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DR. a C3, ON 94min ‘ont Stun ”"' BRAUND’S 3:“ FAIR RISTI NNOR: 'RGEON ATE OI @mmfiu 8130. ONTO Cement, Glazed Sewer Pipe, Scranton Coal, delivered at lowest prices. v. , isttot, Primers, wads, Revolving ! Tools, special low prices. iIGN OF THE MILL SAW“ South' Side of Kent-St. :anadian and American Loaded Shot. Shells men. Call and leave your order at J BBXML’S, $Domnu 60008 [INS-Winchester and} Marlin Repeating Rifles OWDERâ€" Curtis 8: Harvey’s Hamilton Powder 00., Ameri- can Powder Co. McLENNAN 81 EU. 583180} SUDDHBS . We are all ready for a big trade in this line, and you will do W611 $0 cail and see What we _are offerâ€" “can: 2 Ccdsr Lead Pencils, 1c _ Rubbc: 'l‘xpped Lead Pencfls, 1c Beats allâ€"Diary Pencils, 2c Better lmes at 3c, 4:: and Sc Slate Pencils, all prices Slates, all sizes, 4c to me ’Our Scxibblexs this year 31‘; sh thing yet, and range 1:: pr 10 5c a QEQ. W. BEALL, Haws vaua wmu mun Don’t wait until it is rusted or injured. When you want it properly repaired take it to OCOTBER her School 13 xg ,Ioc to 40¢ Hal}. Steam Heating, Plumbing, Tin and Copper \V ork done by experienced LIULQC‘ for your Kitchen. I am Agent for Buck’s celebrated ngpy Thought Range and Radiant Home, Parlor or One of Boxall’s Coal Stoves {or your Hall or a Range and it will be OFFICIAL WATCH INSPECTOR ’ GRAND TRUNK R’Y 0R EXAMINED FREQUENTLY 2131' S {C1 ..... '_'V_'_77 ‘iets this year are ahead of any yet. and range in price from Ic ise Books in town, from Ic t055c IS and Pen Points Kent Street, Lindsay KEN IN EXGflfiNGE DONE RIGHT I 9TH, 1899 FOR A Simple, Lucid and Interesting Ex- position 02 It. Chemistry. In those portions of the manure which are accessible to the air one class of bacteria live and breed in enormous numbers. They feed on the oxygen of the air and the nitrogenous portion of the manure and in their ex- crements give off large quantities of nitrates, the latter being the direct products of the oxidation of nitroge- nous organic matter anywhere, Whether in the bodies of these bacteria or not. These nitrates, being very soluble in water, drain down into the interior of the manure heap, just as they drain through the soil. But instead of all going off in the drainage water and be- coming lost, as they often do in the soil, they are chiefly lost by an entire- ly different process. In the interior of the heap, shut away from the air, these nitrates fall prey to another class of bacteria known as “nitrate destroyers.” They completely undo the work of the other bacteria, or “nitrate formers.” The “nitrate destroyers” live on the non- nitrogenous constituents of the straw and leaves and the oxygen of the nitrates. This liberates the nitrogen in the form of gas, which escapes into the air and is lost to the farmer. The process also consumes the nitrog- enous portion, which is chiefly the remainder of the litter. It is formed into water and carbonic acid gas, which escape into the air and thus diminish the bulk of the pile. While the “nitrate formers” live near the surface of the manure and require air for their work, the “nitrate destroy- ers” live from the air and do not need it. They are dependent, however, on food of a certain kind and must have plenty of it, otherwise they become in- active and can do no damage, though millions of them may exist in the in- terior of the manure pile. One of their principal foods, the_ nonnitrogenous material of the litter, they cannot use as food until it has been made soluble by a third class of bacteria, which causes the rotting of the litter. Nitrates are also indispensable for their nour- ishment. If, therefore, they are de- prived of either one of these constitu- ents of their diet, they either die or at least become harmless. The work of the “nitrate formers" is beneficial. It converts organic ni- trogen into nitrate, a most available form of plant food. Half rotted ma- nure contains nitrogen largely in this form. The work of “nitrate destroy: ers” is destructive. ' It removes the soluble nitrates from the manure. It converts half rotted manure into well rotted manure. In this way the differ- ent eifects produced by manure in its three different conditions are explain- ed. The nitrogen in fresh manure is largely organic and not immeditely available. It therefore has a slower and less effect than half rotted ma- nure. The nitrogen in half rotted ma- nure is largely in the form of nitrates, and this is available. The nitrogen in well rotted manure has all been con- verted into nitrate also and was once available, but has subsequently been lost in the air. This is why the well rotted