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nlandl + ; ~Charles G. D. Roberts. onderful is the story of Confed- d the Duke of Connaught in his farewell address to the ada has a great future before it. In Canada the empire has a portion 'that is bound to take a leading part in the activities of the future." set us measure Canada's growth between 1867 and 1918, treating the bjects alphabetically under some 'outstanding heads: 2 "Canada, is, as she hss always been, agricultural country, but the field crops value of 1867 were infinitesimal 'compared with the $1,089,687,000 'worth in 1917. Agricultural exports have gone up m $12,871,066 to $373,000,000 in 1917, and yet less than fen per cent. of Canada's tillable area is under cultivation. What room for increased production these figures re- veal! Over half of Canada's invest- ed capital, per census of 1911, was in farm values. Dairying, live stock and kindred interests have had a corres- 'ponding development. » * _ Canada has become a billion dollar country, as is evidenced in banking data. Banks and banking have Ww nessed a remarkable expansion since 1867. _ Chartered banks have, how- er, through absorption and amalga- . n reduced of Mate years to the bank nches have in- 'to over 3200. KE was an undiscovered force in 1867, and electrical devel ment unknown. To-day the m power is transforming the country, ie. Hydro-Electric Power Transmis- ~ slon Line of Ontario is one of the longest in the world, extending 240 miles. Most cities and towns are lied with electrical energy, and its latest application is on the farm. eat as has been electrical develop- a Chm poe the chief seaport cities; the buildin of a great elevator system across the continent; the development of our wa- terpower resources; and the opening of vast new areas of coWntry. = s 2 a : Regarding the growth of population through immigration, Canada had lit tle or no immigration in 1867. The modern movement Canada-ward be- gan in 1897, or 20 years ago. Since then, 8,206,797 have entered Canada, viz., British, 1,214,941, or 38 per cent.; fore 886,209, or 27 per cent; United States, 1,188,783, or 36 per cent. Total arrivals in 1916.17, 75,395; largest number of arrivals in ny oe year were 402,482 in 1912-13, This 20-year inflow represents 53 dif- ferent nationalities, making Canada one of the world's human melting pots. A revival of arrivals is expected after the war. Homestead entries in the 20 years total half a million. . * * Canada has every right to be re- garded, with three oceans surrounding it, as a marine country. There has been growth in this department, from 5,693 registered vessels in 1867 to 8,772 now, repredenting a tonnage value of $80,000,000, and causing Canada to 'rank tenth among the maritime nations. A marked re- vival in the shipbuilding industry is already manifest, over against a world need for increased tonnage. Ld em; b a y Canada produces practically all the known minerals. ' Production: has leaped from $10,000,000 in 1871 to $105,000,000 in 1917, and yet Profes- sor W. G. Miller says: "Only the fringe of our mineral resources have been touched;" and. only ten per cent. of Ontario's promising mineral area has been prospected. The same re- ark applies to most of the other provinces, Mining production in the Dominion production since Confederation is nearly two billion dollars. » * Ld Canada's industrial life was a small factér in 1867. There were few fac- tories and artisans, with little or no production other than for home use; but per a postal census of manufac- tures taken in 1915, Canada has 21,291 industrial establishments, employing 511,869, with wages sn salapies of $60,143,704. But even more signific- ant are the capital,figures of $1,984, 991,427, and production value of $1, 392,616,698. Canada now makes 300 kinds of manufactures, and among the industrial plants are over 500 branch United States industries. With rich natural resources and cheap pow- er, Canada promises to become in- creasingly strong, JIndustrially. » * Lots of things can happen in half a century. Have 'you realized how many new things have come into existence since 1867? Such as airships, auto- mobiles, apartment houses, civic play- grounds, consolidated schools, con- sumption hospitals, dynamos, depart- mental stores, electrical development, electric street cars, fireless cookers, fish hatcheries, farm tractors; gas, natural and manufactured, gasoline engines, garden planning, grain eleva. tors, hydro-electric power lines, in- cubators, insurance companies on a | | 1arge scale, ice breakers, motor boats, { munition plants, medical appliances 'and X-rays, nickel mining, natural oyster cultivation, oil-propelled enous and steamers, parcel post Enh > has doubled in 11 years, and the total 1 " of which Canada is now said to have " the world's chief supply. 