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3:: Implement to Follow the Breakâ€" ing Plow In Clay Subsoil. A Rural New Yorker correspondent sends to that journzil a plan for making an excellent little single horse sub- soiler that works to perfection and need not cost more than $2.50. He worked the implement out thus in his home shop: , 7- - u o , _-..L “\IALâ€"Iv ~-â€"-' I first made a model, this being cut from thin wood, and, as good fox-time favored me, I secu‘red just the right shape the first trial. The beam and standard are formed of one bar of “wrought iron 6 feet longand five-‘eighths by “1/; inches in size, which is strong -1. enough for a draft horse. The share, or point, is of a peculiar shape, and is made of a new, large, steel “bull tongue" cultivator “shovel" three inches wide. The “bull tongue" is cut as shown in the figure, leaving a. long, piercing, wedgelike point. The three- fourth inch incisions at a a, allow the upper half of the blade to be bent or rolled backward, forming a long, deep groove that clamps very securely around the standard of the plow, where it is firmly bolted. The long. tapering point, when the wheel is ad- justed for subsoiling to the desired depth, lies perfectly flat in its course through the soilâ€"the curvature of the upper half of the blade being quite suttieient to lift. “ground mole fash- ion.” the entire bottom of the furrow. while the passage of the standard, through the midst of this upheaval, breaks and pulverizes the hitherto hard, compact subsoil in a very thor- ough and satisfactory manner. The handles are those of an ordinary cul- tivator, and the wheel, seven inches in diameter, was purchased from a scrap iron man for 15 cents. There being some quite heavy forging upon the beam in bending it to the desired sham and in cutting the share down to the proper form, it will be necessary to call upon the blacksmith for that part of the operation. "W ‘ po‘ 1.,- a I z / ' I. My] ’ 44/, w/ 2 . I! "4â€" __’ '11:" . ' I” to the depth of about eight inches. Thus it will be plain that, if the breakâ€" ing plow be turning to the depth of eight inches, the subsoiler stirs up another eight inches deeper, leaving the plant or seed bed pulverized to the depth of 16 inches. To those unfamiliar with the practice of subsoiling it may be well to say that this implement is planned to fol- low the breaking plow, tearing up and mellowing the bottom' (\f the furrow 'A Potato of Good "ch6 and Quality. The Joseph potato has received fa- vorable mention from some of the New England potato growers. American Cultivator illustrates it from an ex- THE JOSEPH POTATO. cellent photograph of the potato as raised by :1 Vermont farmer and says: It is well to notice the size, shape and general appearance of the potato. The color of the skin is a light pink, and the flesh is White. The tuber is invariably free from core. It never has shown an inclination to grow bubbly or unshapely. It yields well. is of wonderful vigor and is of excellent quality for a table potato. -I enclose a. sketch of a contrivance to prevent cows from sucking themselves. I. tried about half a dozen different. ways to stop a cow I have from sucking her- self, and at last I tried this one. and I HOMEMADE SUBSOILER. find it very successful. I went to my harnessmaker, and got him to make a halter for the cow’s head, and a. leather strap. six feet long, to go around just be- hind the front legs, and then I got the rest made of ironâ€"Arthur M1113 Wil- Mkk jg Farmer’s Advocate. Preventa Cow From Sucking Herself. HOMEMADE SUBSOIL PLOW. NR SELF-SUCKING COW. r. The share, or Photographing Bees i Just how the problem will be solved has not yet been decided upon in all cases, but some of the proposed experi- ments are interesting in prospect. For instance, in the case of the honey bee it is proposed to construct special observa- tion hives; for although this insect has been serving man for centuries, We are} not nearly so intimate with its habits as we might be. The hives will have glass window‘s, which can be opened on occa- sion and photographs ‘made of What is going on inside. It is not knovVn iust how much honey each bee will collect in the course of a. day, nor how long it will be gone on each excursion among the flowers. Special arrangements will be made for ascertaining this information. From the door of each hive a long tube- like passageway will lead, composed for the most part of glass, but in places of wood and metal. In this tube or front hallway of the hive. there will be a little vestibule or chamber in which