condition is the least valuable of the three. In handling manure the farmer should strive to place It at the disposi- tion of the growing crop just at that moment when the most nitrate has been formed and before any has been destroyed. The most favorable condi- tions are obtained when fresh manure is packed as tightly as possible away from the air and kept in that condition till half rotted and then plowed under just before planting or sowing. Under these circumstances, although the third class of bacteria have in the rot- ting of the litter made soluble food of one kind for the “nitrate destroyers,” the latter have been deprived of their other necessary food, the nitrates. for none could be formed in the tightly packed mass, and they have remained. harmless. But the heap has become half rotted Without them. After the manure is plowed in, the “nitrogen formers,” now having plenty of air, rapidly produce nitrates, which are be- yond the reach of the destroyers; for by this time all their soluble nonnitrogâ€" enous food has been decomposed and has gone into the air. leaving them to um... die. The growing plants in the mean-_ time absorb the nitrates. It fresh manure is plowed in di- rectly before seeding, a poor result is obtained, for the nitrates are not formed until after the plants have passed their growing period, and they consequently starve. As might be supposed. winter crops fare better than spring crops with this proceeding. By plowing in fresh manure several months before seeding a much better result is obtained, because the nitrates are on hand and are being formed at the growing period of the crops. Exâ€" perience has abundantly proved that it is better to plow manure into the soil and allow it to lie there rather than In the pile.’ Whether it is better to leave manure spread upon the surface of the land, rather than to plow it in or leave it in the pile, depends chiefly on the amount of loss caused by surface drainage. u 1- â€" - -A _\"_ THE MANURE QUESTION. UL "A““D v. The foregoing paragraphs are ex- tracted from an article which appears to fill a wantâ€"that of inexperienced farmers and practical farmers who have scant time for the literature of their vocation. for a brief, compact and lucid presentation of the manure question. The article is modestly ap- pended to bulletin No. 58 of «the Hatch Glass.) station as “notes” on the proper handling of barnyard ma- nure by C. Wellington. x WEN A Factor Requiring Consideration In Growing Fruit Trees. In some parts of the country sun scald is one of the most important factors in growing fruit trees. Espe- cially is this true in the southwestern states, Where the danger from sun‘ burning controls the Whole practice of cultivation and pruning. In that country the trees are headed low, even down to Within a foot or six inches of the ground, in order to protect the trunks. At the same time any consid- EFFECT OF SUN SCALD. erable pruning in the tops is avoided, because it would expose the larger branches to the deadly sun scald. This difficulty is less frequently met in the northeastern states, but the writer (F. A. Waugh, in The Country Gentleman) has lately visited an orchard as far north as Canada and New England line, where nearly 50 per cent of the trees were ruined by this trouble. They were pruned too high. with heads six, seven and eight feet from the ground. Sun scald is usually worst on apples and pears, but it may appear on al- most any tree. The accompanying i1- lustration is from a tree of 'Downer’s Late Red cherry growing (or dying) in Maryland. When the damage is as old as this, Where it has been accumu- lating for several years, it is doubtful if any remedy can he applied, though one can see in the photograph how per- sistently this tree has tried to heal over the wound. When taken in the early stages, sun scald may be cured by protecting the trunk with boards, papers, straw or some similar material. At the same time the scaly, burned parts should be cleaned away, and some sort of wax may be,applied. The best treatment for sun scald, however, is to avoid it. Sunburns are usually only the be- ginning of other serious troubles. Bor‘ crs commonly follow closely after. Bacteria and molds gain access and cause increased damage to wood and bark. and the rain and sun check and crack the exposed tissues, to their great and permanent detriment. It is doubtless a fact that sun scald is a more important enemy of fruit trees than many of the fungi that have been extensively studied and elaborately discussed in recent books and bulle’ tins. Square Cornered Silo. The principle reason Why ensllngc spoils in the corners of