1 C © and paper mills are in operation. | the '$181,027,682 of 1867-8. appear | imports The growth of a country is further evidenced by its postal service, The 8638 postoffices of 1867 have increas- ed to 13,057 in 1916, covering an ever- widening area of territory, until the little red box is seen all the way from Louisbourg to the Yukon; from the international boundary to the Arctic Circle. Free rural mail delivery and the parcel post service are modern improvements. The eighteen mil- lion "letters mailed in 1868 have in- creased to seven hundred million. Postoffice saving banks are new since Confederation holding $40,000,000 in deposits. ! . . * 'How small the Dominion area was in 1867 compared with now! There were only four provinces at the birth of Confederation; nine now. And yet the nine take up only half of Canada's total area. There is room enough for nine more. inces forming Confederation was only 662,148 square miles; now Parliament exercises jurisdiction over 8,729,666 square miles in the nine provinces and three territories. * LJ LJ » What a wonderful development has taken place in railway construction since 1867! Only 2378 miles then served limited parts of the east, with not a single mile of steel north of Lake Superior and over the Rockies to the Pacific. The only method of trans- portation in the west was by water, pony or Red River cart. The Canadian Pacific Railway was unplanned in de- tail; there was only the pledge of a cross~continent line, - The Grand Trunk system was only 16 years old, and, therefore, in its infancy. Now three trans-continental lines link east and west, with branches in every direction. Canada owns and operates 4111 miles of railway, governmental- y. The 2278 miles at Confederation have increased to 87,434, which means that Canada has more railway mile- age per capita thin any other coun- try in the world; she has given $800, 000,000 toward: this end. * LJ » The telephone was unknown and un- dreamed of in 1867; to-day Canada is one of the world's greatest telephone users, with 1 for every 14.6 of the population, or 548,421 in all; 1592 operating companies have a wire mile- age of 1,600,000; 15,247 are employed; $76,920,314 of capital is represented; revenue has reached $18,694,267, and net profits $7,862,719. Half of the organizations are co-operative. The telegraph has also witnessed its chief expansion since 1867. Canada has 40,251 pole mileage, and 206,661 wire mileage of telegraph lines. 10,885,936 land messages were gent in 1916; 11 operating telegraph companies to-day, capital $75,000,000, 4636 offices. phy was also un- known at Confederation. To-day, Canada has a chain of wireless tele- graph stations extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and inland up the Great Lakes to the head of Lake Superior, constituting a marine tele- graphic service under direct govern- ment control not equaled by any other country in the world. a Wireless telegra) There is no record of forest pro- duction values at Confederation, but the sum of $178,000,000 in 1917 strikingly illustrates its present-day value. Canada's Jresent supply of ' commercial ¢imber has been estimated as high as 800 billion feet, board mea- sure, which does not include pulpwood, la sold, in 1916, $40,000,000 "of pulpwood, yood pulp and pdper, chiefly to the United States; 50 pulp Canada's foreign trade has also | grown with the country. How small when compared 1 ed with the enormous total of $2,249,170,171 an 1 . $78, 15,330,908, 1916-17. The ,644 have in- and the of to $845,330 uch as r capita. tha e is two and t of the el United In 1868 the area of the four prov- 'penditure up to Be ns pr ger vg mon Poe ewe be Wome cou i > 8 2h J ACH ECE AAA Ada Jp AE b On the left is the Crest of Confederation, representing the four Provinces united in 1867. On the right is the Crest which represents the nine Provinces now forming the Dominion of Canada. + May God preserve thee, Canadal Tho' child among the nations, *Mid proudest lands Strong hearts and hands Shall claim for thee a station. ~ Land of the forest and the lake, Land of the rushing river, . Our prayers shall rise for thy dear sake Forever and forever. ~R. S. Ambrose. FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION See) "THE FATHERS OF THE CONFEDERATION," the