the bee can be confined momentarily on his Way in or out of the hive. The floor of the vestibule will really be the platform of a very delicate weighing instrument. When ‘01.] unnavwvv vv vâ€"a_~_77‘, a bee starts to leave the hive it will be allowed to walk along the passageWay. but when it reaches the exit the insect will find its way obstructed by a little glass door. Immediately another glass door will beisllpped behind the honey- gatherer and then, as it walks around the little chamber. its Weight can be had accurately. the scale being adjusted to the fraction of a gramme. Nexta delicate mechanism will drop a spot of paint. in}: , L__._ wwuaulaau n -.. â€"-â€" ._ -r- , or other coloring substance on the back of the bee for the purpose of future iden-l tifleation. a record being taken of the ‘ color and shape of the spot of this color- ing substance. The insect will then be released and allowed to proceed in quest of sweets. When it returns a note will be made of how long it was absent and when it passes through the vestibule it will again be weighed, the increase being recorded as equivalent to the amount of honey gathered. The diflerent changes which take place in the batching of drones and workers among the bees will be carefully studied; also the curious method by which the bees are enabled to “construct” queen eggs when the regular queen eggs have been destroyed and there is no resident queen to lay others. The reason wny bees live under a system of polyandry will also be traced to its origin, if possible. Some Information Concerning Them 3. Plants for Green Manual-lug. Among nitrate-producing plants suit- able for green manuring lupines have long held a prominent place. There are three species of cultivated lupines called blue. yellow and white, after the color of the flower. All are annuals. The lupines thrive upon the most sandy and barren soils, where not even rye will grow. They have very long roots which pene- trate light soil to the depth of six or eight feet. These plants are all quite hardy, and when properly treated yield a large amount of vegetable matter which is very rich in nitrogen. The growth. hOWever, is entirely worthless for forage, as it contains a bitter, poisonous sub. stance called lupulin. The lupines yield a great. amount of large seeds. In Europe the seeds are crushed and macerated in water for a day or two. This Washes out the injurious substances, and the residue inakes a good food for sheep. Ana-v.- '- a..v__v-__ 7 , In the United States land is still so plentiful and cheap that lupine soils are not considered worth cultivating except in some localities where early vegetables and stone-fruits are grown for market. On better soils. crimson clover will yield more profit than lupines. Lupines may be sown in spring in the northern, and in fall in the southern States. The 800d is usually sown broadcast at the rate of 40 to 60 pounds per acre. and covered in to the depth of three or four inches. The plants when suitably fertilized are vigor- ous growers. and one plant spz'wuis out till it occupies a square yard or more. The seed of cultivated lupines is nearly all imported. and costs about ten cents per pound. Like all leguminous plants, | the lupines draw upon the free nitrogen of the air for the more costly part of their food and fix this in their tissues, which. when turned under become avail- able for non-nitrogcn-gathering plants“ Chemical analyses show that one ton of green lupines contains of nitrogen 8 8 pounds; phosphoric acid. 6 pounds; pot- ash, 17.3 pounds. The average growth on ‘ Well-fertilized soil is six tons per acre, which at the prices of commercial fez-til- izer makes the fertilizing value per acre worth about $20. Of this 820, 88 repre- sents the value of the nitrogen taken Item the atmosphere, $1.80 is the value of the contained phosphoric acid, and $10.20 that of the potash. Both the latter substances smut come from the soil. As the very sandy soils on which lupines are ordinarily grown contain naturally scarcely a trace of either phosphoric acid or potash, both these substances must be supplied in the fertilizer or it will not pay to grow lupines. - . r .s 2. ..l3 Especially r'v -- n--v- ’“r A good fertilizer for lupines is acid phosphate 600 to 800 pounds per acre, kainit 800 to 1,200 pounds, or muriato of potash 200 to 800 pounds. Lime and marl are also needed where a permanent improvement of the soil is needed.