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vv--r_-. Milking Money On the Farm l.-â€"Dralnage By G. V. GREGORY. Agricultural Divlslon. Iowa State College Copyvishl. 1909. by American Pm. Association ' N order to make money on the farm it is first necessary to get the land E in shape to respond liberally to the work put upon it. One of the first and most important steps in get- ting it in such condition is to drain it thoroughly. There are two general types of drainsâ€"tile drains and open ditches. About the only place where an open ’dltch can be used to advantage is in ‘draining large sections of the country “where natural drainage is insufficient 'to carry off the surface water or to provide an outlet for tile. Such a ditch is really an artificial river. Its large size prevents it from becoming "easily clogged. It should be made ‘decp enough to provide a good outlet 7for tile systems from the farms trib« “'utary to it. The sides should have a "slope of at least one to oneâ€"run back ~one foot for every foot of rise. The Use of Tile. 'The major portion of the drainage, however, must be done with tile. In starting out to tile a farm it pays to go Int it systematically. Few farmers are -‘able to tile their whole farms at once, but by planning the whole system be- :fore any work is done and then put- ting in as many rods as possible each .year the farm will in the end be thor-. ougth drained at much less expense than if the work was gone at in a hit ‘or miss fashion. The proposed lines of tile should he laid off by a good engineer. He has ‘the tools and ability to do it properly, ‘and a little money Spent in this way will be made up many times over in the added efficiency of the system. % The first money that is spent for tile l WVVV'VYVVYVVWVVV'IVVvaâ€"ry v ‘Vvv uv -7 ‘ should be put where it will yield the quickest returns. On almost every farm there are sloughs and draws that :are too wet to work long after the rest -of the'fleld is dry. The loss is not so Emuch from the land that is taken up ’by these sloughs. though that often amounts to considerable, as to the trouble and loss of time in working around them. A line of tile can be run sup to such alplace to take out the wa- ‘ter and laterals put in later to drain - the surrounding ground more thon- oughly. Often tater the slough is drained there will be a strip of corn over the "tile that will be the best in the field. ‘while out a little further the corn will The small and yellow. The width of 'this strip of corn is a very good indi- cation of the distance apart that the drains should be placed The ground over the tile is warmer and drier in the spring than the other, and conse- quently the corn gets a better start. Through the summer, when there is no water in the tile, air is flowing I down throughthem. This pulls air ; down through the soil, making root growth more rapid and the plants: A deep root system ' more vigorous. means a large, feeding ground and con. sequently a larger yield. For these reasons all low, fiat lands should be thoroughly underlaid with rows of tile. even though the surface water never stands on them. A map showing the exact location of the drains should he kept so that they can be readily found when it is desired to add later- als to the system. Planning the Drainage System.” In planning a drainage system there are three especially important consid- erationsâ€"the depth and size of the tile and the distance apart of the drains. More tile drains are put in too shallow than too deep. In most soils four feet is about the right depth. In Fla lâ€"PROTEC'l'lNG TlLE OUTLET. l held. that will days. r if- iv?;rkféi'i'nita.'$el€=ir- . 3% a s. new MQRE 1. :; nmymAm. -4.A.Y:m~.uv ~4- ~- marl-amen”. . The size of the we depends upon the fall and the amount of land to be drained. The engineer who lays out the drain will usually be able to corn pute the size required. In estimating the number of acres to be drained by a given line of tile all the land from which surface water flows toward it should be included, as Well as all land drained by laterals which empty into it. The depth of the drains and the char- acter of the soil are the chief factors that determine the distance apart to place the drains. Tile four feet deep on a sandy soil will draw seventy-five feet on either side, while in clay soil their effect will not be felt a third as far. As already stated, the width of the strip of good corn or other grain over a drain is a good indication of the “pulling power" of the drain. Where a drainage system is being put in a little at a time the laterals can be put in I from 75 to 200 feet apart at first, de- pending on the soil, and others put in hardpan the tile may have to be laid " shallower or the water will never got to them. 'Deep tile mean a deep layer of mellow soil. which acts as a sponge to lwld capillary water for the crops The deeper the tile the farther their em‘ct will be felt on either side. between later if experience shows them to be necessary. The Outlet. One of the most important parts at the drainage system is the outlet. 1! the drain empties into a ditch or stream a stone bulwark should)! r E . On Tuesday, August 31st, closes one of the most successful sales we have ever For the Final Close-Out of all sunnncr stocks. visit our store the Do not letithis opportunity slip, but grasp it erc it is ~cone lthdllt eras. FENELON FALLS. built up to keep the end file from be ing washed away. The drain should enter the stream above the level of the water if possible. When it enters be- low the force of the current is check‘ ed. and if the water is carrying much silt some of it will be deposited in the The days of buying opportunitiesare fast passing, but there is still time to share in this great bargain festival; do not wait-: The last four days willlbe days of reâ€" inarkahlc value giving. Crowds of people have been coming, and are still coming, ' andaro prOving to their own satisfaction the genuineness of the greatest sale of the Season . Join the throng 0E enthusiastic buyers | of the tile in this as well as in oth-e) l forms of outlets should be covered ti } keep out small animals during dry ‘ ed out occasionally. ‘ plan than the use of a tile box is to co lown tile, but he should keep closc “TV _,_ : "3M as“? .' 