the square silo is that the construction is such that the corners pull apart enough to admit the air, says L. A. Clinton in The Rural New Yorker: With the usual form of construction, there will almost certainly be a slight give at the corners, and the result is the ensilage spoils. The figure shows A LIGHT CORNER FOR A SILO. how the corners may be constructed so that there will he no possible chance for pulling apart. The principal corner post A should be at least of {5 by 6 ma- terial. ‘ The pieces B B should be of 2 by 4 scantling and nailed securely. The siding may be of 1 inch boards, and if they are well seasoned and matched one thickness of boards will be entirely sufficient. Studding should be placed not more than 2 feet apart. It is un- necessary to explain in detail the draw- ing. The siding shown by D D D is nailed securely to the 6 by 6 corner posts, and the siding shown by C C is so cut that it can be nailed to the sup- plementary 2 by 4 studding. After constructing the corners in this way. so there is absolutely no chance for them to pull apart, the usual method of boarding across the corner may be followed, so that the ensilage will set- tle more evenly. SUN SCALD. THE WATCHMAN W‘ARDER, LINDSAY: Why Our Product‘ In Not More Popu- lar In England. ‘The report of the bureau of animal industry of the agricultural department contains a special detailed report by Major Henry E. Alvord, chief of the dairy division of the department, re- counting experiences in efiorts by deâ€" partment officials to increase sales of American butter in England. The ex- periences of American exporters of but- ter as told in the tables of export busi- ness during the past 25 years show that the depar ument has much work to do to build up the fluctuating trade in butter across the sea. In closing his observa- tions on experimental work Major Al- vord says: “It is evident that successfully to in- troduce fine creamerybutter from the United States and establish a demand for it in British markets there must be a considerable period of persistent efâ€" fort. No regular demand can be built up unless retail merchants of a desirable class can be continuously supplied. The department cannot establish this foreign trade in high class butter or even com- mence it, but it may do something to- ward ascertaining conditions which control such trade. present and pro- spective, and assist in making them known to many interested parties.” Major Alvord concludes that experi- mental trials justify a repetition of the efforts upon a 1:112, er s<ale and in a broader field to include besides butter othe1 perishable faim products which this country has to 'sell. The detailed figures on the exports of butter from the United States for the past 40 years show interesting fluctua- tions. Back in 1880 there were sent abroad 39,000,000 pounds of butter, the highest record for any year recorded. The annual exports have fluctuated be- tween 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 for the past 15 years. The fiscal year sales reported show the following exports: 1805 1896 1897 1898 1899 Years. Pounds. 1895 ..................................... 5,598,812 1896 ..................................... 19,373,913 1897 ..................................... 31,345.24 1898 ............... 25,693,025 1899 ..................................... 20,247,997 As having a special bearing upon the experimental work of special agents of the department the report on these operations gives the statement of the imports of butter into the United King- dom from different countries during the past few years. The British people have doubled their purchases of butter from outside from 1886 to 1898, and the 1897 figures are given as follows: Countries. United States............ Canada........... ....... Dcnmark................. Other countries.......... Total ..................................... 3,217,501 The butter exported was sent in vari- ous sized packages, being claimed that a package holding from 50 to 60 pounds is wanted in Great Britain as well as in this country. The report says the chief objection to the creamery tab at present in British markets is that poor butter from the United States has been so largely exported in that form that this package is closely associated in the minds of English buyers with low grade goods. The packages alone are insufiicient protection, and there are double linings of parchment paper with paraffin applied hot to thoroughly coat the inner surfaces. The department grails also include butter in prints or blocks, and also in boxes of tin and pa- per boards, sealed suitable for ocean voyages. The butter sent to London by the de- partment was handled in that city in various ways. It was found that whole- sale merchants there all had their fa- vorite sources of supply, and they were unwilling to admit that American but- ter was at all equal to the English, Irish, Scandinavian, French or colonial product.