â€" Gerald McCarthy, of the North Carolina Experiment Station. The accompanying diagram shows an excellent method of homing open a gate USE AND VALUE OF LUPINES. t0 BEE PROBLEMS. hing Bees â€"â€" Their Habita, 11y Their Polyandrous One, Be Full'y Investigated. FOR HOLDING GATE OPEN. Balding Gut.” Upon. A Contract From Selections by the 03111;. dian Packing: Company. The term “bacon type” has a signifi- cance which hog-raisers are gradually‘ coming to recognize. for when the buyer comes round “form ’ is one of the char- acteristics he looks for. Fig. 1 represents the form or type that approaches the packer’s fancy. although the specimens represented do not satisfy the" breeder’s eye as well as the blocks in Fig. 2. The two lots were selected from among four double-deck car-loads at the Canadian Packing Co.’s yards in London, Ont. by the manager of that concern, as typify- ing pigs of the hacon form, and those too short, thick and fat for that purpose. We were not able to learn much about the history of the two lots, but we were told that those represented in Fig. 1 are grade Yorkshires that were fed and shipped by Messrs. White Bros. of St. Mary’s, says The Farmer’s Advocate. They were fed in large runs on skxm milk and buttermllk from St. Mary’s Creamery, together with shorts, corn and eat chop. They are about 7 months old, and weigh about 180 pounds each. While they do not appear to reprefient rapid and economical thrivers. they carry the de- sired class of meat to suit the English market. for which they are destined. The pigs shown in Fig. 2 have the‘ appearance of possessing Poland-China, Essex. and possibly some Berkshire blood. and look more like American corn-feds than what Canadian bacon-outer: desire to handle; in fact, such pigs are bought at a lower figure when brought te the factory. There is, however, a worse feature than fatness in many of the pigs remind,“ the factories at the present time. We Were taken through the rooms where the boxes are packed to be shipped. and shown the cured sides just out of the cold curing chambers, and the proportion of soft sidca among those examined was alarmingly large. The fat and flesh on m. 3 .-â€"HOGS 'roo rA'r AND snon'r ron‘ BACON. the edge of a firm side feels almost as firm to the touch as if frozen, while a soft side has a mushy, greasy feel. not much firmer than when newly killed. There were all degrees of this condition to be seen. which, of course, have to be graded and sent i’orxvard under three diiIerent brands. Mr. Ginge. the man- ager for the company, showed us the record of shipments since last March. which showed that fully one-third of all the bacon shipped since then has been graded “soft.” The cause of this condi- tion is evidently not Well understood by pig feeders, who doubtless could prevent such 9. loss if they really knew how. and were paid the better price a firm quality would warrant. While several experi- ments have been conducted. there is still need of repeated and very thorough in. vestigution in this direction. Exporlmonts Which Seem to Indicate the P1: to Brood tor Profit. If a person who knows anything at all about hog feeding was given a ' chance between a hog that would gain 23 pounds in six weeks and one that would gain 90 pounds in the same time on the same feed, he Would not be long in choosing. During the past ten months. the Kansas Experhncntal Station, says J. G. Harvey. has fed 190 hogs that were bought of the famers in the vicinity of Manhattan without regard. to breed or breeding, just as they Were. thriftinzz and Weighing in the neighborhood or 100 to 125 pounds. This class of hogs 15 used because these experiments are for the highest buncflt to the farmers, and by taking the stock they raise we stay within their conditions. A few conclu- sions may he drawn from the following facts taken from observations of feeding 80 head of hogs which were just finished. These hogs were nearer of the same age than size. and ranged from the long. big-boned bacon hop; to the short. fine- boned chunk, according to the care or carelessness of the farmer who ralsed them. . First, as to pnint of gain: The com- parisons are between hogs fed the same in every rusnect. ‘J'he best and poorest five out of 20 have the following showing: Best five. weight; at beginning of test. 596 pounds; gain 416 poundsâ€"70 per cent. rrl’oorest flvc, weight at beginning of test. 579 pounds; gain 235 poundsâ€"30 pegpgnfi. - n An ,)A____ __.,2 This was for a period of 42 days, and from observations made from week to week, this d1fforenco of gain from a little over one pound to practically two pounds 3 day was largely due to the breeding. A short. small-boned ohunk will make good gains for a few Week and