men who were dele. gates at the Quebec Conference From Canada-- Sir Etienne P. Tache (1795-1866)-- Premier, Receiver-General and Minister of Militia. John A.' Macdonald (1815-1891)-- Attorney-General for Upper Can- ~ ada. George E. Cartier (1814-1878)-- Attorney-General for Lower Can- ada. George Brown (1818-1880)--Presi- dent of the Executive Council. Oliver Mowat (1820-1903) --Post- . master-General. : Alexander T. Galt (1817-1808)-- Minister of Finance. William McDougall (1822-1905)-- Provincial Secretary. T. D'Argy McGee (1825-1868)-- Minister of Agriculture. Alexander Campbell (1821-1892)-- Commissioner of Crown Lands. J. CG. Chapais 1812-1885)--Com- missioner of Public Works. Hector L. Langevin (1826-1906)-- Solicitor-General for Lower Can- ada. James Cockburn (1819-1883)--Soli- _ citor-General for Upper Canad From Nova Scotia-- Charles Tupper (1821-1916)--Pre- mier and Provincial Secretary. William A. Henry (1816-1915)-- Attorney-General. R. B. Dickey (1811-1903) --Member of the Legislative Council. Johnathan McCully (1809-1877)-- Member of the Legislative Coun- cil Adams G. Archibald (1814-1892)-- in October, 1864, were as follows: Member of the Legislative As- sembly. From New Brunswick-- Samuel Leonard Tilley (1818-1896) --Premier and Provincial Secre- tary. Willidm H. Steeves (1814-1873)-- Minister without portfolio. J.'M. Johnson (1818-1868)--Attor- ney-General, Peter Mitchell (1824-1899)--Minis- ter without portfolio. E. B. Chandler (1800-1880)--Mem- ber of the Legislative Council. John Hamilton Gray (1814-1899)-- Members of the Legislative As- sembly. Charles Fisher (1808-1880)--Mem- ber of the Legislative Assembly. From Prince Edward Island-- Colonel John Hamilton Gray (1812. 1887)--President of the Council, Edward Palmer (1809-1899)--At- torney-General. William H. Pope (1825-1879)-- Member of the Legislative Coun- cil. A. A, Macdonald (1829-1912)-- Member of the Legislative Coun- George Coles (1810-1875)--Member of the Legislative Assembly. T. Heath Haviland (1822-1895)-- Member of the Legislative As- sembly. Edward Whelan (1824-1867)--Mem- ber of the Legislative Assembly. From Newfoundland-- F. B. T. Carter (1819-1900)--Speak- er of the Legislative Assembly. Ambrose Shea (1818-1905). born. Not a single mile of railway afforded transportation facilities, apd there was no sense of union or inter- est with the Canadian east, though western Canada holds two-thirds of Canada's total area. Now it is one of the greatest wheat-growing areas in the world, and with land to yield millions of bushels more. Population increase in ten years, 1901-1911, was 174 per cent. v Government finances reveal the pulse of a country. Canada's growth in 51 years is strikingly illustrated in the government revenue, which has jumped from $18,687,928 in 1867-8 to $232,701,294, in 1916-17. The thirteen millions would not go far to- day in running the country. Expendi- tures have increased in proportion. Customs dues form a large item in the national receipts, the $8,001,446 of 1867 having grown to $134,000,000, f » '® Both life and fire Take insurance. show a tremendous increase years, life insurance in force jump- ing from $35,630,082 to'$1,811,616,677; and fire, from $188,350,809 to $3,714, 888,865, or nearly five billions, taken together. To-day 57 life and 81 fire companies do business in Canada, Life premiums ~ totalled ~ $48,287,408 in n|1917, and fire premiums $452,100,678., - oo» - 4 Canada was happily at peace at the birth of Confederation; to-day she in the greatest war in the world's his- tory. 480,000 have histo; er, 1017, 000,000, Munition orders total over $1,000,000,000 up to end of 1917, It is ntpating, in conclusion, to recall the eleven governors-general of 51 years! in b1{ war ex-| Lord Lisgar, G.C.M.G. (Sir John Young)--February 2, 1869. The Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B,, G.C.M.G.--June 25, 1872, The Marquis of Lorne, K.T., G.C. M.G.--November 25, 1878. The Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.M. G.--October 28, 1883. Lord Stanley of Preston, G.C.B.-- June 11, 1888: The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G.C. M.G.--September 18, 1893. The Earl of Minto, G.C.M.G.-- November 12, 1898." The Earl Grey, G.C.M.G.--Decem- ber 10, 1904. Field Marshal H. R. H, the Duke of Connaught, K.G.--Oct. 18, 1911. The Duke of Devonshire, K.G., G. C.M.G., G:C.V.0, ete.