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. = A” - >345 EillSlllR‘i llF l-FDHEST’ ‘E’MANY TREES'START IN THE RACE, BUT FEW CAN KEEP PACE. 6ONLY THE FITTEST SURVIVE. Ltfieal Struggle For Existence Starts When the Trees Are Large Enough for ‘V‘Crowns’fito Touchâ€"Then Be- gins the Race Upward to the Light â€"â€"Eventually Only‘ Fastest Growers Survive. It is importantâ€"in fact, essentialâ€"â€" :ior anyone who has to do with plant- :ing or tending‘forest trees to under- -stand something of the history and ..natural development of a forest. Take the case of a forest where the Btrees are but a few-even two or three *-â€"â€"years old. This can sometimes be _~obscrved in nature where a fire has burned all the timber on a tract or ‘gwhore all trees on a tract have been \blown down, and this tract has sub- : sequently been seeded up and covered ‘- with a thick growth of young trees. .ting the tree down before this age is little trees increase in {is a remarkable one. .,-".'sfruggle for existence. iicrowns of the trees have touched and Levon begun to interlace there is ob- ‘Niously no more room for them to 'zflnally -!branclies are blown off by the wind, no“ knocked off through being struck «ed to three hundred (300). mi age, there had been 850 left, and For a few years each little seedling 'has a chance to grow as it will. It ‘M’lll have many hardships to contend 'with â€"â€" dangers, for instance, from f'frost, drought or excessive moisture --â€"-and naturally many of the young '= trees will die from such causes. When " these are overcome, however, each lit< '. tle tree can grow at its best rate for .some time, enjoying as much as it ‘wants of soil, Space and light. As time goes on, however, and the I Size, there comes a time when the crowns of the ' treesâ€"the term “crown” meaning the :fchage or the trees as a wholeâ€"begin to touch each other. This has a .' beneficial effect on the soil, much of ' "which has hitherto been more or less exposed to sun and wind; now eva- Vporationis hindered, and, moreover, ‘ the soil is enriched by the leaves and twigs which fall from the trees and- avhich, by their decay, form new hu- .Lmus. The effect on the trees themselves Now begins 8. Now that the grow in a horizontal direction. The great need of the plantâ€"that part of .it, at least, above the groundâ€"is light. As there is no chance for the tree 'to get more light by growing horizon- ‘l'tally, so :growing upward. Eventually the fast- ~est and strongest-growers are the sur- it spends its strength in vivors. As grOwth in height goes on, the light is cut off from the lower branches, and they become sickly and die. In time the dead uby other branches, or are broken off win some other way. Meanwhile the fastest-growing trees tiarc getting the most light, and so ‘they harm the best chance for develop~ merit. Having got above the other "treesathey get the chance to spread wont sideways, and so to hinder by "their shadeâ€"finally, probably, to kill - â€"â€"their ' ‘ “This process will 5:0 on for years and "tens of years, and in the end only a slower-growmg companions. small proportion of the trees which originally started in the race will be =nlive. As an actual instance, the re- .-~sult of work done in the Turtle Moun- ’tzun Forest Reserve, in Manitoba, by 'the Dominion Forestry Branch, may be cited; there it was found that, "while the average number of poplar “trees per acre when the trees are but ten years old is four thousand (4,000), 'when thetrces have reached 80 years lof‘age, their number has been reduc- At 40 years .at 60 years 425 had remained. In an- ;other study made by the United States I‘m-est Servzce in New England, the "Yl’hi‘te l’inc was the tree under in- »‘vcstigatiou. Where there were two "thousand two hundred (2200) white jpine trees per acre at ten years of :age, at 60 years of age there were but ~:‘lwo hundred and sixty (260) remain- ‘fing. At 30 years of age the number Eliad been just about halved, being 1.690; at 4*.) years of age 690 had been Eleft, and at 50 years of age 400. ‘ ln forest tree planting-a hint is 'iakon from nature, and the trees are 'gplunted close togetherâ€"a tree every :four to six feet. The crowns of these t’Illi‘el in a few yea.rsâ€"‘-say, six or eight L -â€"â€"â€"and so the ground is shaded. The :great majority of the trees die, of 'course; the forester knew this would .fliappen, when he planted the trees. lint the close planting is much the rclmapest way of presewing the mois- fituxc in the soil and further enriching fit by the forming- of new humus. The trees which go under altogether fin the struggle are known as “sup-s rprcssed” trees. while those that tower 1 :abovc the rest are known as “domin- ant.” trees. Those betwixt and ‘beâ€" ‘tween these two extremes. that man- :age to live on, though they do not, Ilacep pace with :are known as “subdominant” trees. li‘inally, however, growth in height menses; the chief reason for this is 'iliat the tree is no longer able to pump mp water so as to give a proper sup- ;ply to their crowns. The tree contin- ‘.ues to grow in diameter, however, for :some years after the main growth in insight ceases; and that, too, at a pretty rapid rate. Eventually, even uhis growth in diameter falls off large- ‘ily though it continuesâ€"«zit a less rate. (if courseâ€"to -a very old age. Trees often live 'to a very great ago. From a forestry standpoint, however, it is an error to allow this. ‘Very old trees, when out down, are lireque‘l’ifly found to be more or less I rotten at thoubuitzandcthe hf": utflx’a station of the timber is 'secured'by cut; reached. ~ \ F. W. H. Jacombe. Ottawa, Feb. 25, 1907. __._l_..