then stop. It will be fat and ready for market. while a well-bred rangy hog will fatten and continue to grow and make good gains for a. much longer period. Then as to the demand of the market: the three- rib shoulder is now one of the most profitable cuts that is made for export trade. Hogs from which these cuts are made must be large and muscular, long and tangy. The short. small-boned chunk will not answer the purpose. The bacon hog is also of the latter description and brings the best price M the markets. Well-cred muggy hogs make the most profitable gains. an the most ready sale and bring the best price on the market. The plantation at the Experimental Farm planted 11 your: ago is now flourishing, some of the trees being 20 feet high. The principal varieties repre- sented are the hard and soft maple, the black walnut Scotch pine, larch, blrch and elm. Observation has shown that the trees planted five feet apart. throve better than those planted ten feet anart, and the authorities believe this is ample proof that the trees for the common shade anal natural increased gromh should be planted close. For purpows of shade it has been shown that the loft maple la sunarior to the hard. THE MOST PROFITABLE HOG. FIG. 1.â€"TYPICAL BACON PIGS. Experi men t a! Farm Forestry. P!G FORM. "ICHMAN-WARDEH: LINDSAY» 0N1 More Thoroughbreds Imported Into Can- ada This Summer Than for Many‘ Yearsâ€"-A Genuine Revival. Not for many years have so large a number cf sheep of the difi‘erent breeds been dmporced to Canada as have been brought cut this summer. says The Lonâ€" don Farmer‘s Advocate. This may safely ‘ ‘ indication of the existâ€" ' demand for this class of stock. Indeed, it is ‘well known by those in touch with the business that so heavy have'been the drafts upon Canadian pureâ€" bred flocks in the last two or three years 2 to a lower point than has been touched in the last thirty years; and the import‘ - tion of fresh blood on a larger scale than usual has been felt to be a necessity if we Would maintain the standard of our stock and hold the markets which the high-class character of our sheep has won for us. It is gratifying to know that so many Canadian breeders have the cour- age and the enterprise to assume the risk ‘ of importing on so large a scale; and we ”are glad to learn that commendable care has been exercised in the selections made for importation this year, and that a larger proportion of high-class stock than usual has been brought over. The mag- nificent display of sheep of all the princi- pal breeds at the leading: exhibitions in LINCOLN RAM LAUGH’I‘ON, 235 GUINEAS 4613. “’lnnvr of first and champion prize, R.A. SJC. Show. Maidstmw. 1599. The prop- erty of Messrs. 8.x. Dean 6: Sons, Dows- hy Hall. ‘Bourno, bums. Canada amply demonsfimt‘os that we have “Hut-“w a country admirably adapted to the pro- duction of this class of stock in the high- est degree of perfection. and that We have practical shepherds not a few who are well qualified by training and experience _4_Jl I‘d. \1â€".~__ve-v , to bring them out in the pink of condi- tion and in robust health and Vigor. The splendid record made by our flockmastera in winning honors at the great interna- tional exhibitions in which they have competed. notably at the Columbia!) in 1893. with Canadian bred and fitted cheep in their own hands. and those of otherl to whom they had sold. furnisheo abundant evidence of the high-class character of our cheap. the undoubted skill of our shepherds, and the suitability of our climate. our soil. and our stock foods for the growth and development of sheep and the production of mutton and wool of the very best quality. In View of these facts. it is unaccount- able that so few sheep. comparatively. are found on Canadian farms. that by a very large proportion of our farmers they are entirely neglected, and that the aggregate number of sheep in the Dam- inion baa been eteadily decreasing for the last lfi'yeare. We are confident this fact is not due to any general disability affecting the industry. We believe it is absolutely safe to say that in no other country are sheep liable to so few dis- eases or disadvantages of any kind. The climate is a! near an ideal one {or the successful raising of this clase 0f£it°Ck as can be found anywhere in the world. All the principal mutton breed! do Well with us. There is no class of farm stock the raising and can of which requires so little labor or expense as this inoflenslre and unpretentious money-maker. Sheep will live in summer lar¢ely upon pink- ings in the lanes and byplecee or the