~ The prejudice against States butter was noted as remarkable. How- ever, opinions obtained from consumers of the experimental export were nearly all highly commendatory. although in most cases the consumers believed the product to be “best Dorset” (English) or Danish butter. the favorite brands in high class retail trade for cured or salted butter in London. In few inâ€" stances by special effort dealers were induced to advertise “selected cream- ery butter from the United States. ” To sell it readily as such they were obliged to place the price lower than that of butter of greater reputation. Twenty- four cents was usual for the former and 26 for the latter. Milkers and Milking. There seems to be a great deal of dis- cussion among the farmers in regard to the subject of good milkers. says The ‘ Rural New Yorker. The remark that it is now almost impossible to find good milkers is quite frequently heard among dairymen. This is a great mistake. I thoroughly believe that there are just as good milkers in this and other locali- ties as there ever were, if not better. The farmer who depends on day hands for his help. as a general rule. is the one who complains most bitterly in re- gard to this matter. The average man who is hired by the day will not milk even if he can. Wherever or whenever I find a. good month hand, one who stays on the farm continually listening for the sound of the 6 o’clock whistle. one who does not go to town every night. I find a good milker. A cow should be milked as quickly as possible. A good milker can milk 12 cows an hour. The muscles of the forearm; wrists and hands of a good milker must be well developed. Therefore, as a rule. women are poor milkers. They require too.much time to milk a cow. The evil . resulting from this practice is that the ‘ cows do not readily give down their . milk. Some farmers expect a man to i do too much of this work. The number uvv __... _._ v, of cows that a man milks should de- pend on the amount and. nature of oiner labor that he performs. As :t rule. I do not believe that a man should be al- lowed to milk more than six cows. BUTTER EXPORTS. 154,196 10!), {02 1,334.7?3 1,613,455 3,21 It is not too late to sow fodder crops. We have had a fair crop of corn fodder from corn sown in July, and some good crops of Hungarian grass and millet sown even as late as Au- gust, though we should prefer sowing these crops in May or early in June. The late sown crop may not be quite as heavy as an earlier sown crop would have been; and if cured for winter use it may not have as good weather for curing it properly, but a half crop may prove better than no crop, and it is now too late to .talk about sowing early. May Be Light, but Usefulâ€"Dwari Rape an Pastureâ€"Rye and Barley. Drought has worked so much injury to the pastures and hay crop that American Cultivator feels it desirable to again refer to the importance of growing forage crops to feed green and to cure for hay. Rye and barley sown together as late as September Will furnish a fall feed that will save an early attack upon the haymow or the silage pit, as they stand quite severe frosts Without in- jury and make a fair hay, though not the best, requiring more grain with them to make a well balanced ration than does good English hay. For young stock, ' sheep and stock hogs, we would certainly try the dwarf Essex or dwarf Victoria rape as a 'pasâ€" ture. It may be sown at any time up to the middle of August and is best grown in drills 21/2 to 3 feet apart, using 21/; to 3 pounds of seed to the acre. Or another way is .to sow three pounds per acre broadcast between the rows of corn at the last time of cultivating. It will be ready to turn stock into in from six to eight weeks from sowing, and if among the corn the animals will not touch the corn while they can find rape. If the animals are allowed to get a fair feed in a pasture in the morning and not turned on the rape until the dew is off, and only for an hour or so at first, gradually extending the time, after a week they may be allowed to go to it as they will without danger of bloat. They should have opportunity to run out into another pasture when they wish to, which they will as soon as they have eaten enough. Lambs and fattening hogs do better if they have some wheat bran every day when on the rape, but this is not necessary for sheep or growing calves. It is reported that last year more than a million acres of rape were grown in this country, and if sale of seed is a criterion for judgment there may be 10,000,000 acres this year. And yet it was almost unknown here five yeais ago, excepting in some parts of Canada, where farmers had learned the value placed upon it in England. The general opinion seems to be that where rape is grown and fed where it stands the droppings of animals, even when a part of them are taken out to the pasture field. will leave the land in better condition than before. It fur- nishes feed until the ground freezes in winter..