â€"â€".â€"â€"â€"â€"â€"- Some Definitions. Argumentâ€"A device generally em- ployed to convince ourselves that we are right. Holidayâ€"A thing happily conceived to make us appreciate the restfulness of work. STABLE V? N .‘lLATION. Hoard’s Dairyman Discusses the Question of Its Cash Valueâ€"Prof. Grisdale’s Experiences. 'A neighbor once said to us, "Hoard, if you find anything is particularly good in dairy management, you keep pounding it into us.” , Well, perhaps that is so. We keep in mind, that-old proverb in the Bible "Line upon line; here a’ little and there a little.” For several years we have seen that dairy farmers, as a rule, do not rea- lize the cash value to them of a rightly ventilated stable. They do not see that it means more cash for them; better profit, more milk from their cows; larger returns from the same feed. They do not see these things. If men do not see things they should not be expected to be governed by them. 'And so we keep at them trying to make them see the truth as we see it. Recently we printed a veryexcel- lent article from Mr. J. H. Grisdale, the manager of the dairy department of the Canadian Experiment Farm at Ottawa. In that article Mr. Grisdale relates his experience in putting cows into an unventilated stable and one that was properly ventilated. He shows clearly the finer condition of the cows in the latter and their more profitable work, and he says: “It might lessen your feed bill. It would certainly lessen your doctor’s bills. It would certainly increase the comfort of your animals. There is much less danger from lung troubles, or diarrhetic or-trouble of urine, and there is much less danger from troubles with the digestive organs when the 'air conditions are correct. Now, there is a solid, practical . statement. No theory about it. That is the way we have found it, as well as hundreds of other men who have tried it. Cows in that shape are go- ing to do much better for a man on the same expense of care and feed. That means a cash value in the re- ‘ turn. You do not reap unless you sow. You invest a little money to make the stable rightand healthy, and you reap a big interest on the investment. It is astonishing what an amount of real sanitary ' ignorance prevails among men about the condition of "their stables. ’It is astonishing, too, punished for their ignorance and nev- er realize it. One old man once said to us that it seemed to him “that an idea had to be big enough to knock him down before he could sense it.” Hundreds of farmers have had to lose almost their entire herd with tu- berculosis, before they could be made to stop and think about the value of pure, fresh air. And we need not won- der at it, when we look into the sources of supply for knowledge these men have. They will not read; they will not go anywhere or do anything to obtain knowledge. Why shouldn’t they be as helpless as children when wrong conditions govern them all the \company out and join in the fight. the dominant trees . time? Why shouldn’t they lose money on their cows by bad stabling, when they really think and believe the bad I is good? An Irish captain in the civil war was asked why he didn’t get his He- answered. rl'he men are asleep. How can a man fight when he’s asleep Pâ€"Hoard’s Dairyman. , _. A BOX TRAP. Protecting Poultry From Weasels and Other Animals. The box trap here Iowa Homestead, is credited to an exchange. Minks, weasels and such small animals as are destructive to poultry can nearly always be trapped by using a box trap made about thirty-six inches long and about six or seven inches square in two compart- ments, one about twelve inches and ‘ the other twenty to twenty-four in- l l shown, from I TRAP FOR WEASELS. - ches, with a division between made of small mesh poultry wire or woven by hand with baling wire with no less ‘ than one-half inch meshes. The outer 1 end of the smaller division should be of the same. Arrange a drop door in slides like the ordinary rabbit trap. 5 Put a live chicken in the small di- : vision and set the trap near a coop ' which has been viSIted or anywhere - the animals have been seen, and they will be caught __in a few nights. of the Grafters. .1 UK the grafters! Almost thick or herd has one or more. orse in the stable is a poor work- ‘) we use the others oftener rath- fran bother with him. One cow ;.