farm, and will eat many of the weeds which infest the pastures. and thus help to clean the farm and keep it clean. So stock is so little eflected by protracted drouthsâ€"they prefer a. short nibble, and thrive better in a dry season than an a wet one when feed in over-flush. l‘he fleece of woolâ€"a. VOh‘lnti‘Cl‘ crop, which never failsâ€"which no other farm stock yields. and which is perennial during the life of the animal. mnply pays in: its winter’s keep oven when liberally fed. and anywhere from 50 to 100 per Cunt. THE SHEEP IV‘NDUSTRY- of an annual increase from theuwcs may reasonably be expected. and with a lfttlo Pure and good management. may be 19.31» ixml. We doubt, if any other investment in farming will pay as liberal dividends as thosa semi-annually declared by a wall-bind and well-cared~for flock of sheep. There is generally a good steady dvmnnd for mutton sheep or lambs in the meat nmrkct at. all sczmons of tho year. as good paring prices. considering the cost of production; while the demand for breeding stock for improving and replenishing the flocks on the farms and in the range territories of Canada and the United States is such as to make it do- cidedly profit-able to cater to that. trade. and C unudlnn farmers are peculiarly well situated for taking advantage of the in- First prize pen of name flock. Royal Show, Muidstone. 'lSiiil. Brod and .exhihiiod by Mr. R. W. Hudson, Great Mnrhanhu-ks, imported by Mr. Robert Miller, Broug- ham. nut. cruising trade in this line which is bound to come our way. Many United States flockmestere look to Canada {or rams tor the improvement of their flocks, know- ing from experience that sheep bred and raised in our climatic conditions possess the requsite stamina end quality to im- prove the steel: they are brought into contact with. and they will continue to come here for fresh blood. The Ameri- cans are fe‘st'beceming e. mutton-eating people. and it is hard to understand why the same cannot be said of our own 1980' pie. for there is certainly no more whole- some meat that can be placed upon our tables. Lamb is mpidlyx growing in favor as an article of diet, and brings highly remunerative prices, considering its cost of production. and gives quick returns to the producer and We may look for a steady increaie in this trade. in sympa- thy with the prevailing preference for young_meat in all lines. ' 1-. , A V While it 18 true that the quality of our belt breeding flocks 1.3;, been well main- tained, thanks to the“ .«kiil and pluck of the breedors of pure-bred flcoks, who have nobly held thy; ford through‘ tunes 0!. ,epresslon without adventitious aid HAMPSHIRE YEARLIN‘G EWRS‘ . from outside sources.- wnue Kluurcu u.â€" dustrieswhave been, ”(zoomed by Govern- ment agencies and aided by special favors ; at the public expense, yet it is also true. ‘ as we have intimated, that sheep are be- ing neglected by a. very large proportion of our farmers, we believe to their own direct loss. fl‘here are ngew farms in the Dominion on which a small flock could not be profitably maintained. The ex- pense of starting a flock on a small scale is very moderate, and may soon be re- paid by the sale of surpl-ns stock, While by retaining the best of the young fe- males and purchasing, at intervals of ‘ two years, a. new ram, which may often _ be sold at the end of his term of Service i for nearly if not quite the original cost, ; a. flock can in a very few years he built up and maintained to the profit and satisfaction of the owner. We know many 1 farmers who find their little flock of good SOUTHDOWX SHEARLING EWES. First at the show of the R.A.S.E., and first and champion at the show of the Royal (‘onntios Agrivultnral Society. Bred by and the property of liar! Bathurst, Cirenoester Park, Giouccstershire. grade sheep the most profitable asset on their farms: and from our extended ex- perience and observation, we feel safe in counselling the keeping of more sheep by the farmers of Canat’a, believing, as we do. that this is a field in which our peoâ€" ple can continue to excel. The best sea- son in all the year to buy sheep for a foundation flock. or to replenish. is in? the early autumn, when the lambs have been weaned and the ewes are generally in good condition. If deferred to a later period breeders will, as a rule. have sold what they intended to dispose of. and have reduced their flecks to the number they aim to keep ‘ through the winter, and will then only sell for tempting prices. if they consent to sell at all. Those who buy early generally get the best selections. The sheep