed is a portable tele- phone. The specimens which ha\e been sent abroad have elicited unâ€" stintod praise from Austrian, Rus- sian, Greek and Turkish experts, who have tested them, and while large demands and enquiries for the new ’phone ha\e come from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the United States, those from England have been even more noticeâ€" able. Within the cylinder of the tele- phone is a, small dry cell, the whole apparatus (including both mouth- piece ,and earpiece) being small enough to go in the pocket. With each instrument is a coil of thin copper wire, and it is reckoned that a soldier could easily carry 13.000 feet of this with him. The uses suggested for the portâ€" able telephone are innumerable, miliâ€" tary considerations being specially kept to the front. Outposts, it is declared, could by its aid keep in constant communication with the main forcé, and it is pointed out that it dyeuld furnish a valuable means of‘ Li’keeping in touch with headquarters for police and fire brigades, For use between railway carriages on a moving train, for enâ€" lgineers at work underground or on great public works. for steamers, for would he most desirable. ______¢.______ - EARS AND NOSES FOR SALE. Now Buy Any Part of a Man’s Body. The British Medical Journal prints a story which competes handsomely with the recent account of the graft- ing of an ear in the United States. It is the case of an old man of 60, the finger of whose right hand was bitten off by a pig. In company with a friend and the finger the man wall-zed six miles to a doctor’s house, where You May friend produced with tobacco dust. In spite -fact that the finger had been off about two hours it was fixed in place lagain and stump and finger have grown lmgether nicely. The American car grafting story alâ€" so seems to have aroused a spirit of emulation in France, where a surgeon, Guillaume Livet, offering his cars, 110% and pieces of his skin for grafting purposes. In case Dr. Livet does not need them in his own prac- tice the correspondent would esteem it a favor if he would hear him in mind in the event of a colleague re- quiring them. We also suggests that Di: the Academy of Science and the Facâ€" ulty of Medicine might find use for parts of a living body. “If so, please let me know and I will be most He adds a post- script to the effect that the charges for parts of his anatomy will be “moderate at first.” Indeed, it is only natural to suppose that the. prices will advance proportionately to .fhe reduction of his person. He alâ€" so says that special arrangements may be made for the poor who need pieces of him. â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"-â€"-â€"# Wine either improves with age or much the same with people, cyclists. and in many other cases itl after hunting in all his pockets the‘a niarblo statue, the finger, coveredlgan has the power of interpreting all of the|the ssnsory impulses that reach it; lk‘i'enchman has written to the French ’ two ’A MEDICAL MAN SAYS IT IS the nature IN THE BRAIN. Nerves Which Convey Impulses to That Organ. I Well remember it brought. into hospital, having his right foot badly crushed by the wheel of a heavy waggon, writes Joseph Cater, M. D., in Lond.n1 Ar- swers. al days after the operation. on go ing through the ward, I implired elâ€" ter the patient‘s Welfare. He assurâ€" ed me he was getting on nicely. but for the pain he felt in his injured foot. ' Now. by this time he literally had “one foot in the grave:" thorn-fore what could the man mom when he declared that his injured I‘-:ot still cadsed him pain? Were l to make answer on his behalf, I shotdd say that he meant exactly what he had saul, although his statement did not accurately represent the facts 'ihcre was no reason to doubt he spoke 'truthfully, and actually realized the pain he described; but it certainly could not have arisen from the am- ' putated foot, for this had been dec- ently buried. CUT FINGERS DO NOT HURT. Where, then, is the seat of pain? The miles of wire in a telegraphic system serve to convey the messages from a transmitting to a terminal iinstrumcnt: but the electrical impul- lscs, on reaching their destination, rcâ€" quirc an educated brain to interpret the mysterious signs. The wires ,themselves are quite unconscious of 'the passing message, although they are capable of being electrified