-; the herd is a boarder, giving thin ' ittle milk. We hardly know why '9 did the same last year. Why 1 fi’t we sell her? One sow in the lI ~. eats or lies on all her pigs every I Some me. We ought to fire her. . "7 ‘ '71:: just “chick, duck," and _ lay like the others. Let‘s get site:- all the zrafters kâ€"Farm Journal. how long they will go along being “ keep her, but she still boards with . One ewe refuses to own her lamb. - Correct ’Dress , for Men and Boys. Every judge of good clothing pronounces “Piccad'ily” and “ Fashion Brand ” arments two of the most satisrving lines ready-toâ€"wear clothing produced. The style, the fit, the shoulders, and the close-fitting collars, are the admiration of ta. dressers. The only difference you will find between “Piccadill and “Fashion Brand” Clothing and the product of the leafy 'ashion centres is in the price, and that is all in your favor. designs always on hand. LET US SHGW YOU OUR GirlEélPEfiT GEEfiEflEgL S‘t‘flfi Elia THE 5‘ EEWEhQW”E&&&% ~ . new Lilli. eeuurv Gieit‘n useefiznm i . . -'cr:4"mvâ€".-*'~ .. ‘:."3~T“=,’."Wé.. -.,v‘;-""i . , .; .. his}? v. ~ ‘ w a '3’,2\\.&’r' - r A complete stock of Furni- ture of the best and newest l’iices the lOwest. ‘ ‘* =E§§3§fifl sea,iaor. A very large number of applications for admission at the beginning of the term have been received, and it is advisable that all who purpose attending should enter as near the L. BEYlilhll, Furniture and finds-risking. ea better investment. 43. WM. PRll‘lGLE, ’iclure Framing a Specialty. .zuflumu‘lbzmlhmifimfl ’ ~ 9hr. l. i'lll‘luz Macadam. " fbtfifi t tinny ilarlile liens. fiabt. Streamers ' Dealer in and manufacturer of all kinds flail l8 and Granite llinumenls Being a direct importerl‘ am able to quote llle closesx prices. I have lately installed a pneumatic pol- ishing machine, and a pneumatic plant for Lettering and Tracing. We are able to do better and deeper Work llian heretofore. Call and gel designs and prices. WORKS.â€"Iu the rear of the Market on Cambridge street, opposite the Packing House. B. ERAMBEF’éfi, Proprietor or shoes. \Ve have to keep some best efforts into selling it. Steel Ranges. - Elankets, Rubber and "V ll R g., R b - dado films “a: beige: ll - Ill ujflhflnflmmrflmmfiufltzmfiu hm: :m‘flilmllliuzm‘l‘liimfli:idlizrmilhulliuuflnfliirillrmxzibudfiax' '1. prices. Single oak-tanned Ear- ness, handâ€"magi, at $19. Rawhide Whips 350. A good stock of Trunks, lab Bags, Suit Cases etc, on hand. ' l. J. llEl’lSlll‘l. ll av ,, v $l,500 will buy one double and one single house on Francis street. $700 will buy a lO-room’housc, with good cellar, well, woods-lied, stable, drive house and hen house, on Murry sxroct. $300 will buy 5-iuom house and wood- slicd on Murry street. Apply l0 _ ’l‘llOS. GRAHAM, F‘enelon Falls, or to MCLAUGIILIN «K: PEEL, Lindsay. FARM LABQBERE Alflfi DEMESTEGS. l have been appointed by the Dominion (lovernnmnt to place Immigrants from the United Kingdom in positions as l‘arm laborers or domestic servants in this vicinity. Any person requiring such help should notify me by letter, stating fully the kind of help required, when wanted and wages ollered. The number arriving may not be sufficient to supply all requests, but every cifort will be made to supply each applicant With help required. Thus. Robson, Canadian Govt. Employment Agent, ' FENEIDN FALLS, ONT. TRADE MARKS DESIGNS COPYRIGHTS ac. Anyone sending a sketch and desert tion may quickly ascertain our opinion free w iethcr llll invention is probably patentable. Communion- tlons strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest a ency for securing patents. Patents taken tlirouuh Mumi 8: Co. receive special notice, wlthout charge. in the Scientific Radium. A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest elr. culatlon of any sclentmc oumal. Terms, $3 a year: four months. $1. 80 d by all newsdenlers. mun & eopmmawurewlgl BIBDCII ("89%. 625 F 81’... Washmzmn. commencement of the term as possible. For particulars address b ' u like a t- ‘ A :5 F' 4' T‘ in :fliir alllmu’ffiimafi'rnmm millimr‘lzlaaii‘mifiiac anion.liazlrtrsuliu smudge Edd fifth? You can get hardware that does and hardware that does not wear well. The element of du “ability enters into hardware just as much as it does into clothing W e make a point of selling hardware for hard wear. We aim to give you durability and servme. wear well, but we prefer‘the other kind and put our “The cheapest is always the bestfl’ Agent for the famous Happy Thought and Canada Twit:qu :Efifilf‘x'fii‘llfisfi‘ifllfimyl’ 'Lumllt'mgriwrmm: 11153“: map“ aw." Elfift'fifigflt‘flfllfif'ltwll' ugly mygxriggarugyr 31w: mmm'mym HGBSES‘EEB LGTS F83 SfiLE. ‘t’as cannot make Principal, Peterborough, Ont. «if-*1!" 45’ . 3p: noggin! u 'fll vwr‘iqym'm‘amcmr jamlr‘filliinrflllflpi '1. of the kind that doesn’t swinger “ I: )WJR’IIQET'WRET 3‘ M, JRWBXW Fania Falls. W is: 2) assess straws Now is the time to have them made. Spring is just. around the corner. Bring your wheels in now so they will be ready before the rush comes on. PLAfiifig done on my new, up-to-date‘ planer and mat-Cher cannot fail to give satisfaction. F. G. CHAMBERS. COLBORNE sr. OPPOSITE HEARD‘B FEIIELOH FALLS. a”“"~ y‘v v'v if . ‘Iu . x; I, V'. . .r‘-“ T, .- \s..: , , l g i l l l