pens at the fairs this fall will be of more than ordin- ary interest. as the indications are that the number and quality of exhibits will exceed that of any year in the past. and we anticipate an unusual amount of business in that department both at the exhibitions and afterwards. A Four-Horse and a Three-Horse Hitch Doocribed and Illustrated. Many and various are the methods of driving horses with the three and four- horse lines. The arrangement shown in Fig. 1 is the only true way to drive four horses abreast with two lines. and after using them once a person will not want A FOUII- HO RSE BITCH. to try any other way, as it gives a direct line on three of the horses’ bite. Use the ordinary lines (o d) for the two lnelde horses, and. long run straps to connect the outside horses, as from a to b in illustration. Fasten the Outside horse to the inside ones by means of a rope or DRIVING THREE HORSES ABREAST. strap. or- these may be fastened together in hame rings with halter straps. as the horses work best. uvâ€" NV»- The correct way for using three horses with two lines is shown in Fig. 2. The lines promr should be used on the outside horses. The run straps are the same as in Fig. 1. and are used by crossing ow:- tho withers of the middle horse and p393. ing through the hame rings and fasten- ing into the hits (a to b). as in Fig. 8.â€" R. A. Osborn. in Farm and Home. The common chickwood and pigwoeda that start up in gardens in midsummer and make remarkable grownh within a short time, are both weeds that rank very high in nitrogenous compounds. Not even second-growth clover will form lab as much nutrition for their bulk. lions and cows are extremely fond of both. and will cut them greedily. They are'exoellent not only for breeding sows. but for hogs that are being fed grain and need more smoculency in their ration. On a farm, a cheap improvised power sometimes comes very handy. The accom- panylng illustration “hows how one can be rigged up in a. few minutes. and can be used to stretch wire, pull stumps. move buildmgs, etc. In fact, there is no limit to the power that can be developed. that being centre led by the length of the lever. Make your rope or chain fast to the object to be drawn and anchor the other end fast, leaving it slack enough so that you can make a. halt twlst in the centre, forming a loop, put the lever through the loop, and the standard close up against the lmer and cell the rcpa around the standard by travelling around. In heavy work, such as pulling stumps. moving buildings. etc., it- takes three to work it, one at each end of the lever and one to hold the standard straight. To hold it from unwinding, tip one end of the lever down against the rage. on: 13.th down flat on the ground. We NOTES ON DRIVING. N itrogonous “'eeds. EMERGENCY rilnargvucy rower. while kindred in- POWR‘. such cases it IS whe to 1 moved from the v.41 ‘ dug in the form o£ a ‘ top. as suggested in the matters shill safer, to around from the upper side are on the lower side, laying the t way about the pxomN-d otenin digging is begun. 'lhis will well absolutely free from surfa which, as suggested, is, in mg a positive source of danger Judd Farmer. loosens the grasp of your cough. The congesnon of the throat and lungs is removed; allia- flammation is subdued; the parts are put perfecdy at rest and the cough drops away. It has no diseased tissues on which to hang. Brooms .......... Brusho‘ fruit: ...... IO ban 5' .m- ...... 3 bOXLS sh“: 3.44:3" A gOOd wl‘. p ...... 6 knives and MW“; 6 cups and '5 xl-ICET Clothes bokczs. . . . Clothes ’ircs ...... 42 clothcw plns . . . . Big tin pad ....... Big dish pan . I hand 23.17.. 4§13001~ . Hrcad. 4-bladcd') U-tfkct A I claw has :ncr. Dr. Ayers Cherry Pectoral Plaster draws out inflammation of th lungs. . “VIC. FF“! .5 NEW ’\3 Remember we have a. Medical I meat. It vou have any complam? ever and desire the best memes! "a mu possibly obtain. rm and Stovcp V‘ ‘~‘ ‘~ 1“" OPPOSdTE Tm: .. ‘w All Kinds of } gathers 35cm: {WIS 833m!“ “3'11"; ‘ Will trad~ “1.1111 “v ‘f‘z’linds 0 ' Old turniturc. second-hand 18* TO KEEP OUT OCTOBER 26TH ....ALSO f: I! Hangs Eur it is a cough. One cold no sooner passes 05 before another comes. But it’s the same old cough all the time. And it’s the same; old story, too. There is first the cold, then the cough, then Apnea. If it was only health, ”.7: might let it cling. n mania or consumption 1: long_sxckness, and life [mg m the balance. zgeswu 1n the cut, and 2; m safer, to lav a m X! v.w:thnut1 ddress, DR. of URN FL’LL STC‘ 937% th HOD flaw L; 3140' 5’5 i, la: vdE