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.. DANES BUILT ON BUSINESS BASIS. In their forty years of experience in marketing, the Danes have evolved certain fundamental principles upon which each of their associations must rest in order to be successful. (1) The Danish co-operative associations are strictly business organizations. They are organized, operate and func- tion purely along economic lines and 1re developed free from all political, atate, religious, or social class influ- ence. 'They have found that to build on a business basis is not only sound but highly essential, as it always pro- vides a common ground upon which the membership may meet. In the whole field of agricultural co-operation in Denmark there {is only one instance where .a co-opera- tive association has received financial support or aid from the government, that being the co-operative breeding associations for cattle, horses and buying purchases corn and three months for rest and through which lied with would average 202.4 eggs each yoarela} fextilisers, a on | twelve months. "Don't you organizi = ve b modify lines is the assurance that the poultry he sald; to which 1 rep members within a particular associa-| "No. He has suitable vacant tion handling a single commodity have little money and is interested in identical interests, and that each com-' game. What more is needed? That modity, whether in selling or buying,' which {s needed in every walk of Hfe-- requires special treatment and hand-! experience, Hatching a few chicks ling, which necessitates the employ-| under a hen in the cellar or in a ment of skilled men who possess ex- wooden box ds a vastly different thing pert hnowledge of that one commodity. than hatching a couple of thousand In organizing along commodity eggs in an incubator. The hen looks lines, the Danish co-operative move-|atter the heat, turning and cooling of ment is characterized by a strong the eggs, shelters her chicks from the local development, the local associa-|storms, protects them from danger. : tion being usually formed in a local; Taking the hen off for a feed at night, community for one purpose, which putting her back on her eggs again, with similar associations formed for, supplying the chicks with hard boiled similar purposes in other communities | eggs and other feed, then seeing they will federate to form the central asso-' are closed up for the night is vastly tion. In practically all cases the mem. | different to caring for incubators and brooders. Incubating and brooding swine. These associations are un-| bership of the central association con- doubtedly looked upon as of high edu-! sists of local associations which in cational value in furthering better! turn are made up of individual mem- live stock improvement. -They may be classified as improvement. rather than business associations. (2) No co-operative association is organized in Denmark, whether it be local or national, until a sufficient amount of patronage is assured to enable the association to operaté in an! economical and efficient manner. In| the co-operative bacon factory it was found in building the plants in pre- war years that such a plant could not operate efficiently unles it handled at least 25,000 to 80,000 pigs annually. Consequently, before an association built its plants, sufficient memher- ship guaranteeing this necessary sup. ply of hogs was subscribed before the association was completed. The same principle is true of the co-operative creamery. In pre-war days no community would go ahead with a co-operative creamery unless it was sure that the total milk pro- duction from at least 500 or 600 cows in that community would be delivered to the creamery for a definite period ranging from five to ten years. No effort, however, has been made among the Danish farmers to control the volume of production unless the: vol- ume is necessary 'for efficient opera- tion. Efficiency and economy in oper- ation, and not monopoly, is the goal (8) The structure of the co-opera- tive organizations from the local to the central association rests upon an intelligent membership. The Danish co-operation organization is charac- terized by strong local organizations which possess an intelligent, well- Informed producer membership, in- formed of the activities of both the local and central associations. While the Danes fully appreciate the value of sound central organization, they insist that a strong local development is essential to efficient co-operative business operations. It is of further significance to find, that the large Danish co-operative - associations which have now been operating suc- cessfully for twenty-five to thirty- five years, have in each case, started % from a comparatively small begin- ning and as its management and membership gained wider experience, it enlarged its business activities! along sound lines. (4) In all Danish co-operative asso- elations one man has one vote. The yote of the small farmer with two or 'three cows counts as much as the vote of the larger farmer with 200 or 800 cows, : (5) The affairs of the local associa- tions, as well as of the central asso- clations, are managed through a democratic producers' membership control. In the local associations, a board of directors is elected by the members. This board appoints a tech- nically trained, qualified manager to lead the' actual business operations of the association. In the central asso- clations repreesntatives are appointed 37 he members of each local assocla- which in turn appoints a board by the associations. bers rather than the individual mem- bers being tied to the central associa- tion directly. (8) That an association may be as- sured of a proper volume of business, contract agrements are made between the association and its members for the delivery of their total production for a definite period. The same prin- ciple