at ,any part. of their course. To cut oil 'twenty or fifty miles, and transmit the message over the shortened dis- tance, would in no Way affect the message itself, and the 'receiver would 'be ignorant of the change unless he were informed by the sender. A similar thing may be said of the nerves of the body. They play the part of telegraph-wires, and convey limpuls:s to the brain. They are no imoa‘e conscious of the passing im- Ipulss than are the wires which conâ€" may the telegraphic message, and cur- tailment of the one is practically the :same thing as shortening the other. Now, let me suppose you have cut your finger, and sympathetic inquirâ€" =crs ask where you feel hurt. Naturalâ€" ly you point to the seat of the inâ€" jury, and say, “It is there I feel pain.” Or I can imagine you one 10f the unhappy beings doomed to walk the earth with an instrument of torture, miscal‘cd “a corn.” On inâ€" quiry you Would locate pain it caused at this spot or that, according to its position on your foot. The state- ment you make in either case would ,l:e a correct one, because it exactly represents your own idea of the mat- ltel‘. Neverthelcss, it would not be ’5;trictly accurate, because neither fin- ger nor foot is conseious or capable of realizing pain. TELEGRAPI-IING- THE BRAIN. My one-footed friend unquestionab- -ly felt pain, but he wrongly describ- led the .seat of the sensation. I-l'e re- ll'crred it to the foot, as you might ‘refer me to your cut finger or the protuberant corn. The impulses which reached the sensorium of his ,hrain travelled upwards by the iden- tical nerves which had carried similar impulses from his feet when it was 1‘2-resent and intact. The cut ends of those nerves, which formerly Were .continued into the foot, were new in a state of “irritation,” owing to the operation and the consequent healing processes. In this state they would he conveying impulses up to the b‘ain, jl-st as they had previousâ€" ly borne them from the feet. When these impulses reached headquarters, it was natural to concluded they had larisen in the foot, as usual, the brain not having grown accustomed to the altered state of things. On reflection, I think it will be sre.1 that the brain alone possesses the conscious faculty; other parts of l the body may be alive and active, but they are as devoid of consciousness as This wonderful or- consequrntly it is perfectly competent ‘to distinguish the difference between a piii-l'n'ick and a kiss. Both acts give rise to impulses, and these are transmitted to the brain by the reâ€" spective nerves; but only there can it be possiI:-le to decide which of the has an agreeable flavor, and which is of the nature of pain. If I pinch the leg of a man whose nerves are paralyzed, he does not feel anything: and if not, why not? '[ have in”icted an injury on the leg. and if the portion of flesh I pinched were the seat of the pain, why does he not fcel it? The reason is that the paralyzed nerves are incapable of transmitting any impulse to the train. If it were otherwise the man's brain Would receive a message from the locality of the pinch, would at once interpret the message, and conclude that the effect was one of pain. MECHANISM OF THE ’I‘ONGUE. We take other evidence. You place sugar in your mouth, and say it is sweet; or the juice of a lemon, and pronounce it sour. It can scarcely he said that the tongue passes judg~ ment, for no intelligent conscious- Are' a the Telegraph-wires man being h ad We had' to amputaze. Sever- WHERE IS SEAT OF PAIN? 212211211.- litliircéi‘mififiliu‘?nigh: cs to the brain, in accordance with with it: but there alone is it realized that the effect of the one is bitter. and of the other is sweet. Place some substance in your hand, and try to judge of its weight in so many ounces. Where is the opinion formed? Certainly not in your hand! Hold your foot towards the fire, and say what you feel. When you state that you realize heat, you do not wish me to under- stand that your'foot has formch this definite opinion. In both cases the nerves received a “stimulus"â€"â€"the one being that of weight, the other that of heatâ€"and a message was dos. [patched accordingly to headquarters, where the judgment was pronounced. If the Weigl'it had been too hmvy, or 111* fire heat too great. the brain would have promptly sent its order: by “ntotor” impulses to drop the