--1917. ia ons eset "Country of Mine." Country of mine that gave me birth, Land of the maple and the pine, What richer gift has this round earth Than these fair, fruitful fields of thine? Like sheets of gold thy harvests run Glowing beneath the August sun; Thy white peaks soar, Thy cataracts roar, Thy forests, stretch from shore to shore; Untamed thy Northern prairies lie Under an open, boundless sky; Yet one thing more our hearts 'implore-- % That greatness may. not pass thee by! E) elena Coleman, ? An Empire Verse. Our far-spread Empire use, O Lord, as Thou shalt "The world to bless, At council, altar, mart, Oh, keep us pure in heart, To % a nation's part, Jehte Sophy '| Land: of cornfields O land of forests rare, Great lakes beyond compare, rivers wide, ; 2 d, Whose Summer seas. ¢f gold So fair are to behold, Theu art our pride. Our country, heaven-blest, Refuge of earth's opprest, Who to thee fly, : Land of wealth, youth, and mighty Land of faith, courage, right. Preserve thou e'er from blight, Thy liberty. ; O Lord in Heaven above, Save the great land we love, Our Canada! May she e'er prosp'rous be, Aye brave her sons and free-- Brothers from sea to sea, Save Canada! A ~--Wilfred Arthur Huhtes fp r-- To Canada. (In Memoriam.) They are not dead, Your gallant sons, Who have left this world Of war and strife-- They have only passed Through the gate of death, Into fuller, fairer life. -- sere Canada. Fifty-one years ago the work of the Fathers of Confederation was but a document. To-day it is a great na- tion. The thing of paper has become the Dominion of Canada, a State which has good reason to boast but no need to boast. Canada's fame is sufficiently sounded by her neighbors. says the Mail and Empire, Those who behold her to-day pro- nounce the work of her founders to be very good. The constitution they made for her has lost nothing of the cohesive force their creative hands, put into it. After fifty-one years of the stress and strain of the growing - body politic to which it was fitted, it is as strong and as strengthening as ever. No other period of time could have tested it in a more searching way, for in the last half century there have been many world events of the first 'order, and there has scarcely been a halt in the swift advance of science. The great Idea of the Fath- ers of Confederation not only satis. fied the conditions for which they had immediately to provide, but it has proved adequate for all developments, howsoever little some of them could have been foreseen fifty-one years ago. Canada is to-day a well-knit Confed- eration. What it has become in the last fifty-one years will not seem large when it is looked back upon' by" the Canadians of fifty years in the future. The vast region over which the Dominion extends is one of the richest on the face of the earth. It will attract people and capital from less favored or more crowded lands. But its wonderful natural resources, its material progress, and its great economic promise are far less pre. cious than the spirit shown by its young manhood on the battlefields of Europe. Many a Canadian who was but a child on the first Dominion Day is now mourning a gallant son who died fighting for the land of his birth, the land whose progress he would have forwarded and in whose bless- ings he would have shared had life been spared to him. The men we call the makers of Canada were great ones, but how shall we render due homage to the preservers and defenders of Canada? May Canada always prove worthy of such sons! gE Measured By Contrasts. "Canada is young as the age of countries is commonly measured; only four centuries since Cartier landed on the Gaspe coast; only three since Champlain became Canada's first Gov- ernor; dhly a century and a half since the British Conquest. Ontario is scarcely over the century mark, while the West may date its real life fifty years ago, practically covering the Confederation period. "Canada is truly measured by con- trasts; the log school house and the million-dollar Technical School; the rustic chain ferry, swung by the cur- rent, and a million-dollar high-level bridge over the Saskatchewan at Ed- monton; a Washington hand-press in a rural printing office, and a sextuple press used by a city daily; the candles of our grandmothers and the electric light our children take for granted; the message by the post-chaise in grandfather's time, and the wireless of to-day; the Durham boat of the Jearly settler, laboriously poled up- stream in the St. Lawrence, and a five or six-decked passenger steamer now; the ancient mill-stone that once und the grain of a backwoods par- fn and the great modern flour mills ng out thousands of barrels of th te product daily; the' hand rte Toh of of | power : 14 we