applies to the purchasing asso- ciations. These contract agreements exist between both the central asso- ciation and the local association and between the local association and the individual members. The period cov- ered by contract agreements varies with the nature of the commodity handled and in many cases varies with different associations, the time rang- ing from one to twentv years. (9) Pooling is a common practice. The members' products are shipped to the association where they are classi- fied according to grade and quality, which serves as a basis on which each individual member is paid. A partial payment usually representing between eighty-five and ninety-five per cent. of the actual price which the product will return to the producer is made when products are delivered to the produc- er. In many cases this partial pay- ment is a price which is approximate- ly near the market yalue of the par- ticular product. To determine what the partial payment shall be, a "Quo- tation" service has been established, to quote prices as determined by mar- ket conditions and representing a price near the actual market value. At the close of the year the difference between the price paid the producer on delivery of the product, and the sales price, is turned over to the pro- ducer. (10) Denmark has no special co+ operative legislation, as the Danes have found by experience that real co-operation is not promoted by pro- tectionist methods of government favoritism. They prefer to be treated as any business agency, relying upon their own powers in the business world. : The validity of contracts existing between co-operative associations and their members is recognized by the courts. Practically all co-operative creamery and bacon factories and egg, butter and bacon selling associations are non-stock, unincorporated associa- tions, There are a few share-stock associations incorporated under the Danish corporation laws. An interesting and rather unique aspect of the Danish co-operative as- sociations is that in the constitution and by-laws of practically all the co- operative associations provision is made that all disputes and disagree- nents arising between members and the associations are to be settled by a board of arbitration, and in most cases the association' constitution and by-laws specifically state that such disputes and disagreements can not be carried into the courts. The members of this board of arbitration are elected from among the members The system has worked out satisfactorily, as the men on the arbitration boards have a sym- pathetic understanding of the farm- ers' > ¥ (11) The necessary capital for one to two thousand, yes, even five hundred chicks in chilly days of March and April is quite a different proposi- tion to leaving it to the old hen in the warm days of June. You may think the 'difference is so slight that it does not prove a difficulty. If so, just try. But take my advice and don't. ' Without the required experience you are apt to meet with sad disaster, You may have your brooder temperature just fine at night. The next morning, | your fire in brooder may be almost' out. Experience will teach one that machines are not perfect and weather { cannot be depended upon. It is pos- sible torhave most of your eggs in incubator fertile, and even after the second test the greater majority pro- mise to produce live chicks. Then at, the critical moment a little neglect! in attending your fire or lamp may mean every chick chilled or cooked. There are dozens of "other things, which go to making success or failure, even after your chicks are out. Feed- ing the wrong sort of feed, dampness or drafts, will also play havoc in the | sturdiest flock of chicks. Considering all, it would be wise to | continue in a small way for two or! three years. Get an incubator and: brooder, try them on the little space you have. Then, if you are successful and still interested, take the "plunge." Artificial incubating and brooding is the onl; thing possible on a commer- cial plant. Clucking hens cannot al- ways be secured when they are re- quired, and, in fact, the cost of keep- | ing a hundred or more hens for such a purpose is entirely prohibitive. There- fore it is absolutely necesse.ry to have flected in the prices for cattle. Hogs showed an increase in receipt The and : decting of tbout two cents per pound in : Recipe of shot were higher than| eS" : prevalence cowmnyaTION OF THE especially at. Mont- 1atter part of David's reigi progressed, de- in January, 1928, but the of common stock, real, as the month pressed the market. Dry mash hoppers often clog if the ona feed packs in the corners: and the the throat is not large enough to gnable though the hens to work it down into the had trough by constant pecking. This con- With dition can be avoided in home-made: ¥A%, wooden hoppers by cutting a piece of o-- galvanized iron the width of the in- friends, an side of the hopper. Curve the iron gruited first from the around the base of the hopper and and later from the subjugated ] tack it down. The mash strikes the tines, but he had to fight man: smooth curved surface and slides to- before he was able to bring be ward the front more readily. this, Hoople, wid establish min Large open mash hopper troughs some and warlike neighbors, Solomon' may result in the hens scratching out the mash and wasting' it in the litter. gh ingdors firmly established, ed by great troub) 'upon the gpd tl ad had taken place in Tarael es of A by a national Run them from the front of the hop- from the river E per to the base of the throat. This to the border of keeps the hens from digging out the And in his reign "Ju mash with their feet or bills. | dwelt aafely, every man The commercialized dry mash hop-' Yine, and under his fig-tree, to Beers : pers made of galvanized iron are practical for farmers who are busy ; Solomon's gre