- A Quarter of a Century in Business. Mrs. James Constable, Seaforth, Ont, writes :â€"“ Ever since I can remember I have suffered from weak action of the heart. For some time past it grew constantly worse. Ifrequently had sharp pains under my heart that I was fearful if I drew a long breath it would cause death. In going up-stairs I had to stop to rest and regain breath. When my children made a noise while playing I would be so overcome with nervousness and weakness that I could not do anything and had to sit down to regain composure. My limbs were unnaturally cold and I was subject to nervous headaches and dizziness. My memory became uncertain and sleep deserted me. “ I have been taking Milburn's Heart and Nerve Pills. and as a result am very much better. I have improved in health and strength rapidly. The blessing of sleep is restored to me. My heart is much stronger, and the oppressive sensation has vanishedQ I can now go up-stairs without stoppin and with the greatest of ease, and I no longer suffer from dizziness or headache. t seems to me the circulation of my blood has become normal, thereby removing the coldness from my limbs. I can truly say that Milbum's Heart and Nerve Pills have done me a world of good”. lWJSS MITCIiBLL, LARA-LIVER PILLS CURE 6-! LATE FORAGE CROPS. ,C.‘ GIZZHICSS. tuy lllClllUl] vegan“, “nee. -...--- _.___ ___ q “ I have been taking Milburn’s Heart and Nerve Pills, and as a result am very JCh better. I have improved in health and strength rapidly. The blessing of sleep restored to me. My heart is much stronger, and the oppressive sensation has nishedg I can now go up-stairs without stoppin and with the greatest of ease, .d I no longer suffer from dizziness or headache. t seems to me the circulation of V blood has become normal, thereby removing the coldness from my limbs. I can :ly say that Milbum's Heart and Nerve Pills have done me a world of good.”. I have added a Coat and Mantle Making Department to my Millinery establishment. My stock of stylish cloth and trimmings is amplcte. A competent staff is kept busy, and ladies (an get correct garments at from 25 to 50 per cent. less than tl e usual prices. COATS and MANTLES more than that lcng. We an: in u yet. In 1hat time we have lemma to suit the people. We carry the largest stock, keep the mest hands with the lamest expericrce ut any tailoxs in the (curry. Some of our hands have been with us nearly Menty )ean. "Cfirwgoods me all clreiully-b'ouekt and are worth all we ask in: lhcm. 1“ body can beat us in quality of goods, prices (‘1: sulfih :unls. Come in anu look at out stock. fax. CATHRO Co. \V e have keen in the Tailoring Business 1n Lindsay for IIRONIG CONSTIPATIOI k‘fl DYSPEPSIL Every department written by apeciafists, the high. estiauthprities in their respective lines. No other paper preten'ds to compete with it in qualzficayiona of egjtonl Staff. COUNTRY GENTLEMAN ‘Jhe ONLY flgrioultural NBWSpaper AND ADMITTEDLY THE LEADING AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD. R. BRYANS 81 GO. Gwee the agricultural N EWS with'a degree of lull- ness and completeness not even attempted by others. INDISPENSABLE TO ALL BOUNTRY RESIDENTS Best Reviews of the Crops. Best Market Reports. Best Accounts of Meetings. Best Everything- Single Subscription. $2; Two Subscriptions, $3.50; Four Subscriptions, $6. SPECIAL INDUGEMENTS T0 RAISERS 0F LARGE CLUBS fiWrite for oarticul'ers on this point. Club Agents Wanted Everywhere. 1881 SEVENâ€"FEE?“ 1900 Four Months’ Trial Trip 50c- will h° mailed free on request. It will my anybody interested in any wav m country His to mad for them. Address the publishers: are in it Yet. 42-4 writes :â€"“ Ever singe I can remanbe: SPECIMEN COPIES WHO “'ISH TO KEEP UP WITH THE TIHES. Lumber, Shingles. Tile and Lime! Having bought two train~loads of the finest Lehigh Coal before the rise in price, I am able to give my customers the advantage of 500 a ton, and am selling it at $6.25. LUTHER TUCKER SONS, Albany, IN. 0 :er Campbeh’s Grocerv Score ‘1