one, and withdraw from the other. We hear sounds by means of the au~ ditory nerve fibres conveying im- pressions to a certain centre in the brain. BRAIN GIVES VERDICTS. The same kind of thing occurs with regard to sight. The optic nerve carries impulses from the retina to the centre for vision, so that, speakâ€" ing literally, only in the brain do we really see. In short, the Whole nervous system is one of telegraphy, as it were, all impressions from ev- ery part of the body being transmit- ted directly or indirectly to headâ€" quarters: the brain receiving, inter- preting, and judging of the messages, acts in accordance with their nature, and, when necessary, despatches its own orders for local action. Let us trace out the example of the accidental prick of a finger. It is a hundred to one, on receipt of the injury, that the afflicted member finds its way to the mouth, in search Iof comfort in distress. What happen- ed the instant the prick was received is as much ~ beyond our ken as the lmessage running along the telegraph- wire. A communication instantane- ously passed up to the brain, and Was pronounced to be unpleasant; and the centre which controls that linger sent down a “motor” impulse to withdraw it from the source of injury and to soothe it by the warmth and moisture of the mouth. The finger itself was not conscious; it could not feel pain, although'this is what everybody would naturally suppose. It was the brain which reâ€" alized the sensation. Toreturn to the question, “Where is the seat of pain?” we must reply that it can only be in the brain. This organ alone is capable of rcav lizing sensation. _â€"â€".â€"â€"â€"._ q}, A lli'ISTAKEN INFERENCE. Of all the “ hunting judges, "sporting parsons,” and other pro- fessional men of the last generation who loved the field and the cry of the hounds above any indoor duty, _ one of the best known was a certain Irâ€" ish jurist who inspires reminiscences published in the People's Friend, of Dundee, Scotland. During the Fen: ian times he had a clerk who was like-minded, says the contributor, and a joyous pair they made. “Yer honor,” whispered the clerk, one fine morning, “there's a meet toâ€" day at Ballykilmulligan, and they've a fine dog-fox.’: “llow many’s in the dock?" asked the judge, excitedly. "’_l‘wenty, for rioting and breach of peace, yer honor." _ “Tim,” said the judge. “do you think you can get the first follow to plead guilty without a jury trialâ€"me to let him off with a week in jail?" The easiest thing in the world," answered the faithful clerk. “Make haste, then, and bring the whole gang, and I say, 'l‘im, tcll Jer- ry lo saddle the mare meanwhile." The twenty Fenians were brought into courtâ€"nineteen of them prepared Ito fight with counsel and jury to the bitter end. The twentieth had been interviewed by the clerk. “Guilty or not guilty of the crimes charged?” demanded the judge, with la propitious smile. "Guilty, yer honor," ty prisoner. “Well.” said the judge, glancing benevolently about the room, “I lfancy I can let you off with a week." i I! said the craf- The man thanked the judge, and stepped down to the. bailiff. ’lfherc was a. terrific sensation among the other (l~'“'-‘mlants. Whymnone of them expected to get off with less than I'm.I years in limbo. Here was a chance to profit by his honor’s pleasant .mood. ‘me and all manifested an earnest desire to follow the example of their comrade and acknowledged their crimes at once. “Do __vou all plead guilty?" de- manded the judge, eagerly. ‘ “We do!” shouted the enthusiastic niuctcen in chorus. “Fourteen years' transportation lapiece!" exclaimed the judge, with a click of his jaw. “Jerry, is the mart saddled yet?” .. -......_..4,__..-... S A (,3 RED [G l ill? 11’ HA N’l‘F‘ . ceremonies are witnessed when one of the sacred white elephants (lies. It is given a funeral grander than that accorded to p:inccs of Royal blood. Buddhist priests elliriatc, and thousands of l I(_ie'.'()'..t Siamese men and women fol- l Sl.’\l\'l.’S Curious in Siam low the deceased auiuml to the nose r.sides in any part of the grave. Jewels and offerings renro. mouth. « senting some thousands of pounds ’1 he tongue, it is true, has 3. incâ€"- are buried with the elephant. . . <' .. , ~ "W “ 7-6 of substances in contact -.v»..â€". my new â€"~ 'v‘x‘ etc- ..._ “an. 7â€"K... g‘,___._.._....Wn. 4. -...‘~_ ._Ms-mmw~namâ€" my 3..