york was the build and lack scrap lumber, The metal besame the national Shachiary taking hoppers will last a lifetime and are precedence both in the splendor sn the purity of its worship, over the and cannot be wasted by the hens. At old, high a price of three to four cents per been worsl since the time of also palaces feed to pay the difference between a fortified pl cheap scrap hopper and one that is 20¢ an it is necessary to poke down the mash pisos =u ea allding su are soon without the materials needed the people, and forced for egg production. ; forests of Lebanon, and the stone built- so the mash falls down as used aces where Jehovah had pound the hens will soon waste enough Moses. - H and an expensive co t properly made. In hoppers that clog household, and lived luxuriously. To with a stick every day or the birds of his kingdom, he levied taxes upon ° quarries, and the bearing of burdens, Wheat prices are low because the world wheat acreage for 1923 was the = a gol Hiep zesufted in jos ' largest on record and the yield for all countries was better than ten per cent. Tape 3 orem ives 54 12 ier, above the average of the previous five the burdens imposed upon the | brought upon him ho rebuke ps years. a prophet, and incipient rebellion, and On May the fourth, 1924, the On- tario Agricultural College will reach' the half century mark in a most use- ful and distinguished existence. A Semi-Centennial Celebration is due and it is proposed to celebrate the anniversary fittingly during the second week of June! € A committee, representing the On- tario Department of Agriculture, the, College Alumni, The Canadian Society | of Technical Agriculturists, and the College faculty, is at work on the de-| tails of the celebration. The co- operation of every graduate of the College, every farmer in the province, and every friend of the Agricultural College is sought in making the week a memorable one. Sa Working committees under the fol- lowing designations: Pageantry and Exhibits, Publicity, Reception, Recrea- tion, Farmers' Day, Memorial, Alumni, and -Finance, are at work getting under way that part of the Program which particularly concerns The Canadian Soclety of Technical Growers' Association, the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Un- jon, will hold their annual meetings and occupy a portion of 'the weekly ' . The 0.A.C. Alumni and the M acdonald Institute Alumnae will also assemble in force at this time, to discuss matters of general interest prepared the way for a succession of the northern and eastern tribes after is death. June 9-13, 1924 Evening--C.S.TA. Addresses bY Followed might prominent agriculturists. o Thursday, June 12th, Farmers' strongly welded r a8 a united Day: Morning--Business meetings of nation, instead of § woakined y C.S.T.A. and O.8.G.A. and Experi- division and strife. But Solomons mental Union. * Afternoon--Pageant ®arlier years were singularly happy and prosperous. Here he prays for and parade of College department gi" FreRRerovs of Gods floats and live stock. Inspection of gf. h the promise ive rough Nathan prophet, to his College exhibits, buildings, stock, father David, 2 Sam., ch. 7. He re- plots, fields and laboratories. Sports gards the judging of the people as a program. Eveéning--C.8,T.A. Ad- great task, for the performance of dresses by prominent agriculturists. which he needs, and must have, divine Varity program. help. Riches, and wealth, and honor, ' | With the greater gift of wisdom, Friday, June 18th, Farmers' Day: god% promise to him is that the lesser Afternoon--Pageant and parade of gifts a College depa t floats and live experience of Solomon, but it does not stock. Inspec of College exhibits, always prove true, It cannot be re- buildings, stock, plots, fields and lab- garded as a law of life. For he who oratories. Sports program. Evening-- © must often 5 Variety program. wealth and honor, ess, ' See: "Prov. tion an exhibit illustrating its par-| pase 1 Kings, 3: B14 ticular work and resulting influence] 1 Kings, 11:61, Did evil. It was a tural practice of the gre a Bind com- Agriculturists, the Canadian Seed the Insert stiff wires every four inches. extended four or five et on ca the I like to drive good horses and for to their great discontent. His weak-. 'ferent. Israel might have been more will go, . This proved true in the | i dom dnelt Is great wealth, andi por ter? gents : : _: session great an u; ness. : especiall bh. 5, SoD [ oH ix! : § ils jie do not place any ance when we insist that tsaining alone can never generate spiritual life. We find our spare time this winter employed in breaking a span of colts. that reason 1 like to break the horses I am going to drive. I know of no other domestic animal I like better to handle than a well- broken, intelligent horse. Every man who likes good horse and enjoys training them has his way of breaking) 0 than butters them. 1 lke to teach colts to lead| y to the father. He secured from his field an average of seventy- five bushels per acre at'a cost of $1.18 per bushel. The plot planted by the son yielded 227.6 bushels per acre at a cost of thirty-six cents per bushel This shows how it is possible for one man to lose and another to make a profit under identical soil and wea- ther conditions. To keep on the win- ning side of the farming game it often becomes necessary to figure on low costs per bushel or pound, rather than on low acreage costs. -------- i e-- v Dairy Profits Depend on "Yield Per Cow. To withhold liberal grain rations from milking cows is poor economy, shown that with annual yields of "3,000 to 5,000 pounds milk per cow, the cost for feed was $1.67 per cwt of milk produced, and for fat, 87.08 cents per pound. With cows records ing from 7,000 to 9,000 pounds milk, the cost was to $1.12 per cwt, 7 and 27.9 cents per pound for fat. With 18,000 to 15,000. here was a further re-