'v 6} ' 1:511 R12” 3;: if: u, 55-7?! :¢‘?Â¥.‘J§v"-Z“}=~ 417‘? last four .,. ’. - ~._. ' ,» _. 1. - ._ _ 3"; ' m «‘“ll'l'ri: 4’ 5‘48??? lé‘fllii“: . 1.7;â€" ;:-. .~ A’. , 4, l DAYS- MORE tile. It is a good plan to use server pipe for a few feet back from the out- let, as it is not so easily displaced by freezing. ' Many drains are built with an out let in a box at the side of the road or next to a neighbor's fence. Such an outlet is not very satisfactory, but sometimes it is the best that can be provided. The box should be wel built to keep out rubbish. The mouth weather. The bottom of the box shoulé be at least a foot below the tile. The silt that settles here should be clean A much bettei operate with the road authorities 0) with the neighbors and extend the lint of tile to some permanent outlet. Laying the Tile. It rarely pays a farmer to lay hh watch of the men whom he hires to d( the work. A little carelessness in lay ing the tile may make the drainagt system practically worthless. If a any place the tile dips an inch below the grade line, that inch will fill in with silt, and the capacity of the whole svstem will he reduced that much m... The old “saying ’tha't'a is he stronger than its weakest link applies With especial force to a tile drain. No man can lay tile to grade accurately by eye, even if there is water running in the ditch at: the time. Remember that it is your money that is paying for the drain and that it is your priv- ilege to have it put in as you want it. The only way to get the tile laid ex- actly to grade is to use targets. When an engineer lays out a line of the tile he sets a row of grade stakes, each one marked with the depth the ditch is to be at that point. When the ditch is down nearly to the required point targets are set up at these grade stakes. A target consists of an upright stick on each side of the ditch with a crossbar clamped to it. These cross- bars should be adjusted so that they are level and just seven feet above the grade line. For instance, if the cut marked on the grade stake is four feet the crossbar should be three feet above the stake. After a number of E these targets have been set a string is; stretched across the tops of them.l Then a measuring stick seven feet long will justlreach from the string to the correct grade line. With one man to hold the measuring stick and another to scrape out the bottom of the ditch, it can be dug to grade very accurately. Of course both digging the ditch and laying the tile should begin at the outlet. Don’t let the men stand on the bank and lay the tile with a hook. Make them get down into the ditch and put them in by hand. standing on those already laid to hold them in place. By handling each tile any cracked or imperfect ones can be dis- covered and thrown out. After the tile are laid a little dirt should be scraped from the side of the ditch to hold them in place. As soon as the whole line is in no time should be lost in covering the, ditch. .. . . _ k h V .JNA“ (To be Contimed.) Peterboro city council at a. meeting; last Monday night let slip whatever chance it had of securing the Burleigh Falls power. The aldermcn did not. look upon the price asked ($120,000) with favor and as a result of their de- cision to take no action regarding the acquisition of the power it is expected thatthc company controlling it. will either develop it or sell it to some other municipality. ’ M FENELON FALLS MARKETS. Fenelon Falls, Friday Aug. 27, 1909 Reported 0]] the Worm mar Roller Mill C’o Wheat.Scotch or Fife .... 1.00 to] 05 Wheat, fall, perbnshel. 95 100 Wheat, spring .... 95 1.00 Barley, per busheL... .... 48 52 Oats, 48 Pease, “ .... 75 80 Potatoes, “ new 50 60 Buiter,pcr lb . . . . . . 20‘ 23 Eggs,per dozen.......... 20 21 Hay,per ton..............10,00 1100 Hides . . . . . . . . . . .. . 8.50 9 (l0 Hogsdive) 750 775 Hogs (Dressed) .... 8 50 9-00 Beef . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 550 6.00 Sheepskins.............. 50 80 W901 17 13 Flour, Brandon’s Bcstl.... .. 3 00 3.20 Flour, Silver Leaf 2 80 3.00 Flour, Victoria .... 2 75 2 95 Flour, New Process 2.70 2 9|) Flour, Family, Clipper.... 2.65 2 85 Bran, per 100 lbs . . . . . . . .. 1.20 1.25 Shorts, “ “ 1.15 1 35 lllXPd Clmp “ . .... ... 1.50 160 County of Victoria. TENDERS rTENDERS marked “ Tender for Coal ” will be received by the undersigned. until Monday, Sept. 13th, 1009, for the delivery of 250 tons in all, more or less, of select lump Youghioghcny Coal, at the House of Refuge and Court House of the County of Victoria. The terms on which tenders are to be made will be furnished 011 application. The lowest or any tender will not ‘ necessarily be accepted. J. R. MONEILLIE, County Clerk. Lindsay, August 23rd, 1009. 30-3 SECQME) DEVISEQE‘S GOURT -â€"-OF THEâ€"- County of Wrictoria. The next. sittings of above Court wlll be held in 'l‘womey’s hall, Fenclon Falls ON TUEsSAY, SEPT. 24th, 1909, commencing at l 30 o’clock in the after- noon. Monday, Sept l3lh, will he the last day of service on defendants residing in this county. Defendants living in other counzies must he served on or belore Wednesday, Sept 8th, 1019. W (Jilicc hours from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. ELlSl-IA MARK, E. D. HAND, Bailiff. Clerk. Practical Education. gives you an uplift. You can get best; at our large up-to-datc school, Central Business College, Toronto. Fine catalogue free. Send postal re- quest. W. II. SIIAW, Pres. m.